重寄生属植物及其在我国的分布、现状与保护对策

重寄生属(Phacellaria)植物共有8个种,其地理分布主要局限于东南亚和我国华南和西南地区的亚热带和热带山地森林中,其中我国分布有6个种。重寄生属植物的寄主仅局限于桑寄生科(Loranthaceae)和檀香科(Santalaceae)寄生藤属(Dendrotrophe)的植物。作者在查阅国内主要标本馆的馆藏标本、野外调查并结合已有研究报道的基础上,详细分析了我国重寄生属植物目前的生存现状,认为它们已经处于渐危或濒危的境地。造成重寄生属植物渐危或濒危的主要因素是森林过度砍伐导致的重寄生植物寄主种群密度的降低;与重寄生植物种子传播者啄花鸟类的生境片断化和数量的减少等也有密切的关系。重寄生属植物与其寄主、种子传播者啄花鸟类和生境中的其他生物形成了复杂的关系,是生物多样性的重要组成部分。因此,有必要对重寄生属植物进行保护。提出了保护重寄生属植物的生境、保护啄花鸟类和加强其生物学特性研究等保护对策。     

西双版纳桑寄生科植物的调查

西双版纳的桑寄生科植物,已发现9属24种3变种,其中有些种类在全州坝区至高海拔山区均有分布,一些种类只分布在某地区或某山关。海拔1000—1500米的山区分布的种类最多。这些桑寄生植物共有寄主树种83科263属483种。桑寄生植物在光照强、空旷的环境,种类和种群量多,在群落中寄生的层次和寄主树上寄生的部位低;在郁闭、阴湿的森林内种类种群量少,且多寄生在上层乔木的小枝上。对环境和树木适应性强的种类,其寄主可达数十个科数百种;适应性弱的种类寄主很少,甚至专类或专一的寄主。重复寄生较多,它们之间有多种复杂的关系。     

寄主植物的功能性状对桑寄生寄主专一性的影响初探

为探讨寄主多样性和寄主功能性状对桑寄生植物的寄主专一性的影响,调查了西双版纳热带植物园内桑寄生和寄主植物种类。结果表明,桑寄生植物共有2科5属6种1变种,感染隶属于58科190属286种寄主植物1 323株。桑寄生在不同生境的寄生强度具有极显著差异(P0.01),单一种植园的寄生强度最高,而在森林的分布最少。不同种类桑寄生的寄主范围存在较大差异,专一性程度(H′)为1.92～7.05,多度较高的植物更容易被感染。冗余分析表明,寄主植物的胸径、树皮含水量和树皮粗糙度对不同桑寄生的寄主利用差异有显著影响,而木质密度和树皮pH的影响不显著。因此,不同种类桑寄生在热带植物群落的寄主专一性程度有较大差异,对寄主植物特定功能性状的偏好能解释部分差异。     

鄂西桑寄生植物多样性的海拔格局

桑寄生植物(桑寄生科)的分布与寄主选择性和生境相关。本研究沿海拔梯度(175～3106 m)设置3条样带共292个样方(20 m×20 m),调查了鄂西亚热带森林群落中桑寄生的分布,记录桑寄生植物多样性。结果表明:在研究区内共调查到7种桑寄生科植物,40种寄主植物;桑寄生植物分布的最低海拔是194 m,最高海拔是2011 m;物种多样性在海拔梯度上先上升后下降,相对集中分布在海拔600～1000 m范围内,呈现单峰分布格局;不同桑寄生科植物在不同寄主植物上的寄生强度不同,更偏好选择高大的落叶乔木作为寄主;桑寄生科植物在鄂西地区海拔梯度上呈"中度膨胀"(mid-elevation peak)的分布格局,可能与寄生植物偏好性及寄主多样性有关。     

青岛崂山的重寄生菌白粉寄生孢及其寄主多样性

2005－2007年从青岛崂山的16科30属35种植物上采集了143份白粉菌样品,经形态鉴定分属于7属22种。其中40份样品中检测到白粉寄生孢Ampelomyces quisqualis,其寄主植物属于8科14属15种,其寄主真菌属于7属10种白粉菌。统计分析发现,多孢穆氏节丝壳上白粉寄生孢的发生率和重寄生强度均为最高;群落组成分析发现,棕丝单囊壳为白粉寄生孢寄主真菌中的优势种,其重要值为89.22%;菊科为白粉寄生孢寄主植物中的优势科,其重要值为97.85%。     

中国桑寄生科植物资料(一)

<正> 作者编写《中国植物志》桑寄生科植物时,得到北京植物研究所生态室、云南热带植物研究所等单位的热情支持,查阅其近年采集的一批标本。现报道鞘花属Macrosolen(Blume)Reichb.1个新纪录种,离瓣寄生属Helixanthera Lour.4个种的主要特征和分布,大苞寄生属Tolypanthus(Blume)Reichb.2个种的特征、寄主、地理分布,并对黔桂大苞寄生修正描述。     

