菖远胶囊给大鼠长期大剂量用药的安全性评价

目的：研究菖远胶囊对大鼠长期大量用药后的安全性影响。方法：通过对大鼠连续灌胃菖远胶囊13周、26周和停药4周,分别与正常对照组比较血液、生化、病理学检查结果。结果：①菖远胶囊各剂量组给药后5～30 min动物自主活动有所减弱,30 min后自主活动逐渐恢复正常,各剂量组大小便颜色偏深,高剂量组比较明显,停止给药后,上述症状均恢复正常;②大鼠血液细胞学、生化学指标中有个别指标在给药初期（13周）出现明显差异,继续给药至26周,未见明显异常,停止给药后恢复正常;高剂量组动物体重有一定降低,个别脏器质量及指数增大,停药4周后均能恢复正常;病理检查结果示,菖远胶囊各剂量组主要脏器未见由药物引起的病理学改变;整个实验期间各组动物未见死亡;③大鼠长期给予菖远胶囊的安全剂量为4.0 g/kg。结论：菖远胶囊对动物的毒性较低,是值得开发的一个中药新药。     

满山红软胶囊长期毒性试验研究

目的:考察满山红软胶囊的长期毒性反应。方法:本试验采用灌胃给药方法,连续给药三个月,考察试验动物组与空白对照组体重、食量、各项血液学及血液生化学指标差异。结论:各项指标均无显著差异,试验动物各主要脏器及腺体亦无明显损伤,说明在上述剂量下,满山红软胶囊连续给药三月是安全的,恢复观察期内,未出现延迟性毒性反应。     

安神补脑液对大鼠长期毒性的观察

目的观察安神补脑液长期灌胃给药对大鼠所产生的毒性反应及严重程度,提供毒副反应的靶器官及其损害的可逆程度,确定无毒反应剂量,以评价安神补脑液长期用药的安全性,为拟定临床试验剂量及观察指标提供参考。方法 Wistar大鼠随机分为安神补脑液低、中、高剂量组(2.5、5、10 m L/kg)和溶剂对照组(灌服同容积蒸馏水2 m L/100 g),每组60只,雌雄各半,每天给药1次,每周给药6 d,连续26周。观察大鼠的外观行为、体重、摄食量,并分别于给药第13、26周末及四周恢复期结束进行血液学及血液生化学等各项指标检测及脏器系数、病理组织学检查。结果长期连续灌胃给予安神补脑液,对动物一般状态、行为活动和外观体征无明显不良影响;各剂量组的摄食量、体重、血液学及血液生化学指标与对照组比较无明显差别;给药3个月、6个月对动物各脏器组织位置、重量和脏器系数无不良影响,但部分脏器重量有所增加,各组动物脏器系数在正常范围内;病理结果显示对照组和安神补脑液高剂量组动物未见明显与给药相关的异常病理改变和毒性改变,恢复期停药后未见延迟性毒性,因此,中、低剂量组动物各脏器组织无需进行组织病理形态学检查。结论安神补脑液长期用药对大鼠未见明确的毒性反应,停药后亦无延迟性毒性反应,预期拟定的临床用药量为安全剂量。     

人参花食用安全性研究

目的:对人参花食用安全性进行毒理学评价.方法:采用大鼠经口急性毒性试验、遗传毒性试验(Ames试验、小鼠骨髓细胞微核试验、小鼠精子畸形试验)、大鼠30 d喂养试验.结果:雌、雄大鼠经口最大耐受剂量(MTD)均大于17.4 g/kg·bw.3项遗传毒性试验结果均为阴性.在大鼠30 d喂养试验中,6.0 g/kg·bw,3.0 g/kg·bw及1.5g/kg· bw 3个剂量组的实验动物均生长发育良好,体重、摄食量、饮水量、血液学、血液生化学、脏器系数及病理组织学相关指标均未见异常变化.结论:人参花属于实际无毒物,未见遗传毒性,长期服用是安全的.     

