伤筋擦剂外用联合关节腔注射透明质酸钠治疗膝骨关节炎的临床疗效

目的:观察伤筋擦剂外用联合关节腔注射透明质酸钠治疗膝骨关节炎(KOA)的临床疗效及安全性。方法:选择2012年2月~2014年2月我院收治的KOA患者114例,随机分为研究组与对照组各57例。对照组于关节腔内注射透明质酸钠治疗,研究组在此基础上应用伤筋擦剂治疗,疗程均为5周。观察两组临床疗效,不良反应及治疗前后血清白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)及一氧化氮(NO)变化。结果:研究组的总有效率为96.49%,显著高于对照组的84.21%(P0.05);研究组治疗后血清IL-1β及NO水平显著低于治疗前且低于对照组(均P0.05);两组不良反应对比无明显差异(P0.05)。结论:伤筋擦剂外用联合关节腔注射透明质酸钠治疗KOA疗效显著,两药优势互补,可以有效降低关节内炎症因子水平且安全可靠,适于临床应用与推广。     

糖皮质激素联合玻璃酸钠关节腔内注射治疗膝关节骨性关节炎的临床研究

目的:探究糖皮质激素联合玻璃酸钠关节腔内注射治疗膝关节骨性关节炎的临床疗效。方法:选取2012年6月至2014年6月期间我院接收的120例患有膝关节骨性关节炎的患者,并按照随机数字数表法分为观察组和对照组,每组60例,均给予膝关节腔内注射2.5 m L玻璃酸钠,在治疗第一周给予观察组患者膝关节腔内注射1 m L复方倍他米松,对照组给予相同剂量的注射用水;分别对治疗前、治疗后1周、2周、1个月、3个月、5个月时患者膝关节Lequence评分,并对比两组治疗效果。结果:治疗后,两组膝关节Lequence评分均显著低于治疗前,且观察组降低更明显,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);观察组患者治疗后1周、2周、1个月、3个月、5个月总有效率均高于对照组,且差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:糖皮质激素联合玻璃酸钠关节腔内注射治疗膝关节骨性关节炎具有良好的临床疗效,为临床治疗提供了新的思路。     

Hyaluronan Turnover in the Synovial Fluid in Metacarpophalangeal–and Middle Carpal Joints in Standardbred Horses

The biological turnover of hyaluronan (sodium hyaluronate) of different molecular weights (0.6×106 and 2.5×106 Daltons) was studied in the synovial fluid of the middle carpal and metacarpophalangeal joints of 6 clinically healthy Standardbred horses. The hyaluronan was radioactively labelled with 14C. The biological half-life (t1/2) was calculated from repeated synovial samples after injection of the labelled hyaluronan. The mean t1/2 in the metacarpophalangeal joints was 9.7 h for low molecular weight hyaluronan and 8.9 h for high molecular weight hya-luronan and in the middle carpal joints 16.0 h and 12.5 h respectively. There was no sig-nificant difference in turnover of the different molecular weights of hyaluronan.     

膝周神经射频热凝治疗顽固性膝骨关节炎疼痛的临床效果

目的:探讨膝周神经射频热凝治疗顽固性膝骨关节炎疼痛的疗效。方法:收集2013年1月至2014年1月,我院收治的顽固性膝骨关节炎疼痛患者62例,随机分为观察组与对照组,各31例。观察组予以膝周神经射频热凝联合关节腔内注射玻璃酸钠治疗,对照组单纯行关节腔内玻璃酸钠注射治疗,比较两组的临床疗效。结果:观察组治疗后VAS评分及OKS评分均显著低于对照组(P0.05);两组均未见明显并发症。结论:膝周神经射频热凝辅助治疗顽固性膝关节炎疼痛疗效显著,创伤较小,可促进关节功能的康复,值得推广应用。     

