一个新的抗玉米矮花叶病基因位点的微卫星标记

通过混合遗传模型P1、P2 、B1、B2 、F1、F2 6世代联合分析发现 ,玉米 (ZeamaysL .)自交系黄早四对玉米矮花叶病B株系的抗性是由一对主基因和多基因共同控制 ,从而鉴别出一对主效基因的存在 ;利用位于第六染色体上的 2 7对微卫星标记 ,对黄早四×Mo17的F2 群体进一步分析 ,筛选出两个与主效抗病基因 (mdm1(t) )紧密连锁的微卫星标记phi0 77和bnlg391,它们在分子图谱上的顺序为phi0 77 mdm1(t) bnlg391,两个区间的遗传距离分别是 4.74centiMorgan (cM)和 6 .72cM。     

玉米P25自交系抗锈病基因的遗传分析及SSR分子标记定位

以玉米南方型锈病免疫自交系P2 5和感病自交系F3 4 9及F1、F2 、B1和B2 为材料 ,采用主基因 多基因混合遗传模型研究了P2 5的抗病遗传规律。结果表明 :自交系P2 5的抗病基因为一主基因 ,表现为加性效应 ,没有检测出多基因 ,其在F2 、B1和B2 群体的遗传率分别为 81 88%、38 14 %和 5 5 1%。利用SSR分子标记技术 ,以组合P2 5×F3 4 9的F2 :3 家系作为构图群体 ,构建了玉米SSR遗传连锁图谱 ,并将玉米抗南方型锈病基因定位于 10号染色体上 ,与phi0 5 9标记的遗传距离为 5 8cM。     

基于染色体片段导入系发掘抗玉米丝黑穗病主效QTL

选用抗玉米丝黑穗病自交系Mo17和SH15为供体,与受体感病自交系黄早四和昌7-2构建回交群体(BC3F1\BC4F2),通过田间人工接种玉米丝黑穗病原菌鉴定抗病性表现,评价群体抗病性。研究结果显示黄早四×(黄早四×Mo17)BC4F2群体发病率明显高于BC3F1群体;两个BC4F2黄早四×(黄早四×Mo17)和昌7-2×(昌7-2×SH15)群体的发病率差异较大。采用SSR标记分析抗病株的供体染色体导入片段,发现随着回交次数的增多,导入片段数量减少,但不同回交群体中供体导入片段数目明显不同。通过连锁不平衡分析,在染色体2.09和3.04区段发掘和验证2个抗玉米丝黑穗病主效QTL,连锁标记分别为umc2077和phio53或bnlg1965。本文研究结果为抗丝黑穗病基因精细定位和分子聚合育种提供了信息和材料。     

两个玉米矮花叶病显性互补抗病基因的发现和定位

玉米矮花叶病是世界普通发生危害严重的玉米病毒病害之一,迄今为止,只有少数几个抗病基因被发现并定位,优良自交系四一是鉴定出定的玉米筹花叶病新抗源,它表现为全生育抗性,通过连续两年的经典遗传学研究发现,四一的成株期抗性表现为一种新的抗病遗传模式,该抗性是由两个显性互补抗病基因控制,87对微卫星标记分析进一步证实了以上推论,并把两个抗病基因分别定位在第三和第六染色体上,第三染色体上的抗病基因与微卫星标记phi029相距14.5cM,第六染色体上的抗病基因与微卫星标记phil26相距7.2cM.     

用微卫星标记定位小麦T型CMS的恢复基因

以T型细胞质雄性不育系 75 336 9A×恢复系 72 6 9 10的F2 群体作为育性调查和基因定位群体。通过育性分析 ,确定该恢复系含有 2个主效恢复基因 ;结合群分法 ,对恢复基因进行了SSR分子标记定位 ,在 2 30对微卫星引物中 ,微卫星标记Xgwm136和Xgwm5 5 0分别与 2个主效恢复基因连锁。这两个标记与Rf基因之间的遗传距离分别为 6 7cM和 5 1cM ,从而将该恢复基因定位在 1AS、1BS染色体上。     

