宽幅播种下带间距对冬小麦衰老进程及产量的影响

在大田试验条件下以多穗型品种‘百农矮抗58’和大穗型品种‘兰考矮早八’为供试材料,研究了宽幅播种(播幅8 cm)种植方式下不同带间距7 cm(KF7)、12 cm(KF12)和17 cm(KF17)对冬小麦(Triticum aestivum)衰老进程及产量的影响。结果表明:与常规条播(行距20 cm,播幅1—2 cm)相比,宽幅带播种植方式的花后旗叶叶绿素降解缓慢,丙二醛(MDA)含量降低,抗氧化酶活性增强,成穗数和产量提高。宽幅带播下不同带间距处理间差异因品种类型而异,矮抗58品种叶绿素相对含量(SPAD)、过氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性整体呈现为KF12KF17KF7,兰考矮早八品种表现为KF7KF12KF17,而MDA变化规律则相反。试验条件下,多穗型品种矮抗58以KF12处理、大穗型品种兰考矮早八以KF7处理花后叶绿素含量高,MDA含量低,抗氧化酶活性强,叶片衰老进程缓慢,产量结构协调,最终产量最高。     

冬小麦持绿和灌浆特征及其抗早衰特性评价

选择23个小麦品种(系),在大田条件下测定了小麦花后旗叶叶绿素含量、颖壳叶绿素含量、籽粒重量、籽粒饱满度等与早衰有关的形态和生理指标,并分别对其花后旗叶叶绿素含量、花后旗叶与颖壳的叶绿素含量比值、粒重比和饱满度以及综合4项指标进行聚类分析,以建立科学的早衰鉴定指标。结果显示:(1)23份小麦材料以花后旗叶叶绿素含量变化可分为4个类型:下降迟且幅度小型、下降早而幅度较大型、下降早且幅度小型、下降早且幅度大型,除第2类型外,其花后旗叶叶绿素含量下降幅度依次增大。(2)以花后旗叶和颖壳叶绿素含量比值变化将其分为3种类型:穗黄叶绿型、同步转黄型、穗绿叶黄型,其比值依次减小。(3)以粒重比可分为3种类型:灌浆充实型、灌浆相对不充实型、灌浆不充实型,其比值依次减小。(4)以饱满度可分为4个类型:饱满型、相对饱满型、相对瘪瘦型和瘪瘦型,其饱满度依次减小。(5)综合以上4项指标可分为4种类型:穗黄叶绿型、正常落黄成熟型、轻度早衰型和典型早衰型;而以饱满度为鉴定指标最接近综合鉴定分析结果。研究发现,籽粒饱满度(干籽粒体积与其充分吸涨后的体积的比值)可作为鉴定小麦早衰的简单、快捷指标,旗叶和颖壳叶绿素含量比较分析可作为田间的初步鉴定指标。     

活体黄瓜果实成熟衰老过程中的几种生理生化指标变化(简报)

黄瓜果实衰老期间,叶绿素含量下降,膜透性增大,丙二醛（MDA）含量上升,超氧物歧化酶（SOD）活性下降,过氧化物酶（POD）活性呈双峰曲线变化,在衰老后期果实呼吸速率出现峰值。     

行距配置对‘兰考矮早八’小麦后期群体冠层结构及其微环境的影响

 在大田试验条件下,研究了在同一密度（375×104株&;#8226;hm^－2）下,行距配置对大穗型冬小麦(Triticum aestivum)品种‘兰考矮早八’后期群体 冠层结构、冠层微环境及产量构成的影响。结果表明,冠层叶面积指数随着行距的增大而减小;而冠层开度随着行距的增大而增加。行距配置 还可改变小麦冠层微环境,冠层不同层次的光截获及消光系数均随着行距的增大而减小;随着行距增加,冠层不同层次的温度升高,而湿度下 降; 随着行距缩小,冠层不同层次的CO₂分布更趋均匀,有利于群体光合作用。通过缩小行距,能够使植株分布均匀,竞争减弱,使产量构成 因素实现最佳配置,从而获得较高的产量。从该研究看,15 cm行距的产量最高,可作为该类品种的较佳行距配置。     

两种基因型玉米苞叶的衰老生理特性

对大田条件下‘郑单958’（Zea mays‘Zhengdan 958’）和‘农大364’（Z.mays‘Nongda 364’）2种基因型玉米苞叶衰老过程中的生理特性进行了研究。结果表明,玉米苞叶衰老过程中,叶绿素和可溶性糖含量均呈先升后降的变化趋势,并在灌浆期达到最高值,且‘郑单958’的叶绿素降解速率高于‘农大364’;‘农大364’苞叶的可溶性糖含量在不同生育期均高于‘郑单958’。细胞膜透性和MDA含量均逐渐升高,并在蜡熟期达到最高值,其中‘农大364’细胞膜受损害程度和过氧化程度均低于‘郑单958’。苞叶中可溶性蛋白质含量呈递减趋势,在灌浆期至蜡熟期的降幅最明显,且‘郑单958’苞叶的可溶性蛋白质含量降幅低于‘农大364’苞叶。     

