植物枝叶与根系耦合固土抗蚀的差异性

以4年生4种内蒙古鄂尔多斯地区常见水土保持植物柠条、沙柳、白沙蒿和沙棘为研究对象,选取反映枝叶防风特性和根系特性的13项指标,即单株防风效能、林带防风效能、群落防风效能、直根抗拉强度、代表根本构特征、代表根弹性模量、侧根分支处抗拉强度、累计根表面积、拉拔摩阻特性、根-土界面摩擦系数、累计根长、根-土复合体粘聚力、根-土复合体内摩擦角,采用层次分析法对春季大风和夏季暴雨2种自然条件下4种植物枝叶与根系耦合固土抗蚀的差异性进行评价.结果表明： 4种植物枝叶与根系耦合固土抗蚀指数为：春季大风条件下为沙柳(0.841)>柠条(0.454)>白沙蒿(-0.466)>沙棘(-0.829);夏季暴雨条件下为柠条(0.841)>沙柳(0.474)>白沙蒿(-0.470)>沙棘(-0.844).沙柳可作为研究区重要的防风抗蚀植物种之一;柠条则可作为研究地区重要的水土保持植物种之一.     

植物根系固坡抗蚀的效应与机理研究进展

植物根系对抵抗坡体浅层滑坡和表土侵蚀起着巨大的作用.植物根系通过增强土体的抗剪强度发挥固坡效应.目前有关植物根系固坡机理的模型较多,普遍接受的是Wu-Waldron模型.该模型表明,植物根系产生的土体抗剪强度的增量与根系的平均抗拉强度和根面积比成正比,应用该模型评价根系固坡效应的2个最重要因素是根系的平均抗拉强度和根面积比.研究发现,土壤抗侵蚀性随着植物根系数量的增加而提高,但未有一致的定量函数关系.植物根系提高土壤抗侵蚀性主要通过直径小于1mm的须根起作用.须根通过增加土壤水稳性团聚体的数量与粒径等作用来提高土壤的稳定性,以抵抗水流分散;须根还能有效地增强土壤渗透性,减少径流,从而达到减少土壤冲刷的目的.     

滨岸不同植物配置模式的根系空间分布特征

崇明岛位于长江河口,是世界上最大的冲积岛。滨岸植物配置模式对防止侵蚀、坍塌等具有不同的作用。以崇明岛南岸4种不同的植物配置模式:芦苇(Phragmites australis)-海三棱藨草(Scirpus mariqueter)模式(PSM)、池杉(Taxodium ascendens)-芦苇-海三棱藨草模式(TAPSM)、杂交柳(Salix matsudana×alba)-芦苇-海三棱藨草模式(SPSM)及落羽杉(Taxodium distichum)-芦苇-海三棱藨草模式(TDPSM)为对象,对不同植物配置模式在低、中、高3个潮位根系空间分布进行了调查和分析。结果表明:(1)4种模式中0-40cm土层内平均总根长最大的为SPSM模式,其值为137.0cm/cm2,平均总根长最小的为TAPSM模式(91.4cm/cm2);在3种乔木增配模式中,草本植物根长占总根长比例达94.6%-98.1%。(2)除SPSM模式外,其他3种植物配置模式根长密度均随土层加深而减小,这3种模式根长密度最大的土层皆为0-10cm土层,分别为各自最底层根长密度的15.1倍(PSM)、4.9倍(TDPSM)和2.0倍(TAPSM);SPSM模式在10-20cm土层根长密度最大。(3)在所有4种模式中,直径Φ0.1mm的微细根对总根长密度的贡献均为最大,比例从74.7%到81.7%,其次为直径0.1mm≤Φ1mm的细根,直径Φ≥5mm的大根极少。(4)秩和检验显示,4种模式在低、中、高3个潮位根长密度的差异并不一致。根系能够提高土壤抗侵蚀能力,研究4种模式根系空间分布特征,可以为崇明岛滨岸植物配置,建设抗蚀护滩植被带提供科学依据。     

植物根系提水作用研究述评

根系提水作用是植物在干旱生境下,通过根系将深层湿润土壤中的水分提升至浅层干燥土壤中的一种生理过程,不同植物具有不同的根系提水强度。这一研究的基本方式是分根法,而时域反射仪(TDR)法和中子水分仪法则是近年来较受重视的测定方法,并逐步由室内测定向大田测定过渡。研究的主要内容可归纳为五个方面,其中在根系提水作用与植物蒸腾作用、浅层土壤营养的有效性以及与植物遗传性的关系等方面,研究结果较为一致,但在提水的数量和发生提水作用时土壤水分状况等方面,研究结果不尽相同;对植物光合、呼吸等其他代谢的影响以及室内测定结果与大田条件一致性等问题的研究,报道较少,特别是作用机理的研究。因此,深入这方面的研究对于进一步提高植物水分利用率,促进旱地节水农业和畜牧业的发展具有重要的意义。     

