白藜芦醇对高脂胁迫团头鲂抗氧化能力、非特异免疫机能和抗病力的影响

为探讨白藜芦醇（RSV）对高脂胁迫团头鲂特定生长率、抗氧化能力、非特异免疫机能和抗病力的影响,试验设计5组饲料:正常脂组（脂肪水平5%）、高脂组（脂肪水平11%）以及在高脂组中分别添加0.04%、0.36%、1.08% RSV。养殖试验持续10周,在采样结束后,进行嗜水气单胞菌攻毒试验,记录攻毒后96h的成活率。结果表明:团头鲂的特定生长率和日均采食量在添加1.08% RSV组出现最小值,并显著低于其他各组,且团头鲂的饲料效率表现出相似趋势。长期高脂饲喂可导致团头鲂血浆GSH含量显著下降,血浆MDA和NO含量显著升高,形成氧化应激。而长期氧化应激状态,可使团头鲂血浆溶菌酶活性和补体C3含量显著降低,肝脏中HSP70和HSP90应激调控基因表达上调,TNF-α炎症反应基因表达也上调。添加0.04% RSV组显著降低了血浆中SOD活性;添加0.36%和1.08% RSV组显著降低血浆MDA和NO含量,显著抑制了血浆SOD和CAT活性,且添加1.08% RSV组显著增加了鱼体血浆GSH含量。添加0.04%、0.36%和1.08% RSV组均显著提高了团头鲂血浆补体C3含量和溶菌酶活性,显著下调了高脂胁迫团头鲂肝脏中HSP70、HSP90与TNF-α mRNA的表达量。嗜水气单胞菌攻毒后团头鲂的成活率显著受到RSV的影响,并且在1.08% RSV添加组成活率最大。综上结果表明,团头鲂摄食高脂日粮之后,机体处于氧化应激状态,导致鱼体非特异免疫力和抗病力低下。而添加适宜剂量的RSV能够改善机体这种氧化应激的状态,提高鱼体的非特异免疫力和抗病力,其中以1.08%的添加量最优。     

团头鲂GPR43基因克隆、组织分布及黄连素对其mRNA表达量的影响

试验采用RACE技术克隆了团头鲂(Megalobrama amblycephala)G蛋白偶联受体43(GPR43)基因的cDNA序列, 并探究了不同组织中的GPR43 mRNA表达量及黄连素对其表达量的影响。结果显示, 克隆得到的团头鲂GPR43基因的cDNA序列全长为2026 bp, 含有1个长度为 981 bp的开放阅读框, 编码了326个氨基酸。RT-PCR检测发现GPR43在团头鲂的肠道、肌肉、鳃和肝胰腺中具有较高的表达。为期8周的养殖试验选取均重为(80.00±0.90) g的团头鲂320尾, 随机分于16个网箱中, 饲喂4种不同的试验日粮, 分别为正常日粮(脂肪含量为5%)、正常日粮+50 mg/kg黄连素、高脂日粮(脂肪含量为10%)、高脂日粮+50 mg/kg黄连素。结果显示: 在肠道组织中, 与正常日粮组相比, 高脂组的GPR43表达量降低, 添加黄连素能够显著升高其表达水平(P<0.05)。与正常日粮组相比, 高脂组的胆固醇(CHO)含量以及细胞分裂素蛋白激酶(p38)的表达量均呈现了显著上升(P<0.05)的趋势, 添加黄连素后其含量及表达量显著下降(P<0.05)。肝胰腺组织和肌肉组织中的多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)含量变化也有着相似的趋势, 而肉碱棕榈酰基转移酶Ⅰ(CPT Ⅰ)、过氧化物酶体增值因子α&β (PPARα&β)、AMP依赖性蛋白激酶(AMPK)的表达量以及2个组织中的饱和脂肪酸(SFA)和单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)含量呈现出了相反的趋势。此外, 在正常日粮中添加黄连素并不能对上述各指标产生明显的调控效应, 有时反而会导致轻微的负调控效应。综上结果表明, 黄连素能够显著上调GPR43在高脂抑制下的表达量, 同时能够缓解高脂诱导的团头鲂肝胰腺脂肪沉积, 改善其脂肪代谢性能。黄连素对于脂肪代谢的调控作用可能通过GPR43受体来实现。     

饲料糖和脂水平对团头鲂生长性能及血浆代谢物的影响

实验以初重(6.20±0.01)g的团头鲂(Megalobrama amblycephala)幼鱼为研究对象,分别投喂高糖低脂(HCLL,45％糖和2％脂)、中糖中脂(MCML,30％糖和8％脂)和低糖高脂(LCHL,15％糖和14％脂)的3种等氮饲料56d,以探究饲料不同糖和脂水平对团头鲂生长性能、鱼体生化组成、营养...     

