Ethiopian mistletoes: new species and combinations

Preparatory to the publication of the Flora of Ethiopia, the following new species and combinations are made: Loranthaceae: Plicosepalus robustus Wiens & Polh., P. ogadenensis M. Gilbert, P. acaciae (Zucc.) Wiens & Polh., P. meridianus (Danser) Wiens & Polh.; Oncocalyx angularis M. Gilbert, O. fischeri (Engl.) M. Gilbert, O. glabratus (Engl.) M. Gilbert, O. ugogensis (Engl.) Wiens & Polh., 0. schimperi (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) M. Gilbert, O. ghikae (Volkens & Schweinfurth) M. Gilbert, O. kelleri (Engl.) M. Gilbert; Erianthemum aethiopicum Balle ex Wiens & Polh.; Englerina woodfordioides (Schweinfurth) Balle ex M. Gilbert; Phragmanthera ahhallensis (Engl.) M. Gilbert, P. erythraea (Sprague) M. Gilbert, P. macrosolen (Steud. ex A. Rich.) M. Gilbert, P. regularis (Steud. ex Sprague) M. Gilbert, P. sarertaensis (Hutch. & Bruce) M. Gilbert, P. usuiensis (Oliver) M. Gilbert. Viscaceae: Viscum triflorum DC. ssp. nervosum (A. Rich.) M. Gilbert.     

悬钩子属植物的RAPD分析

用RAPD标记技术对13个黑莓（blackberry）、树莓（raspberry）品种和5个野生悬钩子种类（Rubus spp．）的26个居群的遗传多样性进行了分析。用15个寡聚核苷酸随机引物共扩增出条带131条,其中多态性条带118条,占扩增条带总数的90％,表明悬钩子属植物种间和品种间存在丰富的遗传多样性。通过聚类分析可将供试的26个居群分为4组,其中A组有粗叶悬钩子（R．alceaefolius Poir．）、山莓（R．corchorifolius L．）、插田泡（R．coreanus Miq．）、掌叶覆盆子（R．chingii Hu）、‘威廉姆特’、‘托拉咪’、‘泰勒’、‘金克维’、‘布里斯托’、‘宝森’7号、‘布莱兹’及其实生苗、‘基奥瓦’、‘萨尼’、‘黑布特’等15个居群;B组包括‘宝森’1号～‘宝森’6号和‘马林’、‘乔克多’等8个居群;C组包括‘赫尔’和‘切斯特’的2个居群;D组仅有蓬藁（R．hirsutus Thunb．）1种。这一聚类结果与传统形态学分类结果基本吻合。     

Rubus vestervicensis (Rosaceae) — its hybrid origin revealed by DNA fingerprinting

Kraft, T., Nybom, H. & Werlemark, G. 199.5. Rubus vestervicensis (Rosaceae) — its hybrid origin revealed by DNA fingerprinting. — Nord. 3. Bot. 1.5: 237–242. Copenhagen. ISSN 0107-055X.
The large number of species in Rubus subgenus Rubus are thought to have arisen, at least in part, through hybridiation between facultatively apomictic species. R. vestervicensis is known only from a small island off the Swedish east coast. It has been suggested that it is a hybrid between R. grabowskii and R. pedemontanus . We have compared these species with DNA fingerprinting and our results support the hybridization hypothesis. All bands found in the fingerprint of R. grabowskii and about half of the bands found in R. pedemontanus were present in R. vestervicensis , suggesting that the latter species was derived from fertilization of an unreduced R. grabowskii egg cell with R. pedemontanus pollen.     

Redberry mite, Acalitus essigi (Hassan) (Acari: Eriophyidae), an additional biological control agent for Rubus species (blackberry) (Rosaceae) in Australia

Abstract  Acalitus essigi , the eriophyoid mite that causes red berry disease in Rubus species (Rosaceae), was collected from the fruits of three species of weedy blackberry, R. anglocandicans , R. laudatus and R. ulmifolius , in south-west Australia. This is the first record for this species in Western Australia and these plants appear to be new host records for A. essigi , which causes uneven ripening of fruit. Information on the mite is reviewed in the context of determining its potential as a biological control agent for Rubus species, especially those that are not susceptible to Phragmidium violaceum (Uredinales), the rust fungus being released against species of European blackberry in Australia. Published records also show that A. essigi will attack a wide range of Rubus species including species of North American origin that currently escape biological control in Australia. It may also be useful for preventing the spread of commercial varieties of Rubus (e.g. raspberry and loganberry) that have escaped to become weedy. However, the mite may have limited dispersal ability and thus require redistribution.     