施肥深度对旱地小麦花后旗叶衰老及产量的影响

土柱栽培研究了施肥深度对旱地小麦花后旗叶衰老及产量的影响。结果表明：较深层次（20-40cm)施肥,旗叶SOD、CAT活性可保持较高水平,可溶性蛋白质含量降低慢,抑制MDA含量的产生,有利于延迟旗叶衰老。施肥过浅和施肥过深,施叶衰老快,产量较低,从整体看,处理2与处理1及处理4差异显著,与处理3差异较少,由此认为延迟旱地小麦旗叶衰老的施肥深度应在20-40cm左右,并可据此制定管理方案,以获得高产高效。     

小麦旗叶自然衰老过程中清除活性氧能力的变化

野生一粒小麦(Triticum boeoticum Boiss)、栽培小麦“扬麦五号”(T.aestivum L.)的旗叶自然衰老过程中,活性氧清除系统中各部分的清除能力下降是不均衡的。在光合速率高值持续期(叶绿素含量缓降期),SOD的活力略有下降,过氧化氢酶(CAT)活力却迅速下降,同时抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(ASP)活力呈现先上升后下降的趋势,上述SOD、CAT、ASP活力变化的不均衡,最终导致H_2O_2的迅速累积,从而使叶片迅速进入衰老(叶绿素含量速降期),于是SOD活力迅速下降。野生一粒小麦活性氧清除系统中各部分清除能力失衡过快,可能是其早衰的原因之一。H_2O_2的迅速累积与叶片衰老的启动密切相关。     

不同绿豆品种生育后期叶片衰老的研究

以夏播绿豆品种‘冀绿2号’和‘泰来’为材料,研究其开花至成熟期间主茎开花节叶片的叶绿素含量、净光合速率、酶促防御系统的保护酶SOD、CAT、POD活性和MDA积累量的动态变化规律。结果表明,两品种各功能叶片的叶绿素含量、净光合速率、SOD、CAT活性均在其开花15 d后逐渐下降,但POD活性和MDA含量随着叶片的衰老而升高。虽然两品种叶片衰老的总体变化趋势一致,但衰老进程存在着显著差异。与‘泰来’绿豆相比,‘冀绿2号’各功能叶片衰老过程中SOD、CAT活性下降较慢,叶片功能期持续时间长,生育后期仍能保持相对较高的净光合速率,籽粒产量显著高于‘泰来’绿豆。综合分析表明,在绿豆开花结荚期间,有效控制或延缓开花节叶片的衰老进程,维持叶片生理功能,对籽粒产量形成具有重要作用。     

小麦旗叶衰老过程中氧自由基与激素含量的变化（简报）

小麦开花后旗叶中SOD和CAT活性逐渐升高,后期转为快速降低;O2量和MDA含量持续升高,其后期变化趋势与SOD和CAT活性相反。开花后旗叶中ZRs含量快速下降,ABA含量在叶片衰老后期快速升高。     

外源精胺对小麦幼苗抗氧化酶活性的促进作用

外源精胺（Spm)降低了离体小麦叶片衰老时MDA的含量,且降低程度与精胺的浓度成正比,0.2mmol/L的精胺提高了小麦幼苗体内的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）,过氧化氢酶（CAT）,过氧化物酶（POD）及抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（ASP）的活性,体内及体外试验表明：精胺既可诱导SOD与POD的合成,又可直接作用于酶分子上以提高酶的活性;精胺对CAT合成仅能诱导,对已有酶活性无调节作用;精胺对ASP的合成无影响,却能促进已有酶的活性。     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

Scurvy in capybaras bred in captivity in Argentine

In order to determine if the absence of vitamin C in the diet of capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) causes scurvy, a group of seven young individuals were fed food pellets without ascorbic acid, while another group of eight individuals received the same food with 1 g of ascorbic acid per animal per day. Animals in the first group developed signs of scurvy-like gingivitis, breaking of the incisors and death of one animal. Clinical signs appeared between 25 and 104 days from the beginning of the trial in all individuals. Growth rates of individuals deprived of vitamin C was considerably less than those observed in the control group. Deficiency of ascorbic acid had a severe effect on reproduction of another population of captive capybaras. We found that the decrease in ascorbic acid content in the diet affected pregnancy, especially during the first stages. The results obtained suggest that it is necessary to supply a suitable quantity of vitamin C in the diet of this species in captivity.     

Changes in lactate dehydrogenase activity in chicken tissues in hyperthyreosis in ontogenesis

The lactate dehydrogenase activity in reactions of lactate oxidation and synthesis was studied in subfractions of the chicken brain, heart and liver at the embryonal, early postembryonal and adult stages of development after thyroxine administration. It has been shown that during embryogenesis thyroxine predominantly enhanced the rate of lactate oxidation in the mitochondrial tissues. A marked increase in the lactate synthesis was found in cytoplasm of the adult chicken tissues. Specificity of enzyme activity alterations was detected in the chicken brain during ontogenesis after thyroxine administration.     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.