龟鱼混养水质变化对鱼病影响研究

通过对龟鱼混养水体水质与养鱼水体水质进行监测,观察龟鱼混养对水质的影响。实验结果表明龟鱼混养可调节水体酸碱度,增加水体透明度,提高水体溶解氧,降低水体有机物污染,净化水质,改善水体生态环境,同时还能在一定程度上抑制总大肠菌群。龟鱼混养改善了水质,有利于减少鱼病的发生,对减轻鱼病防治中化学性药物对水体环境的危害、建立生态养殖之路、降低养殖成本和推进集约化养殖具有重要的现实意义。     

酵母细胞壁多糖和硫化氢对罗氏沼虾 3 种免疫酶活性的影响简

正虾类病害是严重影响虾类养殖业发展的一个重要因素,而虾类疾病的发生与养殖水体环境的恶化有明显的关系[1,2],因此重视水体生态环境质量,关注环境因子对虾蟹类非特异性免疫的影响,已成为新的研究热点[3,4]。硫化氢是水产动物养殖水体中常见的有毒害作用的物质,也是一个重要的监测养殖水环境的化学指标,硫化氢污     

龟鳖动物疾病的研究进展

随着养殖规模的扩大,龟鳖动物的疾病日益增多,许多养殖场遭受了巨大的经济损失。为此,一些学者对龟鳖动物的疾病进行了大量研究。本文总结了龟鳖动物疾病的致病因素、诊断及防治等应用方面的研究,指出了龟鳖动物疾病研究中存在的主要问题并提出了相应的建议。     

几种微生物制剂和微藻在水产养殖中的应用

工厂化高密度养殖,需人工大量投喂饲料,饵料残余及水产动物的排泄物溶解于水中,对养殖水体造成污染,危害养殖对象的健康生长。对鱼虾疾病用药物防治只是暂时性手段,广谱抗生素杀死或抑制了敏感细菌而保留了耐药的致病菌,破坏或干扰了水体原有的正常微生物区系的生态平衡,更增加了养殖动物感染病菌的机会,抗生素在生物体内的残留,最终会对人体产生危害。微生物应用于水产养殖来改善水体生态环境,抑制杀死病原微生物,并可作为饲料添加剂,补充营养成分,改善养殖动物胃肠道有益菌群,达到生态防治的目的,使养殖生产良性发展,取得更好的经济效益、生态效益。本文对目前国内外较为普遍应用于水产养殖的几种微生物、微藻类在水处理、防治病原微生物和病害发生方面的应用情况和发展动态进行了分析。       

水产养殖对水域环境的影响研究

近年由于水产养殖行业发展迅猛,规模的逐渐扩大,方式的各种各样,已遍布在全国各地,由此也带来了因为水产养殖而不容小觑的环境问题。本文从多方面综合阐述了现阶段水产养殖的状况、养殖造成的污染对水域环境的影响及一系列的解决措施,为提高对水体重复利用率,了解生态环境自我修复的周期,开发环保养殖新模式,创造和谐的生态环境提供依据。     

RNA‑seq技术在水生生物生态毒理学中的应用进展

水域是地球环境的重要组成部分,也是最易受污染的生态系统之一。水生态系统中不同营养级别的水生生物可通过摄食、接触等多种途径摄入水体中的污染物。因此,监测水域污染物对水生生物和生态系统的影响,解析污染物对不同水生生物的毒性机制,筛选敏感、有效的生物标志物对生态毒理学研究和环境风险评价具有重要意义。RNA测序（RNA sequencing,RNA?seq）技术因所需样品量少,且不需参考序列,可在整体水平上鉴定基因差异表达,成为水生生物生态毒理学研究的最佳方法之一。基于此,介绍了RNA?seq技术的基本流程与数据分析过程,对该技术在不同生态位的水生生物（如鱼类、两栖类、贝类、甲壳类等）生态毒理学中的应用展开综述,并对RNA?seq技术面临的不足、挑战及发展趋势进行探讨,以期为该技术在水生生物生态毒理学研究中的应用,尤其是水生态环境中污染物胁迫水生生物机制的阐明及污染水域生态环境恢复提供参考。     