Comparative Ecology of Rubus Species (Rosaceae) I. Ecological Distribution and Life History Characteristics of Three Species, R. palmatus var. coptophyllus, R. microphyllus and R. crataegifolius

Abstract The ecological distribution and life history characteristics of three Rubus species, i.e., R. palmatus Thunb. var. coptophyllus (A. Gray) O. Kuntze, R. microphyllus L.f. and R. crataegifolius Bunge were investigated, with particular emphasis on the seasonal growth cycles, modes of the alternation of aerial organs, and patterns of dry matter allocation, and these features were critically compared with one another. It was found that seasonal changes of aboveground biomass are strongly related to the modes of cane alternation, to underground branching producing stolons, and to their dry matter allocation patterns. The modes of cane alternation, underground branching and dry matter allocation patterns were very similar in R. microphyllus and R. crataegifolius , taking about five months from May to September. But R. palmatus var. coptophyllus showed much more gradual replacement of aerial organs, extending over seven months from May to December. These three Rubus species are often predominant in the early successional stages of pioneer communities which develop after cutting of forests in central Japan, and differentiations of the above-mentioned life history traits found in Rubus species seem to be related to the constraints inherent in their somewhat labile, changing environments, e.g., at the forest margin or clearings produced temporarily.     

安徽植物增补及地理新分布II

本文第二次增补《安徽植物志》未记入的植物22种5变种。其中20种3变种为安徽地理新分布, 3属(白屈菜属、离子芥属和石莲属)为安徽地理新分布属。本文所引用的植物标本,全部收藏于安微大学资源植物标本室。     

江西悬钩子属的分类和地理分布

通过野外调查和查阅大量标本和文献,对江西悬钩子属植物的分类和地理分布进行了较为系统的研究。江西境内共有悬钩子属植物43种7变种2变型,其中红花悬钩子Rubus inopertus(Diels)Focke,大红泡R.eustephanus Focke ex Diels,深裂锈毛莓R.reflexus Ker var.lanceolobus Metc为江西新分布。编制了检索表,并讨论了江西悬钩子属植物的地理分布。     

Phylogeny of Rubus (rosaceae) based on nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer region sequences

We used nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer region (ITS 1 - 5.8S - ITS 2; ITS) sequences to generate the first phylogeny of Rubus based on a large, molecular data set. We sampled 57 taxa including 20 species of subgenus Rubus (blackberries), one to seven species from each of the remaining 11 subgenera, and the monotypic and closely related Dalibarda. In Rubus, ITS sequences are most informative among subgenera, and variability is low between closely related species. Parsimony analysis indicates that Rubus plus Dalibarda form a strongly supported clade, and D. repens may nest within Rubus. Of the subgenera with more than one species sampled, only subgenus Orobatus appears monophyletic. Three large clades are strongly supported: one contains all sampled species of nine of the 12 subgenera; another includes extreme Southern Hemisphere species of subgenera Comaropsis, Dalibarda, and Lampobatus; and a third clade consists of subgenus Rubus plus R. alpinus of subgenus Lampobatus. Rubus ursinus appears to be a hybrid between a close relative of R. macraei (subgenus Idaeobatus, raspberries) and an unidentified subgenus Rubus species. ITS sequences are generally consistent with biogeography and ploidy, but traditionally important morphological characters, such as stem armature and leaf type, appear to have limited phylogenetic value in Rubus.     

Separation of three Rubus-feeding species of aphid — Sitobion fragariae (Wlk.), Macrosiphum funestum (Macch.) and Amphorophora rubi (Kalt.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) — by electrophoresis

Four species of aphid infest wild and cultivated blackberry (Rubus fruticosus agg., R. lachiatus, etc) and other Rubus species in Britain and Continental Europe, - Sitobion fragariae (Walker), Macrosiphum funestum (Macchiati), Amphorophora rubi (Kaltenbach) and Aphis ruborurn (Bösrner). The nymphs, especially the early instars, of the first three species are fairly difficult to differentiate morphologically. However, they can clearly be separated using electrophoresis. The present paper describes diagnostic enzyme/isoenzyme banding patterns which allow differentiation of the first three species as apterous and alate adults and their instars using two enzymes - carboxylesterase (EST) and phosphatase (PHOS).     