透明质酸钠联合硫酸氨基酸葡萄糖钾胶囊对踝关节损伤患者血清骨性标志物水平及关节功能的影响

目的:探讨透明质酸钠联合硫酸氨基酸葡萄糖钾胶囊对踝关节损伤患者血清骨性标志物水平及关节功能的影响。方法:选择2015年1月至2017年1月在我院接受治疗的120例踝关节损伤患者,将其随机分为观察组和对照组,每组各60例。对照组患者采用透明质酸钠联治疗,观察组则在对照组治疗方案的基础上联合硫酸氨基酸葡萄糖钾胶囊进行治疗。检测和比较两组患者治疗前后血清骨钙素(BGP)、I型前胶原羧基端肽(PICP)、骨源性碱性磷酸酶(BALP)水平及Baird-Jackson踝关节评分的变化情况及治疗后的临床疗效。结果:治疗后,观察组的总有效率(91.67%)明显高于对照组(78.33%,P0.05)。两组患者治疗后的血清BGP、PICP、BALP水平及Baird-Jackson踝关节评分均较治疗前显著升高,且观察组明显高于对照组(P0.05)。两组治疗过程中均无明显不良反应发生。结论:透明质酸钠联合硫酸氨基酸葡萄糖钾胶囊治疗踝关节损伤患者的临床疗效显著优于单用透明质酸钠联治疗,其可有效改善血清骨性标志物水平,且利于踝关节功能的恢复。     

关节腔注射联合周林频谱仪治疗对类风湿关节炎合并骨关节炎的体会

目的：探讨关节腔注射联合周林频谱仪对类风湿关节炎合并骨关节炎的疗效及护理体会。方法：将本院90例类风湿关节炎合并骨关节炎患者随机分成3组,所有患者治疗前均进行全身情况评估以及相应的常规护理措施．对照A组30例予以玻璃酸钠20mg关节腔内注射,观察A组30例使用玻璃酸钠关节腔内注射联合周林频谱仪患处照射,平均时间（19±4．5）min,照射距离以皮肤感觉温热为宜。观察B组30例在观察A组治疗方案基础上实施康复训练。三组均以15d为一疗程,疗程结束后比较各组患者临床总有效率、血液流变学变化情况以及不良反应的发生率。结果：（1）治疗后观察组临床症状总有效率较对照组比较具有统计学差异（P〈0．05）,观察组优于对照组,治疗后观察B组临床症状总有效率较观察A组比较具有统计学差异（P〈0．05）,观察B组优于观察A组;（2）治疗后三组血流速度（Vs）、平均血流速度（Vd）、舒张末期血流速度（Vm）均较治疗前升高（P〈0．05）,其中观察组升高幅度较对照组明显（P〈0．05）;观察组中观察B组优于观察A组（P〈0．05）;（3）三组不良反应发生率比较无统计学差异（P〉0．05）。结论：玻璃酸钠关节腔内注射联合周林频谱仪对类风湿关节炎合并骨关节炎疗效肯定,能快速改善患者临床症状,科学良好的康复护理干预是促进疗效的关键。     

杞菊地黄汤联合玻璃酸钠滴眼液对肝肾阴虚型干眼症患者眼表功能和泪液MMP-2、MMP-9水平的影响

摘要 目的：观察杞菊地黄汤联合玻璃酸钠滴眼液治疗肝肾阴虚型干眼症的疗效及对眼表功能和泪液基质金属蛋白酶-2（MMP-2）、基质金属蛋白酶-9（MMP-9）的影响。方法：病例来源于2018年6月~2021年3月期间就诊于湖南省直中医医院眼科门诊的干眼症患者,共98例。采用随机数字表法分为对照组和实验组,两组均49例。对照组给予玻璃酸钠滴眼液治疗,实验组在对照组基础上接受杞菊地黄汤治疗,两组均治疗4周。对比两组疗效、中医证候积分、眼表功能和泪液MMP-2、MMP-9水平变化,观察两组治疗期间不良反应发生率。结果：实验组的临床总有效率高于对照组（P<0.05）。实验组治疗4周后眼部干涩不爽、畏光、双目频眨、口干少津、白眼泛红、舌红、苔薄、脉细证候积分均低于对照组（P<0.05）。实验组治疗4周后角膜荧光素染色（FL）评分低于对照组,泪膜破裂时间（BUT）、泪液分泌试验（SIT）水平高于对照组（P<0.05）。实验组治疗4周后泪液MMP-2、MMP-9水平低于对照组（P<0.05）。两组间不良反应发生率无统计学差异（P＞0.05）。结论：杞菊地黄汤联合玻璃酸钠滴眼液治疗肝肾阴虚型干眼症,可促进患者症状缓解,改善眼表功能,降低泪液MMP-2、MMP-9水平,安全可靠。     