一份新型水稻极度分蘖突变体的遗传分析及分子标记定位

在三系杂交水稻保持系绵香1B（M1B）和一个雄性不育材料GMS-1的杂交后代中发现一株极度分蘖突变体（命名为ext．M1B）,其分蘖数为121。对ext-M1B与5个正常分蘖水稻品种杂交F1和F2代的遗传分析表明,ext-M1B的极度分蘖特性受一对隐性核基因控制。以2480B／ext-M1B的F2代作定位群体,用分子标记将ext-M1B的突变基因定位于水稻第6染色体短臂,该基因与微卫星标记RM197、RM584和RM225的遗传距离分别为3．8cM、5．1cM和5．2cM,认为ext-M1B突变基因是一个新的水稻极度分蘖基因,暂命名为ext-M1B（t）。     

南方玉米锈病抗病基因的定位及不同遗传背景对基因标记的比较分析

玉米自交系齐319高抗南方玉米锈病。利用SSR标记技术和BSA分析对齐319抗南方玉米锈病基因进行了标记分析,结果表明SSR标记phi041和phi118与齐319抗南方锈病基因连锁,其遗传距离分别为7.69cM和8.55cM。因此南方玉米锈病抗病基因定位于玉米10号染色体短臂上。本研究进行的抗病基因标记,选择使用了两个杂交组合的3个分离群体,标记结果显示同一杂交组合的不同分离群体其标记结果是一致的,而不同组分分离群体的标记结果有显著差异,这可能与基因的遗传背景相关。因此,在进行基因标记分析时,选择合适的分离群体是至关重要的。     

一个控制水稻籽粒长度主效基因--Lk-4(t)的BC2F2群体定位及其遗传效应分析

水稻籽粒大小和形状是影响稻米外观品质和产量的重要影响因素,对控制这些性状基因的定位和克隆有助于弄清籽粒大小基因的表达模式和相应的代谢系统,最终实现该性状的自由调控。运用SSR和CAPs标记对来源于蜀恢527//蜀恢527／小粒回交组合BC2F2群体800隐性长粒单株进行分析,定位了一个控制水稻籽粒长短的基因,Lk-4（t）。对F2和BC2F2群体籽粒大小形状和千粒重的遗传分析表明,回交能将大部分对目的基因效应具有干扰修饰作用的微效基因多态性除去,从而有利于对目的基因型的准确鉴定;在F2和BC2F2群体中只发现两类籽粒长短表现型,即短粒和长粒,并且二者分离比例符合3：1的典型一对等位基因分离比例。这说明群体中籽粒长短变异是受一对基因控制。通过对BC2F2群体中隐性（长粒）单株进行分子标记分析,将这个控制籽粒长短的主效基因定位在3个CAPs标记,P1-EcoRV,P2-SacⅠ和P3-MboⅠ附近。连锁分析表明,Lk-4（t）位于水稻第3染色体着丝粒附近,离标记P1-EcoRⅤ和P2-SacⅠ分别有0．90cM和0．50cM的距离。     

用微卫星标记定位太空诱变玉米核不育基因

用姊妹交多代的太空诱变玉米雄性不育材料RP3195(A)×S37(自交系)的两个不同果穗的F2代群体作为育性调查和基因定位群体,这两个果穗的F2代群体分别为138株和247株。用326对微卫星引物进行差异筛选,其中有56对引物出现多态性,然后用56对引物对F2代群体进行分析,结果表明引物bnlg197和umc1012与不育基因连锁,其中在F2代群体的不同果穗中引物bnlg197与不育基因之间的遗传距离分别为7cM和14.5cM,标记umc1012在F2代群体(138株)中与不育基因之间的遗传距离为28.5cM,据此将该核不育基因定位在3L染色体上。     