Patterns and relationships between and within the sections Alchemilla and Ultravulgares of the genus Alchemilla (Rosaceae) in Estonia

Nine Estonian Alchemilla species belonging to the sections Ultravulgares and Alchemilla , or considered being close to them, were analysed. When the analysed specimens were divided into sections, the latter were statistically distinct and formed separable groups in the character space. When the specimens were grouped on a species level, A. cymatophylla, A. subcrenala and A. heptagona were insignificantly distinct, but, in the character space, specimens of A. heptagona were visually well distinguished from the other two. Specimens of A. acutiloba, A. micans , and A. xanthochlora formed confidently distinct (p < 0.01) species-clusters, but at the same time they formed a joint cloud in the character space, indicating the compactness of section Alchemilla. Specimens of A. semilunaris were close to A. lindbergiana , and not, as has previously been supposed, to the section Ultravulgares. A. semilunaris should possibly be kept in a separate section Decumbentes. Specimens of A. lindbergiana were on one hand close to A. semilunaris. on the other hand close to the species of section Alchemilla ; including it in the latter section is still doubtful. A. subglobosa was indistinct from A. subcrenata but could generally be separated from sections Alchemilla and Ultmvulgares. Of the 41 tested characters, 35 were useful for species discrimination; counts, nominal and ratio characters were better than metric ones. According to the cluster analysis, specimens of A. acutiloba and A. micans formed one big cluster, all other specimens belonged to another.     

Comparative Ecology of Rubus Species (Rosaceae) II. Reproductive Characteristics of Three Rubus Species, R. palmatus var. coptophyllus, R. microphyllus and R. crataegifolius

Abstract The reproductive characteristics of three Rubus species ( R. palmatus Thunberg var. coptophyllus (A. Gray) O. Kuntze, R. microphyllus L.f., and R. crataegifolius Bunge) were critically investigated using materials collected from the forest floor of an 85-year-old Hinoki ( Chamaecyparis obtusa ) plantation in central Honshu, Japan. The underground branching patterns of these species were also investigated at the nursery. R. microphyllus produced the largest number of fruits in the same cane size among the three species (164 fruits per cane of 300 cm³ in D₀2H). However, the largest number of seeds produced per cane was in R. crataegifolius , where the maximum seed number attained 74,500 per cane, which was twice as many as those of the other two species. There was no apparent difference in dry matter allocation to fruits in these species. The three species produced numerous suckers by underground branching, forming large clones. In the open site at the nursery, the number of suckers produced by underground branching increased exponentially. On the other hand, in natural populations occurring in closed sites, the number of suckers produced by underground branching in the three species was by contrast much smaller. Three Rubus species proved to possess similar perennation as well as reproductive strategies, although R. palmatus var. coptophyllus shows much lower seed production and slower sucker production than the other two species.     

Three new species of Rubus from Spain

Three new species of Rubus subgenus Rubus series Pallidi from Spain are described, mapped and illustrated: R. Cyclops, R. castroviejoi and R. urbionicus.     

Amoeba at attention: phylogenetic affinity of Sappinia pedata

The genus Sappinia, a taxon of free-living amoebae with trophozoites that typically have two closely appressed nuclei, contains two named species, Sappinia pedata, the type species, and S. diploidea. The amoebae of both species are essentially identical according to the literature. The two species are distinguished by S. pedata having a standing amoeba stage, incorrectly interpreted as a cyst, and S. diploidea having sessile, bicellular cysts. Using four isolates of S. pedata collected from around the world, we present detailed light micrographic illustrations of all stages of its life cycle. We confirm that the standing amoeba lacks a cell wall. In two isolates of S. pedata, there are bicellular cysts indistinguishable from those of S. diploidea. Using sequence data from the nuclear small subunit ribosomal RNA gene, we conclude that S. pedata and the published neotype of S. diploidea are congeneric but not conspecific. The genus branches within Thecamoebidae. Sequencing of the actin gene confirms the inclusion of Sappinia in Thecamoebidae. Resolving the taxonomy of Sappinia is gaining importance because it has recently been attributed as an opportunistic human pathogen.     