Molecular characterisation of tumour necrosis factor alpha and its potential connection with lipoprotein lipase and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in blunt snout bream (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Megalobrama amblycephala</Emphasis>)

Tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) is one kind of cytokines which is related to inflammation and lipid metabolism. TNF-α cDNA was cloned from the liver of blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala) through real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) methods. The full-length cDNA of TNF-α covered 1467 bp, with an open reading frame (ORF) of 723 bp, which encodes 240 amino acids. It possessed the TNF family signature IIIPDDGIYFVYSQ. After the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge test, a graded tissue-specific expression pattern of TNF-α was observed and there was high expression abundance in the kidney, brain and liver. After 8 weeks feeding trial, liver samples, two groups fed with 6% and 11% lipid levels, were collected. The results showed that, for fish fed with high-fat diet, the triglyceride of serum and lipid content of liver were elevated. Furthermore, TNF-α and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARα, β) mRNA expression of fish fed 11% lipid diet were significantly up-regulated (p?<?0.05). Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and PPARγ mRNA expression of fish fed 11% lipid lever diet were significantly decreased compared to those of fish fed 6% (p?<?0.05). The differences between the various expression of related genes in the high and low fat groups demonstrated that TNF-α played a key role in lipid metabolism, which may have an influence on fat metabolism through reducing fat synthesis and strengthening the β-oxidation of fatty acid. These discrepancies warrant further research.     

Molecular cloning and function analysis of insulin-like growth factorbinding protein 1a in blunt snout bream(Megalobrama amblycephala)

Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 1(IGFBP-1), a hypoxia-induced protein, is a member of the IGFBP family that regulates vertebrate growth and development. In this study, full-length IGFBP-1a cDNA was cloned from a hypoxia-sensitive Cyprinidae fish species, the blunt snout bream(Megalobrama amblycephala). IGFBP-1a was expressed in various organs of adult blunt snout bream, including strongly in the liver and weakly in the gonads. Under hypoxia, IGFBP-1a mRNA levels increased sharply in the skin, liver, kidney, spleen, intestine and heart tissues of juvenile blunt snout bream, but recovered to normal levels after 24-hour exposure to normal dissolved oxygen. In blunt snout bream embryos, IGFBP-1a mRNA was expressed at very low levels at both four and eight hours post-fertilization, and strongly at later stages. Embryonic growth and development rates decreased significantly in embryos injected with IGFBP-1a mRNA. The average body length of IGFBP-1a-overexpressed embryos was 82.4% of that of the control group, and somite numbers decreased to 85.2%. These findings suggest that hypoxia-induced IGFBP-1a may inhibit growth in this species under hypoxic conditions.     

Dissociation of inositol-requiring enzyme (IRE1α)-mediated c-Jun N-terminal kinase activation from hepatic insulin resistance in conditional X-box-binding protein-1 (XBP1) knock-out mice

Hepatic insulin resistance has been attributed to both increased endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and accumulation of intracellular lipids, specifically diacylglycerol (DAG). The ER stress response protein, X-box-binding protein-1 (XBP1), was recently shown to regulate hepatic lipogenesis, suggesting that hepatic insulin resistance in models of ER stress may result from defective lipid storage, as opposed to ER-specific stress signals. Studies were designed to dissociate liver lipid accumulation and activation of ER stress signaling pathways, which would allow us to delineate the individual contributions of ER stress and hepatic lipid content to the pathogenesis of hepatic insulin resistance. Conditional XBP1 knock-out (XBP1Δ) and control mice were fed fructose chow for 1 week. Determinants of whole-body energy balance, weight, and composition were determined. Hepatic lipids including triglyceride, DAGs, and ceramide were measured, alongside markers of ER stress. Whole-body and tissue-specific insulin sensitivity were determined by hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp studies. Hepatic ER stress signaling was increased in fructose chow-fed XBP1Δ mice as reflected by increased phosphorylated eIF2α, HSPA5 mRNA, and a 2-fold increase in hepatic JNK activity. Despite JNK activation, XBP1Δ displayed increased hepatic insulin sensitivity during hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp studies, which was associated with increased insulin-stimulated IRS2 tyrosine phosphorylation, reduced hepatic DAG content, and reduced PKCε activity. These studies demonstrate that ER stress and IRE1α-mediated JNK activation can be disassociated from hepatic insulin resistance and support the hypothesis that hepatic insulin resistance in models of ER stress may be secondary to ER stress modulation of hepatic lipogenesis.     

