Activation of reparative processes by phospholipid preparation in the affected organs and tissues in neonathal enteropathology of calves

The peculiarities of dynamics of quantitative changes of some classes of lipid and phospholipid spectra of blood plasma of calves recovered after dyspepsia were studied. Obtained reliable changes of the blood plasma lipidogrammas testify to development of dyslipidemia. It is characterized by hypercholesterolemia and hypertriacylglycerolemia of recovered 30 days old calves 3 weeks after diseases symptoms past. These changes give evidence concerning deficiency of phosphatides choline fraction - main structural components of cell membranes. It was established that changes of lipid and phospholipid spectra of blood plasma caused by enteropathology can be corrected by the inclusion of reparative therapy preparations to dyspepsia treatment plan in particular--experimental phospholipid containing a drug, which is prepared on the basis of milk phospholipids--its natural source for newborn calves.     

New approach in the treatment of newborn calves' dyspepsia and its controlling by the analysis of phospholipids of blood

It's known that in newborn calves with dyspepsia in lipids leucocytes, erythrocytes, plasma and serum extracted from blood occur violation of parity between separate classes phospholipids in compare with healthy calves. It's revealed increasing of lipophosphatidilholin, sphingomielin, phosphatidilholin and decreasing of amount of phosphatidilserin, lizophosphatidic and phosphatidic acids in quantitative contents of phospholipids extracted from blood components. Indicated violations could be recovered after the treatment of ill calves by enterosgel in doze, which we developed and tested.     

Fatty acid spectrum in the blood plasma, intestine, liver, and kidney tissues of calves with dyspepsia and method of its correction

The possibility of correction of fatty acid content of the blood plasma, intestine, liver and kidneys in 1 month-old calves which have suffered from dyspepsia by application of biologically active additive which contained a mixture of sunflower oil fatty acids and phospholipids is shown.     

Changes in the levels of various substrates of nitrogen metabolism and tricarboxylic acid cycle during experimental acidosis in calves

The effect of experimental metabolic acidosis and its correction for nitrogen and energy metabolism was studied in new-born calves. It was discovered that a change in the acid-base balance towards acidosis causes a sharp increase in "ammoniogenesis", urea formation and inhibition of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, which is also observed in calves suffering from dyspepsia with symptoms of acute diarrhea. Alongside with the use of therapeutic measures for treating dyspepsia of new-born calves, it is necessary to control the acid-base balance of blood in the calves and in case of revealing the acidosis state to use means of its correction.     

Schistosoma mansoni: a comparative study of plasma and erythrocyte lipid alterations in the experimentally infected mouse and in selected human patients

Alterations of plasma and erythrocyte lipids associated with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis mansoni were studied in the mouse and in human patients. Qualitative and quantitative differences were observed between the two species which indicated that the experimentally infected mouse should not be used as a model for altered lipid metabolism associated with Schistosoma mansoni infections in man. Also blood lipid values should not be used as prophylactic indicators for experimental therapeutical studies in the infected mouse, although lipid determinations could have clinical value in studies of human patients. In infected mice plasma cholesterol and phospholipid were significantly reduced (40 and 25%, respectively), but proportions of individual plasma phospholipids were unchanged. In contrast, only plasma cholesterol was reduced in human patients with compensated or decompensated hepatosplenic schistosomiasis (16 and 29%, respectively); of the individual phospholipids, lecithin was significantly increased and lysolecithin was decreased. The percentage of plasma total cholesterol was reduced in infected mice and patients suggesting that hypocholesterolemia is due mainly to decreased cholesteryl ester. Lipid changes also occurred in erythrocytes. Those of infected mice had significantly elevated membrane phospholipid content and no changes in cholesterol or in the proportions of the individual phospholipid fractions. In marked contrast, the erythrocytes of two groups of human patients had significantly higher levels of cholesterol without a raised total phospholipid concentration. Moreover, decreased proportions of lysolecithin and increased proportions of lecithin were apparent although only the increased membrane lecithin associated with compensated patients was statistically significant.     

Defining the blood plasma protein repertoire of seven day old dairy calves - a preliminary study

During the early postnatal period in calves various adaptational changes occur. These functional, morphological and also metabolic alteration are reflected by blood plasma protein changes as they are secreted and shed from many cells and tissues. Blood plasma protein pattern of an adult cattle differs in some respect when compared with neonatal calves. There exist a very few data concerning 2-D maps of neonatal calves blood plasma. The above prompted us to establish protein pattern of this biological fluid characteristic of healthy, 7 day old, Polish Black-and-White (Polish Friesian) breed calves. Blood plasma proteins of the isoelectric point ranging from 4.0 to 7.0 were analyzed by the aid of high resolution two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE). Subsequently, 79 excised protein spots corresponding to 23 different gene products were identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation mass spectrometer (MALDI-TOF MS). Protein map obtained in the present study may be useful in assessing the changes in the calves blood plasma protein profiles occurring in response to different physiological and/or pathophysiological factors.     