玻璃酸钠联合重组牛碱性成纤维细胞生长因子对糖尿病性白内障超声乳化术后泪膜稳定性的影响

目的:探讨玻璃酸钠联合重组牛碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(b FGF)对糖尿病性白内障超声乳化术后泪膜稳定性的影响。方法:选取2015年1月到2017年1月期间在我院接受治疗的150例糖尿病性白内障患者,根据随机数字表法分为对照组和研究组,各75例。两组均进行常规治疗,在常规治疗的基础上对照组采用玻璃酸钠滴眼液进行治疗,研究组在对照组的基础上加用bFGF眼用凝胶进行治疗,两组均治疗1个月。比较两组术前、术后1周、术后1个月的泪膜破裂时间(BUT)、基础泪液分泌试验(SIt)值、角膜荧光素染色(FL)评分、干眼症状评分和眼表疾病指数(OSDI)评分,并比较两组术前、术后1个月的最佳矫正视力。结果:术后1周,两组患者的BUT明显低于术前和术后1个月,且研究组的BUT高于对照组(P0.05);随时间推移两组患者的OSDI评分持续降低(P0.05),术后1周,两组患者干眼症状评分、SIt值、FL评分明显高于术前和术后1个月,且研究组的OSDI评分、干眼症状评分、SIt值、FL评分均低于对照组(P0.05)。术后1个月两组患者的最佳矫正视力均明显上升,且研究组明显高于对照组(P0.05)。结论:玻璃酸钠联合bFGF能有效提升糖尿病性白内障患者在超声乳化术后泪膜稳定性,利于患者术后视力的恢复,值得临床推广应用。     

盐酸氨基葡萄糖片联合玻璃酸钠治疗颞下颌关节骨关节炎的疗效观察

目的:研究盐酸氨基葡萄糖片联合玻璃酸钠治疗颞下颌关节骨关节炎(TMJOA)的临床疗效,为临床治疗提供依据。方法:选取2012年11月到2015年11月我院收治的TMJOA患者60例,按照随机数字表法将患者分为研究组和对照组,每组30例,两组均给予玻璃酸钠关节腔注射,研究组在此基础上给予盐酸氨基葡萄糖片治疗,应用视觉模拟评分法(VAS)评价关节疼痛情况,比较两组临床疗效和不良反应,比较治疗前后两组最大张口度、张口VAS评分和张口偏斜。结果:研究组总有效率为83.33%(25/30),显著高于对照组的56.67%(17/30),比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);治疗后两组张口VAS评分和张口偏斜显著降低,最大张口度显著增高,且研究组显著优于对照组,比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);两组不良反应发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:盐酸氨基葡萄糖片联合玻璃酸钠治疗TMJOA具有较好的临床疗效,能有效改善患者关节功能。     

几丁糖和透明质酸钠对宫腔粘连的防治效果及并发症的影响

目的:探讨几丁糖和透明质酸钠对宫腔防粘连效果及并发症的影响。方法:回顾性分析本院2013年9月~2014年9月收治的150例人工流产患者的临床资料,均实施常规无痛人流手术,按照术前处理方式的不同分为空白对照组(50例)和几丁糖组(50例)、透明质酸钠组(50例)。术后随访6个月,观察两组的阴道流血持续时间和月经复潮时间,以及术后第14 d子宫内膜厚度和术后粘连发生情况、并发症发生情况,并进行比较。结果:术后几丁糖组和透明质酸钠组的阴道流血持续时间和月经复潮时间,以及术后第14 d天子宫内膜厚度和术后粘连发生情况、并发症发生率与空白对照组之间均存在统计学差异,各项指标均显著优于空白对照组,P0.05,但几丁糖组和透明质酸钠组二组间比较差异无统计学意义,P0.05。结论:对人工流产患者予以几丁糖和透明质酸钠处理均可以获得良好的临床效果,有效减少术后粘连以及各种并发症的出现。     