川西大渡河干热河谷优势灌草植物根系特征及固土能力

研究选取川西泸定大渡河干热河谷区的6种优势乡土植物,草本有鬼针草(Bidens pilosa)、黄茅(Heteropogon contortus)、艾草(Artemisia argyi)和两头毛(Incarvillea arguta),灌木有假杜鹃(Barleria cristata)和木蓝(Indigofera tinctoria),在生长期(雨季)和衰老期(旱季)分别研究其根系形态和分布特征及含水率变化,通过拉伸实验计算根系的抗拉强度(P)从而计算其根系的黏聚力(C_r),厘清影响其固土能力的关键因子。结果显示:①从根系的分布来看,6种植物的根面积比(RAR)均随土壤深度增加呈下降趋势,且在生长期和衰老期的变化趋势有所不同。灌木和草本的RAR均值差异不显著。②从根系形态来看,黄茅的根长密度和根数显著地超过其他物种,且根系在不同状态下含水率变化最小、持水能力最稳定,在旱季中的生存能力最佳。③6种优势植物在衰老期的C_r值均显著地高于生长期,表明根系的固土能力在旱季强于雨季。无论在生长期还是衰老期,黄茅根系的P值及C_r值均显著地高于其他植物,两头毛则最低。Pearson相关性分析显示,根径和根系含水率是影响P值的关键因子,根径是影响C_r值的关键因子。总体而言,黄茅根系的固土能力最优,可在川西干热河谷区生态修复过程中优先推广。     

一种量化根系抗侵蚀指标的构建及应用:根系构架抗蚀指数

在侵蚀环境下,植被地下部根系系统的相互匹配是植被群落持续发挥抗侵蚀作用的关键。本研究尝试引入Amoeba图形法,从根系形态、数量和空间3个维度建立根系构架抗蚀指数(ERI_rf,%)来量化表征植被群落根系抗侵蚀功效,并分析黄土丘陵区撂荒地、柠条群落和刺槐群落植物根系的生长特征。结果表明:本研究构建的根系构架抗蚀指数的参数包括:根系构架作用系数(α)、根系密度(R_b,kg·m^-3)、根系构架度(S)、土壤容重(ρ,g·cm^-3)和水土保持作用系数(φ),表达式为:■;根系构架抗蚀指数能够较好地表征植被群落土壤抗侵蚀能力,且对数函数能较好地拟合土壤抗侵蚀能力与根系构架抗蚀指数之间的关系。期望本研究结果为抗侵蚀植被群落构建与生态建设评估提供科学参考。     

研究植物根系分泌物的方法

文章对植物根系分泌物的定义、组成、分类、影响因素和分泌部位,根系分泌物的收集、分离及鉴定方法进行了概述,并对此问题的今后研究方向作了展望。     

植物根系吸水模型研究进展

植物根系吸水模型是当前生态水文和陆面过程建模领域最为活跃的研究方向,是研究流域水文、生态、环境以及水资源可持续利用等科学问题中最为关键的部分,研究植物根系吸水的物理和生理机制及其影响因素,是建立植物根系吸水模型的基础.本文通过对植物根系吸水模型研究的回顾,讨论了水分和盐分胁迫在根系吸水中的作用、根系吸水的多维模型、根系吸水在陆面过程中的作用等问题,指出植物根系吸水模型发展所面临的问题并展望了未来的发展方向.     