洪湖的异养菌和寡养菌的类群及数量季节变化的初步调查

水生微生物在整个水域的物质循环中起着相当大的作用,它们是物质的分解者,也是合成者。微生物的数量和种类标志着湖泊的生态环境、营养水平及水体污染状况。微生物本身还提供一定生物量,是食物链的组成部分。在调查了解各类水生生物的基础上,我们对洪湖水体与底泥中的异养菌和寡养菌作了调查,这两类菌在决定湖泊营养状况上有重要意义。     

富营养化水体生物净化效应的研究进展

水体富营养化治理已成为当今世界性难题,解决水体富营养化问题的关键是调控水生生态系统结构,使其恢复自然、健康和稳定的水生生态系统功能,提高水生生态系统的生物净化能力,水生高等植物及水生植被是水生生态系统中最重要的初级生产者,它们个体大、生长周期长、吸取和储存营养物质的能力强,保持和恢复一定数量的水生植物种群可抑制浮游植物的生长,提高系统的生物多样性,使水生生态系统结构更加稳定,水生动物在水生生态系统物质和能量循环中处于十分重要的地位,浮游动物和底栖动物可直接捕食浮游植物,控制浮游植物的数量;而改变鱼类种群结构可提高浮游动物的生物量,从而间接控制浮游植物的大量繁殖,达到治理水体富营养化的目的,我国的生物净化研究还处于起步阶段,今后在水生高等植物及水生植被生物净化的关键技术及优化水产养殖新模式技术研究方面有待提高,这将对我国水体富营养化治理及水体可持续利用有着重要的意义。     

海南岛龟鳖资源保护与可持续利用

目的 海南岛地处热带,具有丰富的龟鳖物种多样性.为了有效保护这一珍贵资源,对该地区龟鳖的多样性、养殖现状及保护管理需求进行总结和讨论.方法 根据有关文献和我们的调查结果,从龟鳖多样性、养殖现状、保护和可持续利用的管理等方面进行分析.结果 海南岛现有龟鳖6科14属18种,占中国龟鳖的50%,其中有1种野外灭绝,有5种处于极度濒危状态,有11种处于濒危状态;国家一级重点保护的有1种,二级保护的有9种.海南岛是我国龟鳖养殖种类最多、规模最大的地区,有龟鳖养殖户330多户,养殖龟鳖120余种.结论 海南岛龟鳖资源丰富,养殖规模巨大.应进一步加强野生龟鳖资源的保护和管理,将龟鳖纳入国家重点保护的野生动物范围,继续开展保护繁育放归活动.同时,从多方面加强龟鳖养殖的产业化发展,促进龟鳖资源的可持续利用.     

人工湿地脱除富营养化水体氮磷的研究进展

水体中氮磷营养物质不断积累,部分藻类及水生生物的过度繁殖,导致了水体的富营养化。水体富营养化防治的关键是减小水中氮、磷的含量。人工湿地是一项新型的废水处理技术,近年来在脱除富营养化水体氮磷中获得广泛研究和应用。本文在简述脱氮除磷机理的基础上,较系统地阐述了影响人工湿地脱除氮磷的因素及工艺的在改善水体富营养化的研究进展,以便在构建人工湿地中对各项因素综合考虑及兼顾利用,提高人工湿地修复富营养化水体的综合效能。     

中国水龟类的核型与银带带型研究

以血培养细胞为材料,研究了三种水龟的核型与ＮＯＲｓ,结果表明,染色体数均为２ｎ＝５２,核型模式９＋５＋１２,属龟科核型中的原始类型,但眼斑水龟ＮＦ＝７６,而四眼斑水龟和黄喉拟水龟的ＮＦ＝７８。从核型结构看,眼斑水龟与四眼斑水龟相似,而黄喉拟水龟则有较大差别,作者还发现黄喉拟水龟核型的一些重要特征,即其Ａ组Ｎｏ．３和Ｎｏ．６染色体有次缢痕,Ｎ．别,作者还发现黄喉拟水龟核型的一些重要特征,即Ａ组这些是     