臭氧痛点阻滞联合玻璃酸钠治疗肩周炎的临床疗效及对肩关节活动度的影响

目的:研究臭氧痛点阻滞联合玻璃酸钠治疗肩周炎的临床疗效及对肩关节活动度的影响。方法:选取2014年1月到2015年1月我院收治的肩周炎患者110例,按照随机数字表法将患者分为I组和II组,每组55例。I组给予臭氧痛点阻滞治疗,II组给予臭氧痛点阻滞联合玻璃酸钠治疗。应用视觉模拟量表(VAS)评价疼痛情况,应用量角器测量患者肩关节活动度,并比较两组临床疗效和不良反应。结果:I组总有效率83.6%显著低于II组的94.5%,比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);两组治疗后VAS评分、外展、内旋以及外旋活动度均显著优于治疗前,且II组显著优于I组,比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);两组不良反应发生率比较无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:臭氧痛点阻滞联合玻璃酸钠治疗肩周炎具有较好的临床疗效,能显著改善患者肩关节活动度。     

高浓度玻璃酸钠滴眼液与聚乙二醇滴眼液防治飞秒激光辅助LASIK术后干眼的临床疗效对比

目的:比较高浓度玻璃酸钠滴眼液与聚乙二醇滴眼液防治飞秒激光辅助LASIK术后干眼的临床效果。方法:选取2016年1月至2017年1月在我院视光学中心收治的飞秒激光辅助LASIK术后干眼患者80例并将其随机分为A、B两组,分别给予玻璃酸钠滴眼液(3 g/L)、聚乙二醇滴眼液,在用药后1周、2周、1个月进行干眼体征检查,比较患者用药前后泪液分泌试验(SIT)、泪膜破裂时间(BUT)、角膜荧光素染色(FL)的变化。结果:术后1周,所有患者BUT均较术前显著降低,FL均较术前显著升高,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05),但SIT与术前比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。两组患者用药后SIT数值随时间变化差异没有统计学意义(P0.05);A组和B组分别在用药后1周、2周、1个月时进行比较,SIT变化差异没有统计学意义(P0.05);而A组BUT时间、FL评分改善时间明显早于B组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:滴用高浓度玻璃酸钠滴眼液(3 g/L)对飞秒激光辅助LASIK术后干眼患者的效果明显优于滴用聚乙二醇。     

Effect of testicular hyaluronidase on hyaluronate synthesis by human skin fibroblasts in culture

The effect of hyaluronidase treatment on the incorporation of [3H]glucosamine into hyaluronate in human skin fibroblast cultures was investigated. Fourth passage cells in confluent cultures were treated with hyaluronidase from bovine tests, Streptomyces and leech in Dulbecco's minimum essential medium in the presence of 3% fetal calf serum. The medium was removed from the control (non-treated) and the treated cultures and the washed cell layers were incubated with [3H]glucosamine and [35S]sulfate. [3H]Hyaluronate was separated by DEAE Trisacyl chromatography and identified by specific enzymic assays. Hyaluronidase treatment induced an increase in the amount of labelled hyaluronate secreted into the medium and into the pericellular compartment. This amount reached a plateau with increasing enzyme concentration and with the time of treatment. Oligosaccharides derived from hyaluronate did not produce this effect. The maximal increase was about 3-fold, and was not inhibited by exogenous hyaluronate (25-100 micrograms/ml) or by oligosaccharides from hyaluronate. Cycloheximide (0.03 mM) inhibited hyaluronate synthesis by 18% or less in the control cells and by 50% in the hyaluronidase-pretreated fibroblasts. No significant difference was found in the hyaluronate synthase activity between control and treated cells, at 60 min following treatment, indicating the reversibility of the effect. The persistence of the stimulation required the presence of hyaluronidase. The treatment of cells with specific hyaluronidases (from Streptomyces and leech) or with testicular hyaluronidase did not modify the labelling of the sulfated glycosaminoglycans. The incorporation kinetics of the [3H]glucosamine into labeled hyaluronate and the increased amount of non-labelled hyaluronate determined by radiometric assay indicated a specific stimulation of hyaluronate synthesis in the hyaluronidase-pretreated fibroblast cultures.     