IRE1α disruption causes histological abnormality of exocrine tissues, increase of blood glucose level, and decrease of serum immunoglobulin level

Accumulation of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) causes ER stress. As a cellular adaptive response to ER stress, unfolded protein response (UPR) activates molecules for the quality control of ER proteins. One enzyme that plays an important role in UPR is Inositol Requiring Enzyme-1 (IRE1), which is highly conserved from yeast to humans. In particular, mammalian IRE1α activates X-box-binding protein 1 (XBP1) by unconventional splicing of XBP1 mRNA during ER stress. From analysis of knockout mice, both IRE1α and XBP1 have been shown to be essential for development and that XBP1 is necessary for the secretory machinery of exocrine glands, plasma cell differentiation, and hepatic lipogenesis. However, the essentiality of IRE1α in specific organs and tissues remains incompletely understood. Here, we analyzed the phenotype of IRE1α conditional knockout mice and found that IRE1α-deficient mice exhibit mild hypoinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, and a low-weight trend. Moreover, IRE1α disruption causes histological abnormality of the pancreatic acinar and salivary serous tissues and decrease of serum level of immunoglobulin produced in the plasma cells, but not dysfunction of liver. Comparison of this report with previous reports regarding XBP1 conditional knockout mice might provide some clues for the discovery of the novel functions of IRE1α and XBP1.     

Betaine supplementation prevents fatty liver induced by a high-fat diet: effects on one-carbon metabolism

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of betaine supplementation on the regulation of one-carbon metabolism and liver lipid accumulation induced by a high-fat diet in rats. Rats were fed one of three different liquid diets: control diet, high-fat diet and high-fat diet supplemented with betaine. The control and high-fat liquid diets contained, respectively, 35 and 71 % of energy derived from fat. Betaine supplementation involved the addition of 1 % (g/L) to the diet. After three weeks on the high-fat diet the rats had increased total liver fat concentration, liver triglycerides, liver TBARS and plasma TNF-α. The high-fat diet decreased the hepatic S-adenosylmethionine concentration and the S-adenosylmethionine/S-adenosylhomocysteine ratio compared to the control as well as altering the expression of genes involved in one-carbon metabolism. Betaine supplementation substantially increased the hepatic S-adenosylmethionine concentration (~fourfold) and prevented fatty liver and hepatic injury induced by the high-fat diet. It was accompanied by the normalization of the gene expression of BHMT, GNMT and MGAT, which code for key enzymes of one-carbon metabolism related to liver fat accumulation. In conclusion, the regulation of the expression of MGAT by betaine supplementation provides an additional and novel mechanism by which betaine supplementation regulates lipid metabolism and prevents accumulation of fat in the liver.     

A modified UPR stress sensing system reveals a novel tissue distribution of IRE1/XBP1 activity during normal Drosophila development

