桔小实蝇和番石榴实蝇对6种寄主果实的产卵选择适应性

植食性昆虫对寄主植物的选择适应性是研究昆虫和植物协同进化关系的核心内容之一。评估寄主植物对植食性昆虫种群的适合度,需要综合分析昆虫对寄主的产卵选择性和寄主对昆虫的取食适合性。以桔小实蝇和番石榴实蝇为研究对象,分别测定了这两种实蝇对6种寄主果实:番石榴、香蕉、杨桃、木瓜、甜橙、番茄的产卵选择性以及幼虫取食后对其生长发育的影响。寄主产卵选择性实验分别采用完整寄主果实直接供试产卵和块状寄主果实气味引诱产卵两种处理方式;在生长发育适应性实验中,以幼虫和蛹的存活和生长发育等相关参数作为评价指标。实验结果表明,寄主的供试方式不同,两种实蝇的选择性均有明显差异;对寄主气味选择性强的寄主更适合于两种实蝇后代的生长发育。两种实蝇对6种寄主果实的产卵选择性和后代发育适合性两者相关性不显著,与许多文献报道单一地采用发育适合性(如发育历期、存活率或蛹重等)作为评价寄主选择性的结果不一致。两种实蝇之间对6种寄主果实的产卵选择和幼虫取食适合性既具相似性也具差异性,表明这两种实蝇在寄主生态位上既有重叠性又有分化性。     

Sesquiterpenoids from lippia integrifolia—africanone,a tricyclic sesquiterpene ketone

The essential oil from the leaves of Lippia integrifolia afforded, besides the known α-humulene, α-himachalene, β-caryophyllene, spathulenol and the recently reported bicyclohumulendione, a new compound that was characterized as a tricyclic sesquiterpene ketone, named africanone, by means of spectroscopic methods.     

GC-MS analysis of the essential oils of Juniperus communis L. berries growing wild in the Molise region: Seasonal variability and in vitro antifungal activity

Juniperus communis L., also known as the common juniper, is a dioecious aromatic evergreen shrub and has been traditionally used in many countries as a diuretic, antiseptic, and digestive and as a flavor to aromatize certain alcoholic beverages. We analyzed the chemical variability in the volatile profiles from berries of J. communis, harvested in one of the oldest European parks, the National Park of Abruzzo, Lazio, and Molise (PNALM, Central Italy). We examined the berries in different phases of the biological cycle for 1 year (at six ripening stages). Hydrodistilled essential oils from the fresh berries were analyzed by gas chromatography–flame ionization detection (GC-FID), gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and principal component analysis (PCA). A total of 90 components were detected, and remarkable qualitative and quantitative differences were observed in the chemical components during the ripening stages, from the green unripe berries to the bluish-black berries harvested at full maturity. The essential oils were an α-pinene (13.43–32.34%) chemotype. The monoterpene hydrocarbons decreased during the ripening with a progressive increase in sesquiterpenes such as germacrene D (12.29–17.59%) and β-caryophyllene (7.71–8.51%), which are the major components in ripe berry essential oils. The sesquiterpene hydrocarbon fraction (65.3–47.9%) also contained α-humulene, germacrene B, δ-cadinene, bicyclogermacrene, and eudesma 4(14),11 diene. Germacrene D and β-caryophyllene in high concentrations may be considered as marker components of the genus Juniperus from the Molise region. This particular chemical composition has been reported for the first time. It is interesting to note the presence of β-caryophyllene (7–11%), whose inhalation has been reported to affect anxiety and depression in a rat model. An in vitro antifungal assay showed that the essential oil from green and ripe berries inhibits the growth of Sclerotium rolfsii, a phytopathogen fungus that causes post-harvest diseases in many fruits and vegetables.     