热感赛比斯坦颗粒毒理学实验研究

观察热感赛比斯坦颗粒对小鼠的急性和大鼠长期毒性反应。将热感赛比斯坦颗粒生药浸膏液干燥,粉碎,以最大浓度及小鼠最大给药体积对小鼠灌胃,进行最大耐受量试验,观察两周之内出现的急性毒性反应。采用SD大鼠分别给予37.50 g/(kg·d)、12.50 g/(kg·d)、3.75 g/(kg·d)药物灌胃,空白组给予同等体积的蒸馏水,进行长期毒性试验。在给药30 d、停药15 d测定生化、血象指标、脏器系数和各主要脏器病理切片。急性毒性试验测得小鼠最大耐受量为299.70 g/kg,无死亡现象,解剖后发现小鼠各主要脏器无肉眼可见病变。长期毒性试验给药及恢复期间各组大鼠体重无统计学差异。血液学、血生化及脏器系数检查,给药组与对照组之间个别指标有差异,无毒性意义。主要脏器的病理组织学检查,未见明显病理改变。本研究证明热感赛比斯坦颗粒临床成人拟用给药剂量远低于其毒性剂量,安全性良好。     

香水莲花的食用安全性研究

目的:对香水莲花的食用安全性进行研究,主要研究香水莲花的急性和长期毒性。方法:采用急性经口毒性和长期毒性法。结果:小鼠急性经口毒性试验,雌雄性小鼠经口MTD15 000 mg/kg b.wt.。大鼠长期毒性试验,用2 083 mg/kg b.w.、4 167 mg/kg b.w.、6 250 mg/kg b.w.的香水莲花给大鼠连续灌胃30天,未观察到中毒表现。香水莲花各剂量组动物体重、增重、食物利用率、血液学和血液生化学指标值、各脏器的脏体比值与空白对照组比较均无显著差异(P0.05),主要脏器在外观形态和组织学上均无异常变化。结论:香水莲花对大鼠的生长发育,造血功能,肝肾功能,器官组织均无明显毒性,安全性较高。     

变异白色红花总黄酮提取物安全性毒理学评价

本文通过急性毒性试验、三项遗传毒性试验和30 d喂养试验,对变异白色红花总黄酮提取物(TFES)进行安全性毒理评价。结果表明,TFES对小鼠急性毒性试验,LD5010.0 g/kg·BW,按急性毒性剂量分级,属实际无毒物质;三项遗传毒性试验即Ames试验、小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核试验、小鼠精子畸形试验结果均为阴性;TFES对大鼠30 d喂养试验,动物未见明显的中毒症状和死亡,TFES各剂量组大鼠体重、总食物利用率、血清生化指标、血液学指标、脏器系数指标以及病理组织学等指标与对照组比较,无显著性差异。TFES在本实验条件下,未观察到明显毒性作用,为其进一步开发应用提供了安全依据。     

黄芪注射液的急性毒性和长期毒性试验

目的:测定黄芪注射液急性毒性和长期毒性反应.方法:小鼠静脉注射和腹腔注射黄芪注射液的急性毒性,大鼠腹腔注射黄芪注射液6 g/kg(d,14 g/kg(d和33g/kg(d的长期毒性(30 d).结果:黄芪注射液小鼠静脉注射和腹腔注射LD50分别为90.39g/kg和108.11g/kg,其95%可信限分别为87.57～93.31g/kg和102.90～113.58g/kg;大鼠连续注射30 d后,摄食量增加,体重增长一致,尿常规,血液学和血液生化测定指标均在正常范围,脏器系数和病理学检查无异常.结论:黄芪注射液对受试动物未见有明显急性和长期毒性作用.     