Characterization of lipid composition in stimulated human lymphocytes by 1H-NMR

Recent in vivo NMR studies have raised interest in the structural changes of cellular lipids during proliferative activity. We investigated the changes in plasma membrane lipid and total cell lipid during mitogenically-stimulated proliferation of human peripheral blood lymphocytes by extraction of lipids and assay by 500 MHz 1H-NMR. Resonances were assigned using one- and two-dimensional spectroscopic techniques, and signals unique to certain species of lipid were identified. Choline and ethanolamine-containing lipids, glycerophospholipid backbones, sphingolipids, cholesterol, plasmalogens and triacylglycerols were readily detected. Resolution of a number of lipid species was not possible, despite the use of high-resolution techniques. NMR values for proliferation-induced changes in the most easily determined parameters, namely the total cholesterol to total phospholipid molar ratio, and phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and sphingolipid composition, were found to agree with traditional methods. Differences in phospholipid and fatty acid profiles were found between plasma membranes and total cell lipid for resting values and for response to mitogen.     

Acid-base state of blood in calves with dyspepsia treated using different therapeutic approaches

As a result of our investigations it has been found, that the state of sub-compensated respiratory-metabolic acidosis with gradual recovery of electrolytic composition of blood serum was observed in calves which have had dyspepsia by the 30th day of life. At the same time in calves, which obtained milk phospholipids in a form of biologically active additive FLP-MD, more rapid recovery of acid-base balance of blood was diagnosed. The mentioned above was proved by the presence of compensated metabolic acidosis with simultaneous stabilization of blood serum electrolytic composition in calves which obtained biologically active additive FLP-MD.     

Electromagnetic fields of millimeter range: effect on the structure and functional properties of erythrocyte membranes

The effect of coherent and non-coherent electromagnetic fields of millimetre range on biophysical and biochemical indices of blood erythrocytes and plasma of the animals totally exposed to radiation at various periods of observation (day 1, 5, 10) was studied. The following structure-functional shifts were revealed: deviations in the content of separate phospholipid fractions of erythrocyte membranes, the changes of lipid peroxidation products in erythrocyte membranes and blood plasma of the irradiated animals, statistically significant increase of K ions out-flow from the erythrocytes, as well as the alteration of the value of membrane potential of erythrocytes.     

Free radicals, lipid peroxidation and the antioxidant system in the blood of cows and newborn calves around calving

The oxidative stress of birth in cattle (Bos taurus) was evaluated by measuring steady state concentration of free radicals in whole blood, rate of lipid peroxidation and activity of antioxidant enzymes in erythrocytes, antioxidant capacity of blood plasma in 14 calves at birth and four times after birth until 3 weeks of age and also in their mothers at calving. The same parameters were also measured in 58 dairy cows before calving, at parturition and after calving. Free radical concentration in the blood of newborn calves was higher than in cows confirming that birth means oxidative stress for calves. Red blood cell malondialdehyde in calves was the highest at birth and following the first solid feed intake at the third week. Superoxide dismutase activity increased in calves during the first three weeks of life. Ferric reducing ability of plasma was higher in calves at birth than in cows and decreased thereafter. Higher superoxide dismutase activity in red blood cells and lower ferric reducing ability of plasma in dairy cows was found at calving compared to the average of all pre- and post-calving results. We conclude that the blood of newborn calves is well prepared to deal with the oxidative stress of birth, and that such a stress is present even when some fingerprint markers of redox imbalance show no apparent alterations. Stress of calving has minor effects on the antioxidant system of cows.     

The role of antioxidative status in development of the consequences of biological action under low dose and low intensity irradiation

The scale and direction of changes of a number of biophysical, biochemical and physiological parameters in SHK mice (male) tissues were studied depending on their initial values for mice control groups within 1 day after low intensity gamma-irradiation (15 cGy). The reciprocal dependences between the scales of the lipid antioxidative activity (AOA) in brain or the spleen mass changes and their values for mice control groups were found. The external dependences were revealed between the amounts of lipid peroxidation secondary products in spleen, liver and blood plasma of the control mice and a scale of their change after irradiation. The most substantial changes of this parameter were observed in blood plasma and the changes of the phospholipid content within the total lipid composition were found in spleen and blood erythrocytes of the irradiated mice, that is in the lipids of tissues, which had the lowest level of AOA for mice control groups. The experimental data obtained indicate that the initial antioxidant status of animal tissues plays the important role for the development of consequences of the biological action under low dose and low intensity irradiation.     