玉米抗南方锈病基因的QTL定位

为发掘新的抗南方锈病基因资源,本研究以感病自交系黄早四为母本、抗病自交系W456为父本,构建F2群体并开展抗病基因定位研究。采用人工接种鉴定的方法对两个亲本、F1、F2群体及对照材料进行表型鉴定和遗传分析。利用均匀覆盖10条染色体的200个SSR标记,分析240个F2单株的基因型并构建含有200个SSR位点的遗传连锁图,连锁图总长度3331 cM,标记间平均距离16.6 cM。使用QTL IciMapping V4.1软件中的完备区间作图法对抗病QTL进行分析,共检测到6个控制南方锈病的QTL:qSCR3、qSCR7、qSCR8-1、qSCR8-2、qSCR9和qSCR10,邻近标记分别为umc2105和umc1729、umc1066和bnlg2271、umc1904和umc1984、umc1984和bnlg1651、umc1957和bnlg1401、umc2034和umc1291,分别位于3、7、8、9和10号染色体上,其中8号染色体上有两个位点,标记区间长度在5～19 cM之间。单个QTL的表型贡献率在2.61%～24.19%之间,可以解释表型总变异的62.3%,其中3个QTL贡献率大于10%,位于10号染色体上的qSCR10贡献率最大,可解释表型变异的24.19%。通过对目标区间标记加密,将该位点的定位区间进一步缩小到2.51 cM内,与两侧标记的距离分别是2.15 cM和0.36 cM。初步定位得到10号染色体上存在抗南方锈病的主效QTL,可为抗病品种的培育提供参考。     

Maize streak virus-resistant transgenic maize: a first for Africa

In this article, we report transgene-derived resistance in maize to the severe pathogen maize streak virus (MSV). The mutated MSV replication-associated protein gene that was used to transform maize showed stable expression to the fourth generation. Transgenic T₂ and T₃ plants displayed a significant delay in symptom development, a decrease in symptom severity and higher survival rates than non-transgenic plants after MSV challenge, as did a transgenic hybrid made by crossing T₂ Hi-II with the widely grown, commercial, highly MSV-susceptible, white maize genotype WM3. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first maize to be developed with transgenic MSV resistance and the first all-African-produced genetically modified crop plant.     

转人工miRNA抗玉米粗缩病毒载体玉米的培育及其抗病能力

玉米是重要的粮食作物,水稻黑条矮缩病毒(RBSDV)是玉米粗缩病的病原,由其引起的玉米粗缩病给玉米生产造成重大损失。利用人工mi RNA构建抗病毒植物的技术已经在多种植物中被证明有效,但是在玉米中的尝试未见报道。实验根据玉米zea-mi R159a的前体序列和RBSDV基因组中编码功能蛋白的基因和基因沉默抑制子的序列信息设计引物,构建了用于沉默RBSDV编码基因和基因沉默抑制子的ami RNA(Artificial mi RNA)基因。构建p CAMBIA3301-121-ami RNA植物表达载体,利用农杆菌介导法转化玉米自交系综31(Z31)。对转基因玉米进行分子检测,选择mi RNA表达量高的纯合体株系进行自然发病实验,按0-4的分级标准调查玉米粗缩病的严重度。结果表明,转抗粗缩病毒人工mi RNA载体玉米纯合体株系的抗病表现好于野生型玉米,其中针对基因组6的S6-mi R159转基因玉米抗病情况较好。研究表明利用人工mi RNA技术构建抗病毒病玉米新品种是可行的。     

对生玉米和互生玉米染色体核型比较研究

本文利用对生性状转育获得的六组对生和互生姊妹系,通过风油精法染色体制片,首次研究了对生玉米与互生玉米的染色体核型差异。结果表明：对生玉米的染色体含有2对随体,而互生玉米却只有1对。对生玉米和互生玉米共有的一对随体分布在第6对染色体短臂上,对生玉米额外一对随体主要位于第10对染色体短臂上。     

Short Report : Effect of amines and guanidines on Rb+ absorption by excised corn roots

The effect of alkyl-amines and -guanidines on the absorption of rubidium by the excised roots of the corn plant was tested. Inhibition of Rb⁺ absorption was observed with both amines and guanidines, where guanidines were more effective. The effect of alkylamines on Rb⁺ transport depends on their molecular structure.     

Feature article

Domesticated maize emerged from human selection, exploitation, and cultivation of natural recombinants between two wild grasses that had novel characteristics desired by humans for food. Crossing experiments reconstructing prototypes of ancient archaeological specimens demonstrate how the simple flowering spike of the wild relatives of maize was transformed into the prolific grain-bearing ear within a few generations of intergenomic recombination between teosinte andTripsacum. The high degree of morphological similarities of segregating intercross progeny to archaeological specimens from Tehuacán, Oaxaca, and Tamaulipas provides strong support for this evolutionary scenario. Comparative genomic analysis of maize, teosinte, andTripsacum confirms that maize has inherited unique polymorphisms from aTripsacum ancestor and other unique polymorphisms from a teosinte progenitor. This supports the hypothesis thatTripsacum introgression provided the mutagenic action for the transformation of the teosinte spike into the maize ear. This model for the origin of maize explains its sudden appearance, rapid evolutionary trajectory, and genesis of its spectacular biodiversity.     