Chemical composition of the cortical essential oil from Abies balsamea

Monoterpenoids and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons of Abies balsamea cortical oleoresin (Canada balsam) were analyzed by a combination of chromatographic and spectroscopic methods. Monoterpene hydrocarbons (21%) were composed of β-pinene, α-pinene, β-phellandrene, limonene, 3-carene, myrcene and camphene (listed in order of decreasing percentages), and oxygenated monoterpenes (0·4%) contained 4,4-dimethyl-2-cyclohepten-1-one, linalool, bornyl acetate, methylthymol, citronellyl acetate, α-terpineol, piperitone, citronellal, borneol, citronellol, two unknowns, and geraniol. From the sesquiterpene hydrocarbon fraction (1·1%) were isolated: longifolene, β-bisabolene, longipinene, an unknown, sativene, cyclosativene, cis-α-bisabolene, β-himachalene, α-himachalene, β-caryophyllene, γ-humulene, farnesene, longicyclene, an unknown, and β-selinene. Both himachalenes have been identified for the first time in Pinaceae outside of Cedrus; their co-occurrence with γ-humulene, longifolene, longipinene and longicyclene supports the biosynthetic mechanism by which all of these compounds arise through initial 1/11 cyclization of tran-cis-farnesylphosphate.     

Essential oil composition of four Lomatium Raf. species and their chemotaxonomy

The composition of the essential oils of Lomatium dasycarpum ssp. dasycarpum, Lomatium lucidum, Lomatium macrocarpum var. macrocarpum and Lomatium utriculatum is described. Identification of components was determined from their GC, GC/MS data and many were confirmed by coinjections with authentic samples. Several components were isolated by liquid and gas chromatographic techniques and their structures confirmed from their ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectral data. 2-Methyl and 3-methylbutanoates were the major components of L. dasycarpum fruits as well as stems and leaves oils. β-Phellandrene/limonene, decanal, dodecanal, bornyl acetate, germacrene D, α-humulene and bicyclogermacrene were the major components of the corresponding L. lucidum oils. α-Pinene and β-pinene were the major components of the fruit oil of L. macrocarpum. Its stem and leaf oil was rich in peucenin 7-methyl ether, β-caryophyllene, (Z)-3-hexenol, palmitic acid, linoleic acid and (E)-2-hexenal. Sabinene, (Z)-ligustilide, terpinen-4-ol, β-phellandrene/limonene, β-caryophyllene, myrcene, α-pinene and β-pinene were the major compounds in L. utriculatum fruit oil, while its stem and leaf oil was rich in (Z)-ligustilide, palmitic acid, terpinen-4-ol, linoleic acid and germacrene D. (Z)-Falcarinol was a major component of all the four root oils.     

Role of colour and volatile in foraging behaviour of honeybee Apis cerana on Jacquemontia pentanthos

Floral visual and olfactory cues guide the insect visitors to the source of reward. This work addresses one such interaction between honeybee Apis cerana and a garden climber Jacquemontia pentanthos. Field studies have indicated that A. cerana showed preference to J. pentanthos over the other flowering plants during its visits for foraging. The objectives of the work is to understand the role of colour and scent in the attraction of Apis cerana to the host plant. Bioassays performed emphasized the involvement of colour and volatiles for the visits of A. cerana. Petals show high reflectance to ultraviolet light with ultraviolet absorbing regions in the centre which serve as a nectar guide. Gas chromatography linked electroanntenogram detector (GC-EAD) showed antennal response to the floral volatile of J. pentanthos identified as sesquiterpene β-caryophyllene. Behavioural studies have shown similar preference to β- caryophyllene as that of α-humulene. Our studies suggest an interplay of colour and volatiles cues for A. cerana visitation to Jacquemontia flowers and these findings are further supported by behavioural studies on.A. cerana.     

Hydrocarbons from the essential oil of Cymbopogon martinii

The composition of the hydrocarbon fraction of the essential oil from Cymbopogon martinii, which represents less than 5% of the oil, has been studied. Using well-established techniques, 11 monoterpenes (ca 46 %), 28 sesquiterpenes (ca 52%) and 16 n-alkanes (ca 1.6%) have been identified. The major constituents are limonene, α-terpinene, myrcene, β-caryophyllene, α-humulene, β- and δ-selinenes. The study of the n-alkanes of C. martinii revealed the presence of all members of the homologous series C₁₅C₃₀.     