牛初乳的安全性毒理学实验研究

目的：评价牛初乳的安全性。方法：按照《保健食品检验与评价技术规范（2003版）》进行急性经口毒性试验、Ames试验、骨髓细胞微核试验、精子畸形试验和大鼠30d喂养试验等毒理学安全评价试验。结果：牛初乳大鼠经口急性毒性试验中MTD值＞15.0g/kg·BW。小鼠骨髓微核试验、Ames试验、小鼠精子致畸试验对牛初乳样品没有致突变的作用。大鼠30d喂养试验各项指标也均未见明显毒性反应：对照组和各剂量组大鼠的生长发育均未见异常,血液学、血液生化、主要脏器重量、脏器系数均在正常值范围内,组织病理学检查未见与受试物有关的异常改变。结论：牛初乳属于无毒级、不会引起突变,大鼠30d喂养试验各项指标也均未见明显毒性反应。     

低剂量双酚A灌胃对去卵巢小鼠子宫的增生作用

目的观察小鼠经消化道途径给予低剂量环境内分泌干扰物双酚A对子宫的作用及机制。方法雌性ICR小鼠切除双侧卵巢,恢复性饲养1周,剔除异常个体后,50只动物随机分成5组,每组10只动物,依次皮下注射(sc)10.0μg/(kg·d)17β-雌二醇,灌胃(ig)0、20.0、60.0和180.0μg/(kg·d)BPA,连续7d。动物每3d称量体重一次,于最后一次给药24h后,阴道涂片检测角化上皮细胞,颈椎脱臼处死动物,取子宫,称其干湿重,计算子宫脏器指数,组织切片,HE染色后利用图像分析系统测量子宫上皮高度和宫腔面积。免疫组化法分析子宫雌激素受体(ER)和孕激素受体(PR)表达。结果①与对照组相比,雌二醇和BPA低剂量组动物体重增加,BPA中高剂量组动物体重无明显差异。②阴道涂片结果显示,处于动情期动物数分别为:对照组0/10,雌二醇组10/10,BPA低剂量组2/10,BPA中剂量组1/10,BPA高剂量组0/10;③BPA低剂量组动物子宫湿重和含水量较对照组增加,脏器系数增大,BPA中高剂量组子宫湿重和脏器系数较对照组降低明显(P0.05);④病理组织学及显微图像分析结果显示,BPA低剂量组动物子宫腔面积较对照组增大,中高剂量组子宫腔面积明显减小(P0.01);低剂量组动物子宫上皮高度较对照组增高(P0.01),中高剂量组子宫上皮高度降低明显(P0.01)。⑤免疫组化结果显示,低剂量BPA能增强小鼠子宫ER和PR表达,但随剂量增加,ER表达下降。结论BPA经消化道途径给予ICR小鼠,人环境暴露剂量下具有雌激素活性,但雌激素活性随BPA剂量增大呈现下降趋势。     

木醋液对鲜切麝香百合的保鲜效应

以木醋液为保鲜液,对鲜切麝香百合进行瓶插保鲜的结果表明：木醋液能增强麝香百合吸收保鲜液的能力,延长其盛花期和瓶插寿命,增强过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性,降低麝香百合瓶插期间的丙二醛（MDA）含量和过氧化物酶（POD）活性,延缓其衰老,其中以3．4g·L^-1木醋液对鲜切百合的保鲜效应最好。     

杜仲叶林枝木醋液化学成分及抑菌活性研究

以杜仲叶林枝木为原料,采用干馏法,分90℃~200℃、200℃~340℃和340℃~520℃共3个温度段收集杜仲叶林枝木粗木醋液,经过静置、活性炭粉吸附焦油处理等过程得到精制木醋液,然后对所得木醋液的理化性质和抑菌活性进行了研究,并对抑菌活性最强的木醋液的化学成分进行了GC/MS分析。结果表明:(1)杜仲叶林枝木醋液产生的温度范围为90℃~520℃,其中200℃~340℃段产量最大、pH值最低、有机酸含量最高、抑菌能力也最强。(2)GC/MS分析表明,温度段为200℃~340℃的木醋液中约含有42种化合物,主要为酚类、酸类、酮类和醛类等,其中酚类化合物含量最高,占总量的46.81%,其次为有机酸类物质。初步分析确定木醋液抑菌活性成分为酚类物质。     

Repellent efficacy of wood vinegar against Culex pipiens pallens and Aedes togoi (Diptera: Culicidae) under laboratory and semi-field conditions