Purification and properties of N-carbamylputrescine amidohydrolase from maize shoots

N-Carbamylputrescine (NCP) amidohydrolase was purified ca 70-fold from maize shoots. The enzyme was present in the cytosol and the optimal pH w     

玉米倒伏成因及预防

概述了玉米倒伏类型及对产量的影响;与玉米倒伏有关的植株特性及影响玉米倒伏的各种环境因素和预防。     

The sterols of normal and male-sterile maize tassels during development

The steroids of normal and male-sterile (Texas type) genotypes of maize were investigated during tassel development. A bioassay for estrogen activity of the normal meiotic and postmeiotic tassels was negative, indicating estrogen activity (estrone equivalent) much less than one ng/g of plant tissue. The sterols found were cholesterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, sitosterol, and probably isofucosterol, stigmast-7-enol, and 24-methylenecholesterol. In the premeiotic, meiotic, and postmeiotic stages of both genotypes between 300 and 400 μg of C₂₈ and C₂₉ free sterols per g tassels (wet wt) were found, the proportions of the sterols being ca 45% sitosterol, 30% stigmasterol, and 13% campesterol, with less than 5% each of the remaining sterols. In all three stages before saponification more free sterols were found in the normal than in the male-sterile tassels. The differences were significant at the 95% level in the meiotic and post-meiotic stages. The amounts of these sterols derived from esters decreased from approximately 140 μg/g in the premeiotic stage to 50 μg/g in the meiotic stage, and to an undetectable amount in the postmeiotic stage. After application of cholesterol-[4-¹⁴C] to the normal and male-sterile maize leaves for 3 days at meiosis, the label was found in the free sterols and steryl esters of the leaves but only in the free sterols of the tassels.     

Regulation of glutamate dehydrogenase activity by amino acids in maize seedlings

Root or secondary leaf segments from maize ( Zea mays L. cv. Ganga safed-2) seedlings were incubated with 9-amino acids and two amides separately, each at 5 m M for 24 h, to study their effects on glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) activity. Most of the compounds tested inhibited the specific activity of NADH-GDH and increased that of NAD⁺-GDH in the roots in the presence as well as in the absence of ammonium. In the leaves, such effects were recorded only with a few amino acids. Total soluble protein in the root and leaf tissues increased with the supply of most of the amino compounds. The effect of glutamate on enzyme activity and protein was concentration dependent in both tissues. When the enzyme extracts from root or leaf tissues were incubated with some of the amino acids, NADH-GDH declined while NAD⁺-GDH increased in most cases. The inhibition of NADH-GDH increased with increasing concentration of cysteine from 1 to 5 m M . The experiments demonstrate that most of the amino acids regulated GDH activity, possibly through some physicochemical modulation of the enzyme molecule.     

Expression of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase activity in maize tissues

The activity of the enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methlglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMGR, EC 1.1.1.34) is highly expressed in 4-day-old etiolated seedlings of normal (cv. DeKalb XL72AA), dwarf ( d ₅) and albino ( lw ₃) maize ( Zea mays L.). HMGR activity of maize seedlings appeared to be exclusively associated with the microsomal rather than the plastidic fraction of maize cells. Maize tissues with high meristematic activity such as germinating seeds, leaf bases, root tips and the site of origin of lateral roots contained high levels of microsomal HMGR activity. The activity of HMGR extracted from leaf tips of normal, dwarf and albino maize seedlings is regulated by light. Microsomal HMGR activity from leaf tips of 4-day-old maize seedlings was inhibited significantly following exposure to strong light (600 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹) for more than 10 h. By comparison, microsomal HMGR activity from leaf bases and root tips of maize was not inhibited by exposure to strong light. These results suggest that the microsomal HMGR which is highly expressed in maize may be related to sterol biosynthesis and membrane biogenesis rather than plastidic-associated isoprenoid synthesis and that light may regulate HMGR activity indirectly by increasing cell differentiation.