A COMPUTER ASSISTED ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIONSHIPS OF THE HIGHER CATEGORIES OF TURTLES

Abstract— A character matrix of 39 characters for 14 supregeneric categories of living and extinct turtles was examined using PAUP 2.41 and 3.0L. The Branch and Bound algorithm found a single most parsimonious cladogram of 55 steps, consistency index of 0.709, retention index of 0.848 and a rescaled consistency index of 0.601. The cladogram is identical to that proposed by Gaffney and Meylan (1988). The Pleurodira and Cryptodira are each shown to be monophyletic and are supported by synapomorphies involving complex structures of the basicranium and adductor musculature. These synapomorphies are judged to be relatively well-tested homologies. A paraphyletic Cryptodira occurs in 18% of 38 equally parsimonious trees 57 steps in length, but these trees are based on characters, such as absence of pterygoid teeth, that are susceptible to homoplasy in amniotes. We re-iterate the notion that it is better to choose fewer, well-analysed characters than large numbers of poorly analysed characters.     

环境温度和食物种类对乌龟幼仔生长和消化的影响

本文报道了不同环境温度和食物种类对一龄乌龟和二龄乌龟生长率、摄食量、消化率以及食物消化时间的影响。结果表明:随温度升高 (20℃→30℃),幼龟生长率、摄食量逐渐增加;一龄乌龟消化率随温度升高逐渐降低;但二龄乌龟的消化率在各温级间基本保持一致。食物消化时间与温度呈直线负相关。温度、食物种类和动物大小对幼龟食物脂肪消化率影响不显著。食物种类和动物大小对生长率、消化率的影响程度随温度而变,但对食物消化时间没有显著影响。     

鳖心对迷走刺激的时相依赖性反应

在27只毁脑和脊髓的中华鳖上,研究了时相耦联式刺激迷走神经对心率的影响。结果心脏的负变时性反应取决于刺激猝发所在的心动周期时相。首先A-A间期逐渐延长,然后突然缩短。在注射心得安的鳖中,常温下右迷走刺激引起的时相反应曲线的幅度(AT)为1484.10±213.10ms,从最大至最小反应的时相差异为804,00±210.90 ms。AT及(St-A)_(max)(产生最大A-A间期的刺激开始至下一A波开始的间期)直接随AA(最大及最小反应的均值)的改变而改变,皆呈正线性相关,但(St-A)_(min)(产生最小A-A间期的刺激开始至下一A波开始的间期)与AA无显著相关性。冬眠期4只鳖的AT,AA及(St-A)_(min)都显著增大,其中3只鳖在特定时相刺激引起心率加快。左迷走的时相反应明显较小或无作用。 上述反应可被阿托品消除,提示是由于静脉窦起搏细胞在其活动周期的不同时相对迷走传出末梢所释放的ACh的反应性不同所致。     

黄芪对中华鳖免疫和抗酸应激能力的影响

黄芪是中医常用益气药之一。近些年的研究表明,黄芪具有免疫调节和对抗不利环境等功能。       

维生素C和E合用对中华鳖幼鳖非特异性免疫功能的影响

本研究旨在探讨维生素C和E合用对中华鳖幼鳖非特异性免疫功能的影响。实验设 5组 ,5组饵料中维生素C和E的添加量依次为 0和 0mg/kg(对照组 ) ;2 5 0和 5 0mg/kg(实验Ⅰ组 ) ;2 5 0 0和 2 5 0mg/kg(实验Ⅱ组 ) ;2 5 0和2 5 0mg/kg(实验Ⅲ组 ) ;2 5 0 0和 2 5 0mg/kg(实验Ⅳ组 )。喂食 4周 ,取其血液 ,测定中华鳖血细胞的吞噬率、血清溶菌活力、杀菌活力、补体C3和C4。结果表明 ,实验Ⅱ—Ⅳ组 ,血细胞吞噬率和血清杀菌活力明显高于对照组 ,实验Ⅳ组明显高于其他 4组 ,并且维生素C和E之间有明显的协同作用。血清溶菌活力和补体C3的含量 ,在实验Ⅰ—Ⅳ组明显高于对照组 ,实验Ⅳ组明显高于其他 4组。补体C4在实验Ⅰ—Ⅳ组明显高于对照组 ,但实验Ⅰ—Ⅳ组间没有明显差别 ,维生素C和E间也没有协同作用。     

ECOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF HIBERNATION AND OVERWINTERING AMONG FRESHWATER FISHES, TURTLES, AND SNAKES

1. Freshwater fishes are the most northerly of freshwater ectotherms, followed by frogs. North American freshwater snakes, turtles, and salamanders do not range farther north than southernmost Canada. 2. Freezing and desiccation are the main challenges during terrestrial hibernation of ectotherms. Oxygen depletion, water balance, and ionic balance are the major problems for air breathing ectotherms that hibernate underwater. 3. The importance of accumulation of energy stores for overwintering among fishes depends upon the length and severity of the winters, whether or not there is springtime reproduction, body size, latitude, and the availability and use of food during overwintering. 4. Fishes can decrease energy demands during the winter by reductions in activity, metabolic depression, and entrance in semi-torpidity. 5. Adaptations for coping with hypoxia and anoxia among overwintering freshwater fishes may include metabolic depression, a decrease in blood O₂ affinity, microhabitat selection, air breathing, short-distance migration, biochemical modifications aimed at adjusting glycolytic rates, and alcoholic fermentation. 6. Freshwater turtles have a worldwide northern limit of approximately 50° N, which means that some species spend about half of their lives hibernating. 7. Aquatic turtles normally hibernate underwater, although occasionally they hibernate on land. In water they usually hibernate in a hypoxic or anoxic (mud) environment and in relatively shallow water. Wintertime movements of unknown frequency occur in some species. 8. The hatchlings of many turtle species can overwinter in the nest. Among northern species this behaviour is most common among painted turtles, whose hatchlings can withstand freezing. 9. Mortality among adult turtles is probably highest during the hibernation cycle. 10. Temperature appears to the most important cue for entry and exit from hibernation among freshwater turtles. 11. Little is known of the energetics of overwintering turtles. Energy stores for overwintering may be more important at lower latitudes than at higher ones, due to the higher metabolic rates of overwintering, but non-feeding, southern turtles. 12. The ability of turtles to tolerate submergence is a function of temperature, degree of water oxygenation, latitude of origin, efficacy of extrapulmonary respiratory pathways, and metabolic rate. 13. For turtles that hibernate in an anoxic hibernaculum, and for those without sufficient extrapulmonary uptake of O₂ to allow metabolism to be completely aerobic, the most important physiological perturbation is an acidosis developed from a continuing production of lactate. If sufficient O₂ can be obtained, the most likely factors limiting hibernation time are water balance and ion balance. 14. Mechanisms of turtles for coping with acidosis include metabolic depression, integumental CO₂ loss, bicarbonate buffering, and changes in ion concentrations that minimize the decrease in SID (strong ion difference). The most important among the latter are a decrease in plasma [Cl^-] and large increases in plasma calcium and magnesium. 15. Turtles are unique among reptiles in their ability to maintain both cardiovascular and nervous system function during prolonged anoxia. 16. Turtles gain weight from water uptake during submerged hibernation, but apparently maintain some kidney function; however, osmoregulation is one of the least known areas of the physiology of hibernation. 17. Recovery of turtles upon emergence commences with a rapid hyperventilatory compensation of pH, followed by a slower adjustment of ion levels. Basking speeds recovery greatly. 18. While hibernation of turtles in the northern parts of their ranges is most likely very stressful physiologically, northern range limits are more likely to be determined by reproductive restraints than by the rigors of extended hibernation. 19. The superior ability of turtles to tolerate anoxia may be more the result of an annual hibernation than of their diving habits during active periods of the year. 20. Freshwater snakes usually hibernate on land. However, they appear to be capable of aquatic hibernation and may not do so because of the risk of death from anoxia. 21. Some species of terrestrial snakes are known to hibernate underwater, and are able to do so in the laboratory for months. In the field, this behaviour is considered opportunistic, as there is no evidence to suggest that any snakes can tolerate extended anoxia.