根系固土主导力学因素与差异性评价

为了探究影响根系固土的主导力学因素,并为侵蚀区固土抗蚀植物种的筛选提供部分依据。以3—4年生(4年生为主)5种内蒙古干旱、半干旱地区常见的水土保持植物:柠条(Caragana microphylla Lam.)、沙柳(Salix psammophila C.wang et Ch.Y.Yang)、沙地柏(Sabina vulgaris Ant.)、白沙蒿(Artemisia sphaerocephala Krasch.)、沙棘(Hippophae rhamnoides Linn.)为研究对象,针对春季土壤干旱和夏季暴雨(土壤湿润)两种自然条件,对影响5种植物根系固土的10项指标进行主成分分析。结果表明,根系抗拉力学特性是影响植物根系固土的主导力学因素,其次为根-土界面摩阻特性,最后是根-土复合体抗剪特性。在此基础上,从根系力学特性的角度出发,运用层次分析法对两个时期5种植物根系固土能力的差异性进行评价。在评价过程中,为了保证评价数据完整性,减小专家主观因素所带来的误差,使评价结果更具科学性,该文将两个时期主成分分析所得3个力学特性的方差贡献率作为权重。评价结果显示,根系固土指数为:春季土壤干旱时期,柠条(0.834)沙柳(0.330)沙地柏(-0.066)白沙蒿(-0.206)沙棘(-0.864);夏季暴雨时期分别为,柠条(0.876)沙地柏(0.218)沙柳(0.065)白沙蒿(-0.404)沙棘(-0.755)。5种植物中,柠条根系的抗拉力学特性显著优于其他植物,可作为干旱、半干旱地区固土抗蚀的重要参考树种。     

植物细胞固相培养研究进展

模仿植物体内的代谢环境及微生物的发酵培养而建立的植物细胞固相培养技术在有效次生产物,如:药品、香料、甜味剂和食品色素等的商业化生产中有着重大意义. 由于固相培养技术有以下优点,因而在本世纪八十年代取得了迅速发展. (1)固相细胞内紧密接触及细胞的多样性可形成同一结构组织,从而促进合成途径的表达. (2)固相细胞生长在有浓度梯度的营     

Fractal geometry and root system structures of heterogeneous plant communities

Above-ground plant growth is widely known in terms of structural diversity. Likewise, the below-ground growth presents a mosaic of heterogeneous structures of differing complexity. In this study, root system structures of heterogeneous plant communities were recorded as integral systems by using the trench profile method. Fractal dimensions of the root images were calculated from image files by the box-counting method. This method allows the structural complexity of such associations to be compared between plant communities, with regard to their potentials for soil resource acquisition and utilization. Distinct and partly significant differences are found (fractal dimension between 1.46±0.09 and 1.71±0.05) in the below-ground structural complexity of plant communities, belonging to different biotope types. The size of the heterogeneous plant community to be examined has an crucial influence on the fractal dimension of the root system structures. The structural heterogeneity becomes particularly evident (fractal dimensions between 1.32 and 1.77) when analysing many small units of a complex root system association. In larger plant communities, a broad variety of below-ground structures is recorded in its entirety, integrating the specific features of single sub-structures. In that way, extreme fractal dimensions are lost and the diversity decreases. Therefore, the analysis of larger units of root system associations provides a general knowledge of the complexity of root system structures for heterogeneous plant communities.     

Root strength,growth, and rates of decay: root reinforcement changes of two tree species and their contribution to slope stability

Information on live root-wood strength, rates of root decay and root growth of both radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) and kanuka (Kunzea ericoides (A. Rich.) Joy Thomps. var. ericoides) are combined to form a generalized conceptual model of changes in nett root reinforcement. The model provides an initial opportunity to rank the plant species having specific below-ground rooting habits that can be used to control erosion, and when linked with extreme flood probability can be used to indicate the risk of a storm likely to cause slope instability in the period between clear-felling and regrowth. Erosion-susceptible slopes planted 1 year after clearfelling in radiata pine at 1250 stems ha^-1 regain root site-occupancy in 4.7 years, an interval during which there is an 80% chance of experiencing an extreme flood. Similarly for radiata planted at 800 and 400 stems ha^-1, root site-occupancy is regained in 5.6 and 7.5 years, and the probability of occurrence of an extreme event within these periods is 85 and 90%, respectively. For erosion-susceptible slopes on which kanuka has become established, the probability of a significant event within the 2.8 years prior to root site-occupancy is 60%. Slopes felled of radiata pine are potentially more vulnerable to the stresses promoting slope instability, at least in the earlier years. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Batch and continuous adsorption of strontium by plant root tissues

Strontium (Sr) ions in aqueous solutions could be adsorbed by root tissue powders of Amaranthus spinosus, a common weed found in the fields. The adsorption isotherm could be fitted by either the Langmuir or the Freundlich model with the maximum adsorption capacity being 12.89 mg/g from the Langmuir isotherm. The maximum adsorption capacity of the biosorbent decreased with increasing temperature, whereas alkaline pretreatment enhanced the adsorption capacity 1.9 fold. Alginate gel beads (1 mm diameter) containing the root tissue powders were prepared and packed in a column for continuous adsorption/desorption of Sr in solution. Efficient desorption of Sr could be carried out with 0.1 CaCl₂ to give a concentrated Sr solution with 94% recovery.     

Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration from root segments of Psoralea corylifolia L., an endangered medicinally important plant

Summary An efficient plant regeneration protocol has been developed from root explants of Psoralea corylifolia L., an endangered medicinally important herbaceous plant species belonging to the family Fabaceae. Nodular embryogenic callus was initiated from young root segments cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium (1962) supplemented with α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA; 2.68–13.42 μM) or 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2.4-D; 2.25–11.25 μM) in combination with 6-benzylaminopurine (BA: 2.2. μM). thiamine HCl (2.9 μM), L-glutamine (342.23 μM) and sucrose (3.0% w/v). The highest frequency (95.2%) of embryogenic calluses was obtained on MS medium supplemented with the growth regulators NAA (10.74 μM) and BA (2.2 μM). Development and maturation of somatic embryos was achieved after transfer of embryogenic calluses to MS medium supplemented with 1.34 μM NAA or 1.12 μM 2,4-D and 4.4–13.2 μM BA. The maximum number (13.8±1.34) of cotyledonary stage somatic embryos was obtained on MS medium containing 1.34 μM NAA and 13.2 μM BA. Germination of somatic embryos occurred on MS medium without any growth regulators and also on MS medium enriched with BA (1.1–8.8 μM), although the maximum germination frequency (76.1%) was obtained on 4.4 μM BA plus 1.45 μM gibberellic acid (GA₃). Plant regeneration without complete somatic embryo maturation was also achieved by transferring clumps of nodular embryogenic calluses onto MSO medium or MS medium supplemented with NAA (1.34 μM) and BA (2.2–8.8 μM). The highest frequency of plant regeneration (93.3%) and mean number of plantlets (15.4±0.88) were obtained on MS medium containing 1.34 μM NAA and 4.4 μM BA. Regenerated plants with well-developed root systems were transferred to pots where they grew vigorously, attained maturity and produced fertile seeds.     

Promotion of plant and root growth by soybean meal degradation products

The growth of Brassica campestris, Solanum tuberosum L., Lycopersicum esculentum and Brassica junce in the field were promoted by the degraded soybean meal products (DSP). The root hair number of Brassica campestris was increased when 10 l DSP (containing 30 mg peptides + amino acids ml^–1) were added to 10 ml plant growth medium. A chemical fertilizer and an acid-hydrolyzed DSP did not show such an effect.     

Branching out in new directions: the control of root architecture by lateral root formation

Plant roots are required for the acquisition of water and nutrients, for responses to abiotic and biotic signals in the soil, and to anchor the plant in the ground. Controlling plant root architecture is a fundamental part of plant development and evolution, enabling a plant to respond to changing environmental conditions and allowing plants to survive in different ecological niches. Variations in the size, shape and surface area of plant root systems are brought about largely by variations in root branching. Much is known about how root branching is controlled both by intracellular signalling pathays and by environmental signals. Here, we will review this knowledge, with particular emphasis on recent advances in the field that open new and exciting areas of research.     

Estimates of root system topology of five plant species grown at steady-state nutrition

Results from a controlled growth-analysis experiment were used to illustrate some methods for measuring and describing root system topology. The experiment was performed in a nutrient solution system with an exponential nutrient supply and steady-state growth, to achieve well-defined levels of whole-plant nutrient status. Five naturally coexisting grassland species were included: The slow-growing forbs Polygala vulgaris L. and Crepis praemorsa (L.) F. L. Walth., and the grass Danthonia decumbens (L.) DC. were compared with the more common, fast-growing grasses Agrostis capillaris L. and Dactylis glomerata L. The most marked difference in morphological indices was a much higher specific root length in the grasses than in the forbs, which implies thinner roots. In contrast to the conclusions of previous studies, an index of the topology for the grasses was very similar to that for the forbs. The specific root lenght and link length apparently vary more between species and nutrient levels than topology does, and may therefore be more ecologically important. The only clear plastic response to growth-limiting nitrogen supply was a markedly increased link length in P. vulgaris. There were also indications that nitrogen limitation led to more herringbone-like root systems in P. vulgaris and C. praemorsa. In general, there was a clear tendency for the estimates of topology to change with plant size, which may make many topological indices, especially those based on regression slopes, very difficult to interpret. Until interactions with plant size, other morphological parameters and among-plant competition can be properly understood, the relevance of root topology for plant performance remains unclear. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.