Modulation of the lipid composition of boar sperm plasma membranes during an acrosome reaction in vitro

An in vitro acrosome-like reaction was induced in spermatozoa from the boar cauda epididymis by incubation in Tyrode's solution containing 1 mg/ml fatty acid-free bovine serum albumin. Plasma membranes were isolated from the spermatozoa at different times during the incubation and analyzed for their lipid composition. The total lipid, phospholipid, and glycolipid content of the membranes did not change during the acrosome-like reaction, whereas the amount of diacylglycerols and free fatty acids increased. Within the phospholipid class, a decrease of the inositol phospholipid and and sphingomyelin content was observed, whereas the other phospholipids of the plasma membranes did not decrease significantly after 2 h of incubation. Changes in the sterol composition of the membranes were also observed. The onset of the lipid changes was correlated with the uptake of extracellular calcium by the spermatozoa. These results for the lipid changes in isolated sperm plasma membranes during an in vitro acrosome reaction provide the first direct evidence that a modulation of the plasma membrane lipid composition is involved in an acrosome-like reaction of mammalian spermatozoa.     

Effect of essentiale on pulmonary edema and changes in the lipid metabolism during adrenaline administration

The experiments on white rats have confirmed that the development of lung edema following epinephrine infusion is characterized by considerable changes in phospholipid and cholesterol blood and lung metabolism. Essentiale preinjection prevented the decrease in phospholipid lung content and blood plasma cholesterol, which was accompanied by less prominent lung edema.     

Nature and store of fatty acid lipids in the blood of newborn calves with dyspepsia

The content of fatty acids of lipids extracted from the whole blood as well as from erythrocytes, leucocytes, plasma and serum samples of newborn dyspeptic calves were investigated for the first time. Twenty three (23) saturated, mono-non-saturated and poly-non-saturated fatty acids were detected. Native, palmitoleic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and arachidonic fatty acids, are the main components of the whole blood lipid fraction and its components. The fatty acids found in lipids and other components of the whole blood in the samples of dyspeptic and healthy calves are the same, their ratios, however, are different. The decrease in the nonsaturated fatty acids content and its increase in saturated fatty acids are considerable. The saturation coefficient is different in native blood lipids, erythrocytes, leukocytes, serum and plasma.     

Changes in the lipid content of boar sperm plasma membranes during epididymal maturation

Plasma membranes of boar sperm from caput, corpus and cauda of the epididymis were purified by differential- and sucrose-density equilibrium centrifugation and were found to yield a single band at a density of 1.13 g/cm3. This fraction was enriched in acid and alkaline phosphatase, 5'-nucleotidase and (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activities, whereas it contained minimal amounts of hyaluronidase and N-acetylglucosaminidase and no succinic acid dehydrogenase activities. The plasma membrane of caput, corpus and cauda sperm had the same phospholipid/protein and cholesterol/phospholipid ratios but yielded different amounts of protein and individual lipid classes. Several changes in the plasma membrane were observed during transit of sperm through the epididymis. Within the phospholipid class a decrease in the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylinositol was detected accompanied by an increase in amount of phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin and polyphosphoinositides. In the other lipid classes there was a decrease in the amount of free fatty acid and the major glycolipid. The amount of cholesterol decreased, while the amount of desmosterol and cholesterol sulfate increased. There was an increase in the amount of diacylglycerol. In addition, the changes in the fatty acid composition of the total membrane lipid and each phospholipid were determined. The above changes in the lipid composition of the plasma membrane during epididymal maturation may help to explain the decreased resistance to cold shock and changes in membrane fluidity of sperm during transit in the epididymis.     

Electrolyte composition of cow and calf tissues in health and in acute digestive disturbances]

Sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese, zinc and chloride contents in the blood plasma of calves at parturition have been established to correspond to their levels in blood of cows during their calving period. Iron and inorganic phosphorus contents in calves blood plasma appeared to increase and copper content to be lower in this period as compared to postnatal period. By the third day of postnatal ontogenesis sodium concentration in calves blood decreased, copper level increased and the rest indices of water-salts metabolism in calves and adult animals were alike. Digestion disturbances in the calves were accompanied by changes in levels and magnitude of Na+/K+ ratio, magnesium, iron, copper, manganese and zinc contents in blood, liver and kidneys as well as Ca++/Pi ratio in mitochondria and cytosol of liver and jejunum mucose layer cells in comparison with clinically healthy animals.     