A fluorescence study of sodium hyaluronate/surfactant interactions in aqueous media

The interactions between sodium hyaluronate, an anionic polysaccharide, with surfactants (anionic and nonionic) were investigated using pyrene fluorescence measurement methods. The change of micropolarity produced by the interaction was monitored by the measurement of emission intensity ratio between the first and third bands (I1/I3), and the intensity ratio of the excimer and the third vibration monomer band (I(E)/I(M)). Because the hydrophilic heads on the SDS were attracted by the domains formed by the hydroxyl groups of hyaluronate, the I1/I3 ratio was reduced by the addition of hyaluronate at lower than 0.06% of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) concentration. No aggregation was observed between hyaluronate and nonionic surfactants (Tween-80 and Cremophor EL) in the whole concentration range studied. At a higher concentration of surfactant, the I1/I3 ratio of hyaluronate/surfactant was influenced by the addition of saccharide (glucose, lactose, or mannitol). However, the effect of saccharide could be reduced by the addition of salt.     

丹参酮ⅡA磺酸钠注射液辅助治疗溃疡性结肠炎的临床疗效研究

目的:探究丹参酮ⅡA磺酸钠注射液辅助治疗溃疡性结肠炎的临床疗效及其可能的作用机制。方法:选择2013年1月~2014年10月我院肝脾胃病科收治的住院患者100例并将其随机分为实验组与对照组,每组50例。对照组患者给予美沙拉嗪肠溶片治疗,而实验组在对照组的基础上给予丹参酮ⅡA磺酸钠注射液辅助治疗。治疗后,比较两组患者的临床有效率、结肠镜检查情况,并检测和比较两组患者治疗前后的C反应蛋白水平。结果:经治疗后,两组患者溃疡性结肠炎的症状及结肠镜检查结果均有改善,充血水肿及溃疡处明显减少,脓性分泌物也明显减少或消失,与对照组相比,实验组的总有效率显著升高(P0.05),结肠改善情况更好。两组患者治疗后的CRP水平均较治疗前显著下降,且实验组患者的CRP水平较对照组更低,差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:丹参酮ⅡA磺酸钠注射液辅助治疗能够有效提高UC的临床疗效,这可能与其降低UC患者的C反应蛋白水平有关。     

注射用地尔硫卓联合前列地尔注射液对射血分数保留型心衰患者心功能、血清炎症因子和氧化应激的影响

摘要 目的：注射用地尔硫卓联合前列地尔注射液对射血分数保留型心衰（HFpEF）患者心功能、血清炎症因子和氧化应激的影响。方法：选取2016年3月至2020年3月期间于齐都医院接受治疗的HFpEF患者108例,根据奇偶排序法分为对照组54例、研究组54例,对照组患者给予注射用地尔硫卓治疗,研究组患者给予注射用地尔硫卓联合前列地尔注射液治疗,疗程为2周。对比两组治疗2周后的疗效,记录两组治疗期间不良反应发生情况。对比两组治疗前、治疗2周后的二尖瓣舒张早期血流峰速度/心房收缩期二尖瓣口最大血流流速（E/A）以及二尖瓣舒张早期血流峰速度/二尖瓣环舒张早期运动峰速度（E/E''）、B型尿钠肽（BNP）、C反应蛋白（CRP）、白细胞介素（IL）-6、巨噬细胞移动抑制因子（MIF）、鸟嘌呤（8-OHdG）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、丙二醛（MDA）。结果：与对照组的总有效率75.93%（41/54）相比,研究组的总有效率92.59%（50/54）更高（P<0.05）。研究组治疗2周后BNP、E/E''低于对照组,E/A高于对照组（P<0.05）。研究组治疗2周后IL-6、CRP、MIF低于对照组（P<0.05）。研究组治疗2周后8-OhdG、MDA低于对照组,SOD高于对照组（P<0.05）。两组均未见明显不良反应发生。结论：注射用地尔硫卓联合前列地尔注射液能显著改善HFpEF患者心功能,改善机体血清炎症因子和氧化应激,安全有效。     

A study of equilibrium binding of link protein to hyaluronate.

Link protein was extracted from bovine femoral-head cartilage, radiolabelled while in the proteoglycan-aggregate stage, and then purified by density-gradient centrifugation and gel chromatography. The purity of the preparation was assessed by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis and two species with approx. mol.wts. 45000 and 48000 were observed. Sedimentation-velocity experiments were performed in 0.5 M-guanidinium chloride/5 mM-phosphate, pH 7.4, and yielded an SO20, w of 4.75S. The proportion of link protein unable to interact with hyaluronate was determined by chromatography on Sepharose CL-4B. The binding of link protein to high-molecular-weight hyaluronate was studied by frontal-gel chromatography on Sepharose CL-4B in 0.5 M-guanidinium chloride/5 mM-phosphate/0.1% bovine serum albumin, pH 7.4. Experiments were performed at 10, 17 and 25 degrees C and the results were treated as described by Scatchard [(1949) Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 51, 660-672]. Dissociation constants of approx. (1-4) X 10(-8) M were obtained. The length of hyaluronate occupied per link-protein molecule was determined to be six to seven disaccharides.     