Alchemilla boluensis (Rosaceae), a new species from the west Black Sea region (Bolu, Turkey)

Alchemilla boluensis from the west Black Sea region of Turkey is described as a species new to science and illustrated. It belongs to the section Alchemilla , subsection Calycanthum and series Elatae , and is closely related to A. amoena , from which it mainly differs in its stem and leaf features.     

中国悬钩子属新分类群

近年来对我国9个省的悬钩子属植物资源进行了调查采集,并在南京中山植物园建立了田间种质库进行观察研究。本文报导在云南省悬钩子资源调查中发现的1个新种和5个新变种,它们是:Rubus godongensis Gu et Li, R. biflorus Buch.-Ham.ex Smith var.spinocalycinus Gu et Li, R. glabricarpus Cheng var.eglandulosus Gu et Li, R. gongshanensis Yü et Lu var.eglandulosus Gu et Li, R. parvifolius L.var.purpureus Gu et Li, R. viburnifolius Focke var.apetalus Gu etLi.     

Chloroplast DNA assessment of anagenetic speciation in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Rubus takesimensis</Emphasis> (Rosaceae) on Ulleung Island,Korea

Two major modes of speciation, i.e., cladogenesis and anagenesis, have often been used to explain the generation of distinct plant diversity on oceanic islands. Anagenetic speciation is of particular interest to plant endemics on Ulleung Island, Korea because, of nearly 40 endemics, approximately 88% or even all endemic species are thought to be anagenetically derived. Despite its important role in Ulleung Island, the full scope of the anagenetic speciation and the genetic consequences of this speciation mode have been limited to a very few families (i.e., Apiaceae, Sapindaceae, and Ranunculaceae). Based on extensive sampling (a total of 322 individuals) and trnL-F cpDNA noncoding sequences, we conducted phylogenetic and haplotype network analyses for the species pair of Rubus crataegifolius (continental progenitor)-R. takesimensis (insular derivative). Rubus takesimensis on Ulleung Island is not a monophyletic group, suggesting at least two independent introductions from geographically and genetically divergent source populations. No significant reduction in cpDNA haplotype diversity and genetic differentiation in R. takesimensis are consistent with expectations from the anagenetically derived species. A further study based on comprehensive sampling and more variable molecular markers will shed light into the genetic consequences of anagenetic speciation in Rubus on Ulleung Island.     

Molecular characterization of the Andean blackberry, Rubus glaucus, using SSR markers

The species Rubus glaucus, also known as the Andean or "Castilla" blackberry, is one of nine edible species of this genus that grow naturally in Central and South America. In Colombia, this species is the most important of all Rubus species for agricultural and commercial purposes. We used 20 SSRs developed for other Rubus species to characterize 44 Colombian R. glaucus genotypes, collected from eight different departments, and to look for molecular differences between thornless and thorny cultivated blackberries. Eighty-two bands were obtained from 28 loci. The genotypes were classified into eight populations, corresponding to collection sites. The mean number of polymorphic alleles per locus in all populations and genotypes ranged from 1.857 to 2.393. Samples collected from Valle del Cauca, Quindío, Caldas, and Risaralda departments had the highest heterozygosity values. The finding of exclusive bands from R. glaucus genotypes from Valle del Cauca, Quindío, and Caldas demonstrates genetic and molecular differentiation between thorny and thornless Andean blackberries.     

秦巴山区悬钩子植物的种质资源

秦巴山区有野生悬钩子38种12变种,是我国悬钩子属植物比较集中的分布区之一,对秦巴山区悬钩子种质资源的系统调查和综合分析结果表明:1.悬钩子类果实中维生素类（尤其是维生素E）和SOD等生物活性物质的含量异常高,蛋白质、氨基酸、有机酸和矿质元素含量不同程度地高于栽培水果,是一种急待开发利用的野生果树。2.黄果悬钩子、粉枝莓、华中悬钩子、弓茎悬钩子、喜阴悬钩子、插田泡、茅莓、山莓和高粱泡等具有直立生长、植株健壮、少刺或无刺、丰产、抗寒耐旱等经济性状,是悬钩子类果树选种和育种的优良种质材料,其中有些种类还可以直接引种栽培。3.悬钩子植物的美化环境和水土保持作用及药用保健价值也应受到重视。