Changes in turkey semen lipids during liquid in vitro storage

The changes in lipid composition of spermatozoa and seminal plasma and changes in motility, viability, and morphological integrity of spermatozoa were measured in turkey semen diluted in Beltsville poultry semen extender and stored for 48 h (4 degrees C). The total phospholipid content of spermatozoa decreased during storage, while no quantitative decrease was observed in seminal plasma. More precisely, significant decreases in phosphatidylcholine, and to a lesser extent in sphingomyeline, phosphatidylserine, and phosphatidylinositol were observed in spermatozoa. The fatty acid profile of turkey spermatozoa partly reflected diet composition and had a high level of n-9 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Neither fatty acid profile nor free cholesterol were affected by storage. The lipid composition of seminal plasma was quite different from that observed in spermatozoa and was similar to the high density lipoprotein composition of chicken seminal plasma. In vitro storage did not significantly affect lipid classes and only small changes were observed in phospholipid classes of seminal plasma. The motility, viability, and morphological integrity of spermatozoa decreased during storage. These changes in phospholipid content may be explained by membrane phospholipid lysis followed by endogenous metabolism or by a complex combination of lysis, metabolism, and peroxidation. They are likely to affect semen quality and the success of in vitro storage severely.     

Change of synaptic membrane lipid composition and fluidity by chronic administration of lithium

The effect of chronic administration of lithium salts on the lipid composition and physical properties of the synaptosomal plasma membrane was examined in rat brain. The effect of lithium treatment has been studied on the fluorescence polarization of synaptosomal plasma membrane and artificial lipid vesicles and on the lipid composition of the membranes. Fluorescence polarization of lipophilic probes was used to study membrane lipid structure. Steady-state polarization of 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH), a probe of the hydrophobic core, was significantly lower in plasma membranes from lithium-treated animals. Altered DPH polarization was due to a decrease in the order parameter of the probe. The lithium-treatment also changed the fluorescence of 1-anilino-8-naphthalene sulfonate (ANS), a probe that binds to the polar head group of the phospholipids and to proteins on the membrane surface. Synaptic plasma membranes from treated rats presented no significant changes on the cholesterol-to-phospholipid ratio, although the phospholipid class distribution was altered and the membrane phospholipid unsaturation increased. In summary, the neural plasma membranes became disorder after chronic lithium administration at therapeutic levels. This structural change may be due to changes in plasma membrane phospholipid distribution and to the degree of unsaturation of phospholipid fatty acids.     

Effect of UV radiation and the autotransfusion of UV-irradiated blood on the content of cationic proteins in the neutrophilic granulocytes of calves

A study was made of the influence of UV-irradiation (254 nm) of blood in vitro, of the autotransfusion of UV-irradiated blood (AUVIB), and of the mixture of UV-irradiated and intact blood in vitro on the content of bactericidal cation proteins (CP) in blood neutrophil of calves suffered from dyspepsia and broncho-pneumonia. Age differences were noticed in CP contents and their decrease in neutrophils following AUVIB in vivo and administration of the mixture of blood in vitro. The decrease in cell CP contents is presumably due to neutrophil degranulation and CP release into the blood plasma. Since the initial mechanisms of neutrophil degranulation are located on the cell surface, the CP release is supposed to result from a membranotropic effect of UV-irradiated blood on the intact autologous blood. This effect may explain the increase in nonspecific resistance of organism after the AUVIB, being one of the main therapeutic phenomena of the AUVIB-therapy.     

Lipid composition of lens plasma membrane fractions enriched in fiber junctions

Little is known about the lipid environment of lens fiber junctions, the plasma membrane structure proposed to be responsible for passage of low molecular weight metabolites between adjacent lens fiber cells. Plasma membranes of the ocular lens are especially rich in fiber junctions. The resistance of junctional domains to disruption by detergent or alkali treatment provides the opportunity to isolate a lens plasma membrane fraction enriched in fiber junctions. When examined by electron microscopy, the fiber junction fraction prepared from bovine lenses was enriched with junctional structures by about twofold when compared to total plasma membrane. We compared the protein, phospholipid, and cholesterol concentration of total plasma membrane with fiber junctional membrane from rat and cow lens and from aged normal cataractous human lenses. The principal finding was that junctional membrane contained 20-40% more total lipid than that of the total plasma membrane. This was due to a proportionate increase in the relative content (mg/mg protein) of both phospholipid and cholesterol. Exclusive of one exception (nucleus of bovine lens), the cholesterol/phospholipid molar ratios of the two fractions were similar. In the bovine nucleus, the cholesterol/phospholipid molar ratio was substantially higher in the fiber junctional-enriched membrane fraction than in the total plasma membrane, suggesting a special association of cholesterol with bovine nuclear fiber junctions. The relative lipid compositions of the plasma membrane and fiber junction-enriched fractions from human normal and cataractous lenses were similar, suggesting that human senile cataractogenesis involves changes in the lens plasma membrane more subtle than would be reflected by gross changes in the membrane lipid composition.