丹参酮IIA磺酸钠注射液辅助治疗对突发性耳聋患者血液流变学及临床疗效的影响

目的：探讨丹参酮IIA 磺酸钠注射液辅助治疗对突发性耳聋患者血液流变学及临床疗效的影响。方法：选取我院收治的突发 性耳聋患者78 例,并将其随机分为实验组和对照组,每组39 例。对照组给予三磷酸腺苷二钠、辅酶A、复合维生素、双密达莫片 及高压氧治疗,而实验组在对照组的基础上给予丹参酮IIA 磺酸钠注射液治复合组治疗。观察和比较两组患者治疗后的听力恢复 等级分布以及治疗前后的电测听情况和各项血液流变学指标的变化情况。结果：治疗后,与对照组比较,实验组听力恢复Ⅰ级患 者的比例更高,电听力平均值均显著降低,各项血液流变学指标均明显改善,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论：丹参酮IIA 磺酸 钠注射液辅助治疗能够显著提高突发性耳聋的临床疗效,这可能其改善患者的血液流变学有关     

Effects of the addition of hyaluronate segments with different chain lengths on the viscoelasticity of hyaluronic acid solutions

The effects of the addition of sodium hyaluronate segments (sHA) with different chain lengths on the viscoelasticity of high molecular weight sodium hyaluronate (HA) aqueous solutions were studied. The additive effects of sHA depended on the chain length of sHA. Shorter sHA decreased storage (G′) and loss (G′′) moduli, whereas longer sHA increased both moduli. In physiological saline, the effects of the addition of sHA depended on the chain length of sHA, as in aqueous solutions, except that shorter segments did not decrease both moduli. The effects of the addition of monosaccharides, i.e., N-acetyl glucosamine (GlcNAc) and sodium glucuronate (GlcANa), were also studied. Although GlcNAc increased G′ and G′′, GlcANa decreased both moduli. A shift factor “A,” which depended on chain-length effects, a sugar effect, and a salt effect, was developed to explain these additive effects quantitatively. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Erosive Arthritis and Hepatic Granuloma Formation Induced by Peptidoglycan Polysaccharide in Rats Is Aggravated by Prasugrel Treatment

Administration of the thienopyridine P2Y₁₂ receptor antagonist, clopidogrel, increased the erosive arthritis induced by peptidoglycan polysaccharide (PG-PS) in rats or by injection of the arthritogenic K/BxN serum in mice. To determine if the detrimental effects are caused exclusively by clopidogrel, we evaluated prasugrel, a third-generation thienopyridine pro-drug, that contrary to clopidogrel is mostly metabolized into its active metabolite in the intestine. Prasugrel effects were examined on the PG-PS-induced arthritis rat model. Erosive arthritis was induced in Lewis rats followed by treatment with prasugrel for 21 days. Prasugrel treated arthritic animals showed a significant increase in the inflammatory response, compared with untreated arthritic rats, in terms of augmented macroscopic joint diameter associated with significant signs of inflammation, histomorphometric measurements of the hind joints and elevated platelet number. Moreover, fibrosis at the pannus, assessed by immunofluorescence of connective tissue growth factor, was increased in arthritic rats treated with prasugrel. In addition to the arthritic manifestations, hepatomegaly, liver granulomas and giant cell formation were observed after PG-PS induction and even more after prasugrel exposure. Cytokine plasma levels of IL-1 beta, IL-6, MIP1 alpha, MCP1, IL-17 and RANTES were increased in arthritis-induced animals. IL-10 plasma levels were significantly decreased in animals treated with prasugrel. Overall, prasugrel enhances inflammation in joints and liver of this animal model. Since prasugrel metabolites inhibit neutrophil function ex-vivo and the effects of both clopidogrel and prasugrel metabolites on platelets are identical, we conclude that the thienopyridines metabolites might exert non-platelet effects on other immune cells to aggravate inflammation.