Acaricidal activity and repellency of essential oil from Piper aduncum and its components against Tetranychus urticae

The chemical composition of essential oil of leaves of Piper aduncum L., growing wild in a fragment of the Atlantic Rainforest biome in northeastern Brazil, was determined through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The acaricidal activity and repellency of the essential oil and its components [dillapiole (0.28 g/ml), α-humulene (0.016 g/ml), (E)-nerolidol (0.0007 g/ml) and β-caryophyllene (0.0021 g/ml)] were evaluated in the laboratory against adults of Tetranychus urticae Koch. The mites were more susceptible to the oil in fumigation tests (LC(50) = 0.01 μl/l of air) than in contact test with closed Petri dish (LC(50) = 7.17 μl/ml); mortality was reduced by approximately 50 % in the latter test. The repellent action of the oil and toxicity by fumigation and contact did not differ significantly from the positive control (eugenol). The repellent activity was attributed to the components (E)-nerolidol, α-humulene and β-caryophyllene, whereas toxicity by fumigation and contact was attributed to β-caryophyllene. The effect of Piper oil and the role of its components regarding host plant preference with a two-choice leaf disk test are also discussed.     

Studies on the Chemical Constituents of the Hydrocarbon Fraction of the Essential Oils from Caryopteris tangutica and C. Glutinosa

The chemical constituents of the hydrocarbon fraction of essential oils of Caryopteris tangutica Maxim. and C. glutinosa Rehd were examined by means of GC-MS-COM and GC retention time data on a 45 m capillary column coated with OV- 101. 21 components have been saparated and identified, i.e. α-thujene, α-pinene, cam- phene, sabinene, β-pinene, β-myrcene, α-terpinene, p-cymene, limonene, β-ocimene-y, β- phellandrene, α-terpinolene, α-cubebene, α-copaene, α-cedrene, β-caryophyllene, γ-cadinene, 1-aromadendrene, α-humulene, β-bisabolene and δ-cadinene. The quantitative determination of these components was carried out by GLC also.     

橘小实蝇与番石榴实蝇卵及蛹的种间竞争

【背景】实蝇的竞争可能发生在生活史的各个阶段,但未见卵和蛹的种间竞争的相关报道。【方法】将橘小实蝇与番石榴实蝇的卵及蛹按照相应的比例或龄期分别进行混合培养,分析2种实蝇的卵或蛹混合后的发育历期和存活率是否受到彼此影响。【结果】橘小实蝇与番石榴实蝇的卵同龄等量混合,对彼此卵的历期和孵化率无影响。当橘小实蝇和番石榴实蝇的蛹为新鲜蛹时,分别与比它们蛹龄大1 d的对方蛹混合,蛹的羽化率分别为(87.67±3.61)%和(84.33±2.56)%,显著小于对照,说明在此混合蛹处理中,后化蛹者的发育可能受到先化蛹者的抑制。【结论与意义】总体上,在卵和蛹期,橘小实蝇与番石榴实蝇未产生竞争作用;但不排除蛹期竞争的可能性,这种竞争可能存在于特定的蛹期。     

Effects of aphid herbivory on volatile organic compounds of Artemisia annua and Chrysanthemum morifolium

We showed the effect of aphid infesting on the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by the infested Artemisia annua and Chrysanthemum morifolium cultivar ‘Nan nong hong feng’ plants by using headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) method combined with gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC–MS). In olfactometer bioassay experiment, aphids showed a preference for the odour of both healthy and infested chrysanthemum, while we found an opposite result in A. annua. Aphids tend to healthy plants compared with the infested, and the phenomenon became obvious with time. Different extracts were tested with the healthy plants and aphid infested plants. Eucalyptol, β-caryophyllene, (E)-β-farnesene, and germacrene D were released as the major constituents in both species. After aphid infesting, we observed a great increase in artemisia ketone and (E)-β-farnesene and a decrease in germacrene D in A. annua; comparatively, eucalyptol, isoborneol and β-caryophyllene increased in chrysanthemum. Combined with the GC–MS data and olfactometer bioassay results we concluded that (E)-β-farnesene and artemisia ketone emitted from A. annua might act as a potential volatile compound to resist aphids, and the two compounds would be useful for future ecological control of aphid in chrysanthemum cultivation.     