The repellent efficacy of wood vinegar was assessed against mosquitoes under laboratory conditions at 1, 5, 10, 20, 40, 60 and 80% concentrations. The study evaluated whether wood vinegar is able to repel Culex pipiens pallens Coquillet and Aedes togoi (Theobald) from the human body and if so at what concentrations. The tests were conducted using the arm-in-cage method in 80 × 40 × 40 cm screened mosquito cages. The data were analyzed and compared with those of N,N-Diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (deet) at 10.3% concentration. The results showed that wood vinegar provided mosquito repellence of varying degree depending on the concentration used. The observed repellence averaged from as low as 39.6% at 5.0% concentration to as high as 100% at 80% concentration against Ae. togoi. Repellence against Cx. pipiens pallens was high being 90.3% at 20% concentration, 92.2% at 40% concentration, 93.9% at 60% concentration and 100% at 80% concentration. The duration of protection time tests showed that the 40% and 60% concentrations of the wood vinegar give protection from landing of Ae. togoi for a period of up to 7 h, though the lower concentration gave lower protection after the first five hours. The results indicated that wood vinegar has mosquito repellent characteristics that tend to vary with the concentration used and the species of mosquitoes. Wood vinegar in this case was very effective in repelling Cx. pipiens pallens, even at lower concentrations while higher concentrations were required to repel Ae. togoi.     

Promoting effect of wood vinegar compounds on fruit-body formation ofPleurotus ostreatus

The promoting effect of wood vinegar compounds on the fruiting ofPleurotus ostreatus (Japanese name, Hiratake) was investigated. Not only crude wood vinegar but its components, 3,5-dimethylphenol, 2-methoxyphenol, butanoic acid and 1-pentanol, had the ability to promote fruit-body formation on liquid medium. For use of these promoters industrially, a test for practical cultivation was carried out using a commercial sawdust medium. The addition of 100 µg/ml butanoic acid and 100 µg/ml 2-methoxyphenol into the sawdust medium after removal of the surface mycelial layer (kinkaki in Japanese) produced 29 and 23% higher yields of fruit-bodies than the control cultures (137.2 g/bottle), respectively. The addition of the crude wood vinegar as a medium component into sawdust substrates in the concentration range of 0.1–6% increased yields of fruit-bodies by 21–42% over the control.     

Nutritional ecology of the Formosan subterranean termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae): growth and survival of incipient colonies feeding on preferred wood species

The wood of 11 plant species was evaluated as a food source significantly impacting the growth and survival of incipient colonies of the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Colonies of C. formosanus feeding on pecan, Carya illinoensis (Wangenh.), and red gum, Liquidambar styraciflua L., produced significantly more progeny than colonies feeding on other wood species tested. Progeny of colonies feeding on pecan and American ash, Fraxinus americana L., had significantly greater survival than progeny of colonies feeding on other wood species. Colonies feeding on a nutritionally supplemented cellulose based matrix showed similar fitness characteristics as colonies feeding on the best wood treatments. These results indicate that differences observed in colony fitness can be partially explained by nutritional value of the food treatment, raising the possibility that wood from different tree species have different nutritional values to the Formosan subterranean termites. Colonies feeding on loblolly pine, Pinus taeda L., and ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa Laws., had significantly lower survival and produced significantly fewer workers and soldiers than colonies feeding on other wood species. Colony survival from 90 to 180 d of age and from 90 to 360 d of age was significantly correlated with the number of workers present at 90 d of colony age, indicating that colony survival depends on the presence of workers. Wood consumption in a multiple-choice study was significantly correlated with colony fitness value. This suggests that feeding preference of C. formosanus is at least partially influenced by the nutritional value of the food source.     