Eukaryotic cells respond to stress caused by the accumulation of unfolded/misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum by activating the intracellular signaling pathways referred to as the unfolded protein response (UPR). In metazoans, UPR consists of three parallel branches, each characterized by its stress sensor protein, IRE1, ATF6, and PERK, respectively. In Drosophila, IRE1/XBP1 pathway is considered to function as a major branch of UPR; however, its physiological roles during the normal development and homeostasis remain poorly understood. To visualize IRE1/XBP1 activity in fly tissues under normal physiological conditions, we modified previously reported XBP1 stress sensing systems (Souid et al., Dev Genes Evol 217: 159–167, 2007; Ryoo et al., EMBO J 26: 242-252, 2007), based on the recent reports regarding the unconventional splicing of XBP1/HAC1 mRNA (Aragon et al., Nature 457: 736–740, 2009; Yanagitani et al., Mol Cell 34: 191–200, 2009; Science 331: 586–589, 2011). The improved XBP1 stress sensing system allowed us to detect new IRE1/XBP1 activities in the brain, gut, Malpighian tubules, and trachea of third instar larvae and in the adult male reproductive organ. Specifically, in the larval brain, IRE1/XBP1 activity was detected exclusively in glia, although previous reports have largely focused on IRE1/XBP1 activity in neurons. Unexpected glial IRE1/XBP1 activity may provide us with novel insights into the brain homeostasis regulated by the UPR.     

Dietary creatine supplementation lowers hepatic triacylglycerol by increasing lipoprotein secretion in rats fed high-fat diet

Recent studies have shown that dietary creatine supplementation can prevent lipid accumulation in the liver. Creatine is a small molecule that plays a large role in energy metabolism, but since the enzyme creatine kinase is not present in the liver, the classical role in energy metabolism does not hold in this tissue. Fat accumulation in the liver can lead to the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a progressive disease that is prevalent in humans. We have previously reported that creatine can directly influence lipid metabolism in cell culture to promote lipid secretion and oxidation. Our goal in the current study was to determine whether similar mechanisms that occur in cell culture were present in vivo. We also sought to determine whether dietary creatine supplementation could be effective in reversing steatosis. Sprague–Dawley rats were fed a high-fat diet or a high-fat diet supplemented with creatine for 5 weeks. We found that rats supplemented with creatine had significantly improved rates of lipoprotein secretion and alterations in mitochondrial function that were consistent with greater oxidative capacity. We also find that introducing creatine into a high-fat diet halted hepatic lipid accumulation in rats with fatty liver. Our results support our previous report that liver cells in culture with creatine secrete and oxidize more oleic acid, demonstrating that dietary creatine can effectively change hepatic lipid metabolism by increasing lipoprotein secretion and oxidation in vivo. Our data suggest that creatine might be an effective therapy for NAFLD.     

不同蛋白质和脂肪水平对1龄团头鲂生长性能和体组成的影响

试验采用3×3因子设计,探讨了饲料中不同蛋白质和脂肪水平对1龄团头鲂[均重:(50.37±1.27)g]生长性能和体组成的影响。试验设3个蛋白质水平(25%、30%和35%)和3个脂肪水平(3%、6%和9%),共配制9组饲料。试验鱼饲养于网箱(规格为2 m×1 m×1 m)中,每天投喂3次,试验期为8周。结果表明:蛋白质和脂肪之间无交互作用存在(P>0.05)。蛋白质和脂肪水平对存活率无显著影响(P>0.05)。增重率、特定生长率和饵料系数显著受蛋白质和脂肪水平影响(P<0.05)。其中,25%蛋白组的增重率及特定生长率显著低于其他蛋白组(P<0.05),而6%脂肪组显著高于其他脂肪组(P<0.01)。尽管35%蛋白6%脂肪组的饵料系数最低,但与除了25%蛋白3%脂肪和25%蛋白9%脂肪这两组外的其他组相比,差异均不显著(P>0.05)。蛋白效率比和氮保留率随蛋白质水平的升高显著降低(P<0.05)。此外,蛋白效率比显著受脂肪水平的影响(P<0.05),以6%组最高。能量保留率随脂肪水平的升高显著升高(P<0.05)。鱼体肥满度随蛋白质和脂肪水平的升高显著升高(P<0.05)。腹脂率和肝体比随脂肪水平的升高显著升高(P<0.05),而受蛋白质水平的影响较小(P>0.05)。蛋白质水平对全鱼、胴体和肝脏的组成均无显著影响(P>0.05)。脂肪水平对全鱼水分、脂肪和能量有极显著影响(P<0.01),其中,全鱼水分含量随脂肪水平的升高显著降低(P<0.01),而脂肪和能量含量则显著升高(P<0.01)。胴体和肝脏水分、脂肪含量的变化趋势与全鱼基本一致。以上结果表明,1龄团头鲂的适宜蛋白质和脂肪水平分别为30%和6%,适宜蛋能比为18.21 g/MJ。