Extractive compounds of birch buds (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Betula pendula</Emphasis> Roth.): I. Composition of fatty acids,hydrocarbons, and esters

This is the first report devoted to study of the hydrocarbon composition of the extract of buds of European birch Betula pendula (family Betulacea). We have identified saturated (C₁₆ to C₂₈, even number of carbon atoms) and unsaturated (linoleic and linolenic) fatty acids, β-caryophyllene, α-humulene, and the components of epicuticular waxes of cover scales, such as n-alkanes (C₂₁ to C₂₆), esters of fatty acids (C₁₆ to C₂₈, even number of carbon atoms), and fatty alcohols (C₁₈ to C₃₀, even number of carbon atoms). The gas chromatographic retention indices of all identified compounds have been determined.     

First Evidence of a Volatile Sex Pheromone in Lady Beetles

To date, volatile sex pheromones have not been identified in the Coccinellidae family; yet, various studies have suggested that such semiochemicals exist. Here, we collected volatile chemicals released by virgin females of the multicolored Asian lady beetle, Harmonia axyridis (Pallas), which were either allowed or not allowed to feed on aphids. Virgin females in the presence of aphids, exhibited “calling behavior”, which is commonly associated with the emission of a sex pheromone in several Coleoptera species. These calling females were found to release a blend of volatile compounds that is involved in the remote attraction (i.e., from a distance) of males. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses revealed that (–)-β-caryophyllene was the major constituent of the volatile blend (ranging from 80 to 86%), with four other chemical components also being present; β-elemene, methyl-eugenol, α-humulene, and α-bulnesene. In a second set of experiments, the emission of the five constituents identified from the blend was quantified daily over a 9-day period after exposure to aphids. We found that the quantity of all five chemicals significantly increased across the experimental period. Finally, we evaluated the activity of a synthetic blend of these chemicals by performing bioassays which demonstrated the same attractive effect in males only. The results confirm that female H. axyridis produce a volatile sex pheromone. These findings have potential in the development of more specific and efficient biological pest-control management methods aimed at manipulating the behavior of this invasive lady beetle.     

Sexual maturation of male <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bactrocera correcta</Emphasis> (Diptera: Tephritidae) and age-related responses to β-caryophyllene and methyl eugenol

Sexual maturation of male Bactrocera correcta (Bezzi) and age-related responses to β-caryophyllene (CP) and methyl eugenol (ME) were examined to identify effective attractants for sexually immature males of the species. Sexual maturation rates (100 × number of cages containing males which attained sexual maturity/total number of cages at a given day) over different ages were 0.0%, 6.7%, and 100.0% for 5-, 6-, and 13-day-old, respectively, and at all the different ages, more males were captured with CP than with ME. The capture rate (the predicted probability by logistic regression) with CP was 29.7% (30.6%) for 5-day-old males, which were still sexually immature, and 52.7% (38.2%) for 6-day-old males, for which the earliest sexual maturation was observed. In contrast, no 5-day-old males responded to ME (the probability was 12.6%), and the capture rate (the probability) of 6-day-old males was merely 0.3% (14.5%), while the rate gradually increased later. The present study revealed that certain males of B. correcta responded to CP prior to sexual maturation but not to ME under the laboratory conditions. These results imply that CP could be an effective attractant used in male annihilation techniques for B. correcta and that ME may not be useful.     

Sesquiterpene and polyacetylene profile of the Bidens pilosa complex (Asteraceae: Heliantheae) from Southeast of Brazil

The pantropical weed Bidens pilosa (Asteraceae) is a species with several taxonomic problems. Recently it has been shown to be a complex of different species. To shed light on this problem in Brazil, dichloromethane extract of leaves of several populations corresponding to three proposed species for the complex in southeastern Brazil (B. pilosa, Bidens alba and Bidens subalternans) were analyzed by GC–MS. Twenty-four substances were detected, of which four resemble polyacetylenes, the others sesquiterpenes. Five sesquiterpenes tentatively identified as E-caryophyllene, α-humulene, germacrene-D, bicyclogermacrene and α-muurolene were found in all three Bidens species. The polyacetylene phenylhepta-1,3,5-triyne was identified only in B. alba. Multivariate analysis (cluster and principal component analyses) separated the three entities, suggesting that these compounds could represent a useful tool to distinguish species in the B. pilosa complex.     