Feeding preference of Coptotermes formosanus (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) for gamma-irradiated wood impregnated with benzoylphenylurea compounds under laboratory conditions

The feeding preference of Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) for 200-kGy gamma-irradiated Cryptomeria japonica D. Don (Japanese cedar) sapwood impregnated with benzoylphenylurea compounds such as hexaflumuron and noviflumuron was examined by three laboratory tests. Although termites were not deterred from feeding on gamma-irradiated wood samples that had been impregnated with hexaflumuron or noviflumuron, termite mortality was significantly higher compared with solvent controls in the no-choice test. All live termites were transferred to paper disks immediately after the no-choice test to investigate changes in mortality with time, and this test also confirmed the effects of hexaflumuron and noviflumuron on worker termites, which showed a significant feeding preference for gamma-irradiated wood. Only the 1480 ppm noviflumuron-impregnated gamma-irradiated wood specimens showed significant differences in mortality in the two-choice test. These results suggest that gamma-irradiated C. japonica wood, which is locally abundant in Japan, may have potential as a bait substrate for benzoylphenylurea compounds.     

农田栽参土壤改良中肥料对土壤元素及酶活性的影响

为探究农田栽参土壤改良中肥料对土壤元素与土壤酶活性的影响, 于2019年5月21日采集经混合肥、土地乐、腐殖酸、木醋液、益生源处理过的土壤样品, 对其土壤养分与土壤酶活性进行研究。结果表明: 不同肥料在土壤中发挥出不同的作用, 施用混合肥的土壤SOM、ACa含量最高分别为139.51 g·kg-1、848.9 mg·kg-1。施用土地乐生物有机肥后土壤中AP和AMn含量最高分别为36.7 mg·kg-1、126.12 mg·kg-1。施用腐殖酸后土壤中AFe、电导率、AK数值最高分别为737.36 mg·kg-1、59.67 mg·kg-1、794.87 mg·kg-1。施用木醋液与益生源菌剂后各养分均有不同程度增加; 过氧化氢酶活性在混合肥处理后最低, 对照处理最高。漆酶活性在腐殖酸处理后最低, 木醋液处理最高。蔗糖酶活性在腐殖酸处理最低, 混合肥处理最高。脲酶活性在腐殖酸处理最低, 益生源处理后最高; 相关性分析表明, 土壤养分与土壤酶活性有密切关系, 存在不同程度的相关性。五种肥料在土壤改良中都有显著效果     

Wood borer performance and wood characteristics of drought‐stressed Scots pine seedlings

Four‐year‐old Scots pine [Pinus sylvestris L. (Pinaceae)] seedlings were exposed to medium and severe drought stress for two consecutive years. The anatomical properties of drought‐stressed Scots pine wood and their impact on the performance of destructive wood boring early instars of Hylotrupes bajulus L. (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) were studied. Drought stress significantly decreased diameter of earlywood tracheids in both growing years and diameter of latewood tracheids after the second growing season only. Cell lumen area was significantly decreased by both medium and severe drought stress compared to well‐watered controls. In addition, area of cell lumen was significantly smaller in severe drought than in medium drought treatment. The drought stress marginally increased the number of resin canals in the wood, but did not affect the size of resin canals either in wood or bark. The relative growth rate of xylophagous H. bajulus neonatal larvae was not significantly affected by drought stress during the 106‐day feeding period on Scots pine wood blocks. The results show that although water availability was an important factor affecting the development and anatomy of wood cells, observed changes in wood characteristics did not affect the performance of early instars feeding on wood processed from drought‐stressed young Scots pine seedlings.     

诱捕栗山天牛成虫的食物源引诱剂研究

为探索诱杀栗山天牛Massicus raddei(Blessig)成虫的新技术,本文研究了糖醋酒液对栗山天牛成虫的引诱效果。结果表明:糖醋酒液对栗山天牛成虫有较强的引诱作用,天牛羽化期内共诱捕到成虫6427头,平均每个引诱点引诱到107头,是林间寄主树单株虫口密度的5.15倍。诱捕到的雌雄成虫数量基本一致,且诱捕到的雌虫怀卵量只比处女虫略低,表明诱捕到的雌虫尚未产卵或者产卵较少。糖醋酒液引诱剂最佳配比为糖∶醋∶乙醇∶蒸馏水=30∶20∶10∶100,最佳引诱时间是19∶00-21∶00。添加了菊酯类杀虫剂的引诱剂对栗山天牛成虫的引诱效果明显下降,且成虫对该引诱剂的取食时间明显缩短,取食该引诱剂的成虫80%在2 h内即死亡,24 h后死亡率达100%。