Isolation and characterization of terpene synthases in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)

Cotton plants accumulate gossypol and related sesquiterpene aldehydes, which function as phytoalexins against pathogens and feeding deterrents to herbivorous insects. However, to date little is known about the biosynthesis of volatile terpenes in this crop. Herein is reported that 5 monoterpenes and 11 sesquiterpenes from extracts of a glanded cotton cultivar, Gossypium hirsutum cv. CCRI12, were detected by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). By EST data mining combined with Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends (RACE), full-length cDNAs of three terpene synthases (TPSs), GhTPS1, GhTPS2 and GhTPS3 were isolated. By in vitro assays of the recombinant proteins, it was found that GhTPS1 and GhTPS2 are sesquiterpene synthases: the former converted farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) into β-caryophyllene and α-humulene in a ratio of 2:1, whereas the latter produced several sesquiterpenes with guaia-1(10),11-diene as the major product. By contrast, GhTPS3 is a monoterpene synthase, which produced α-pinene, β-pinene, β-phellandrene and trace amounts of other monoterpenes from geranyl pyrophosphate (GPP). The TPS activities were also supported by Virus Induced Gene Silencing (VIGS) in the cotton plant. GhTPS1 and GhTPS3 were highly expressed in the cotton plant overall, whereas GhTPS2 was expressed only in leaves. When stimulated by mechanical wounding, Verticillium dahliae (Vde) elicitor or methyl jasmonate (MeJA), production of terpenes and expression of the corresponding synthase genes were induced. These data demonstrate that the three genes account for the biosynthesis of volatile terpenes of cotton, at least of this Upland cotton.     

Study on The Chemical Constituents from the Essential Oil of Cinnamomum tenuipilis Kosterm

This paper reports chemical constituents of the essential oil from the leaves of Cinnamomum tenuipilis Kosterm. By applying PGC, GC/MS/DS, IR and other methods, 12 components have been identified. These components are: 3-hexen-l-ol, ocimene, L-linalool, geraniol, α-copaene, β-caryophyllene, t-β-farnesene, α-humulene, δ-cadinene, (Z)-β-farnesene, diphenylamine, farneol etc. The total content of the above 12 compounds is 99.94 percent of the essential oil. L- linalool amounts to 97.51%.     

Stuies on the Chemical Constituents of the Essential Oils from the Leaves of Aglaia odorata Lour

This paper shows the chemical constituents of the essential oils from the leaves of Aglaia odorata Lout. grown in Zhangzhou. By the aid of GC-MS-DS., IR., the following components have been separated and identified: linalool, hendecane, α-copaene, β-elemene, β-caryophyllene, α-humulene, aromadendrene, γ-cadinene, α-himachalene, δ-cadinene, β-guaiene, γ-gurjunene, γ-elemene, humulene epoxide-Ⅰ, humulene epoxide-Ⅱ, β-elemene-9β-ol, β-humulene-7-ol, nerolidol, earyophyllenol-1, farnesol, β-santalol, elemol. This will provide scientific basis for further develophment of the essential oils of the plants of Aglaia Lour.     

Variability in essential oil composition of Piper dilatatum L.C. Rich

Twelve samples of air-dried aerial parts of Piper dilatatum L. C. Rich yielded essential oils and their volatile constituents were analyzed by GC and GC–MS. Sesquiterpenes, both hydrocarbons and oxygenated, were the most highly represented classes, the former ranging from 31.5% to 87.7% and the latter varying from 1.8% to 49.4%. Using hierarchical cluster analysis, the oils were divided into seven groups, whose main constituents were: (E)-caryophyllene, α-cadinol and germacrene D (group A); spathulenol, bicyclogermacrene and (Z)-β-ocimene, (group B); spathulenol, germacrene D and (E)-nerolidol, (group C); germacrene D, limonene, α-phellandrene and bicyclogermacrene (group D); β-elemene, germacrene D and β-pinene (group E); curzerene, p-cymene and α-eudesmol (group F); and (Z)-α-bisabolene, curzerene and germacrene D (group G). We have seen that Piper oils from the Amazon present as major constituents terpenoids and phenylpropanoids, always with the predominance of one over another. The essential oils of P. dilatatum presented in this paper, containing only mono- and sesquiterpenes as its major components, is further chemotaxonomic evidence of this dichotomy in the Piper genus.