北桑寄生种群的分布格局及其寄生特性

北桑寄生(Loranthus tanakae)是桑寄生科桑寄生属的落叶灌木,多以壳斗科植物为寄主。辽东栎(Quercus wutaishanica)是黄土高原主要的优势种和建群种,也是北桑寄生的主要寄主植物。本研究调查了寄主植物辽东栎和寄生植物北桑寄生的生长状况、北桑寄生和辽东栎的空间分布格局、北桑寄生的寄生行为偏好。结果显示:(1)在调查的851株辽东栎个体中有358株(占总辽东栎个体的42.1%)被感染,共调查1112个北桑寄生个体,每株辽东栎上感染的北桑寄生个数范围为1~20个。(2)辽东栎在0~60 m尺度上呈聚集分布,在≥60 m尺度上呈随机分布;北桑寄生在0~100 m尺度上均呈聚集分布。(3)有964个北桑寄生个体生长在辽东栎上端1/2高度内,北桑寄生吸根周长大小与其寄主枝的周长呈极显著正相关(r=0.713,P0.01)。较高和较大的辽东栎个体更容易被感染,北桑寄生倾向于寄生在寄主辽东栎个体更高的位置上。     

中国桑寄生科植物资料(二)

我国桑寄生科(狭义的)共有8属,约49种、7变种。现续报道大苞鞘花属Elytranthe Blume 1个新记录种,离瓣寄生属Helixanthera Lour.产于云南1个新记录种及其描述和西藏2个种,桑寄生属Loranthus Jacq.2个种,梨果寄生属Scurrula Linn.3个种和钝果寄生属Taxillus Van Tiegh.4个种的分布区和标本引证,以及一些种类的寄生,异名和错误文献等。 桑寄生科植物对木本经济植物具有危害性,作者在云南、广西和广东野外工作时,注意到在局部地区,“桑寄生类”对栽培的油茶林、普洱茶林、石梓林、云南油杉林、栎林,柿树及风景区的庭园树的危害情况,已成为主要的植物病害。     

Host-mediated effects on the reproductive phenological asynchrony of a generalist mistletoe in China

一种泛性桑寄生植物繁殖物候异步性的寄主介导效应 寄主介导效应被认为会导致半寄生性的桑寄生植物的繁殖物候异步性，并由此为与桑寄生植物互惠共生的传粉者和种子散布者提供更长时间的食物资源供应，但目前关于此方面的研究还缺乏相关的实证数据。本研究以广泛分布于中国西南西双版纳地区的一种泛性桑寄生科植物五蕊寄生(Dendrophthoe pentandra)为材料，每周监测其开花、结果物候，检测了其开花和结果物候是否呈季节性格局，量化了五蕊寄生繁殖物候的异步程度，并检测了影响该植物始花期早晚的因素。最后，本研究还检验了五蕊寄生繁殖物候的异步性随寄主种类数量变化的效应。研究结果表明：(i)在连续两年的物候观测中五蕊寄 生的花期和果期都呈单峰分布格局；(ii)始花期显著受到植物大小和光照强度的影响，即冠幅越大和受光程度越高的植物个体有更早的始花期和更长的花期和果期；(iii)不同的寄主种类对五蕊寄生的繁殖物候有显著的影响，但与假设相反的是，随着寄主种类数量的增加，五蕊寄生繁殖物候的异步性没有显著提高。这项研究表明，在解释泛性桑寄生植物的繁殖物候异步性及寄主种类的数量对其影响的生态学意义还需进行更深入的探究。     

值得注意的中国南部植物

该文续报道胡麻科、桑寄生科等科7个分类单位。胡麻科的茶菱属和茶菱均为广东新记录。云南槲寄生、锈毛钝果寄生和枫香钝果寄生均为海南新记录。《海南植物志》第二卷记载的五蕊桑寄生(产于琼中),现订正琼中的标本应为枫香钝果寄生,海南不产五蕊寄生属植物。大戟科的子弹枫现已成为广西和广东的归化种。无患子科的雅旗是我国新引种的经济植物。     

Geographical Distribution of Phacellaria Benth. (Santalaceae) and its Hosts

Based on the geographical distribution of the species of Phacellaria and its host plants in the world,we speculated on the possible time,sites,and migration of the origin of Phacellaria.The host plants of Phacellaria mainly belong to Loranthaceae.Plants of Phacellaria and their hosts are mainly distributed in tropical and subtropical areas.The plants of Phacellaria might have originated from a tropical area in the south of China before the Tertiary.Their ancestors were parasitic on the ancestors of some plants of Loranthaceae by chance during the Tertiary.It possibly took them millions of years to form a sturdy relationship with their hosts.     

Geographical Distribution of Phacellaria Benth. (Santalaceae) and its Hosts

Based on the geographical distribution of the species of Phacellaria and its host plants in the world, we speculated on the possible time, sites, and migration of the origin of Phacellaria. The host plants of Phacellaria mainly belong to Loranthaceae. Plants of Phacellaria and their hosts are mainly distributed in tropical and subtropical areas. The plants of Phacellariamight have originated from a tropical area in the south of China before the Tertiary. Their ancestors were parasitic on the ancestors of some plants of Loranthaceae by chance during the Tertiary. It possibly took them millions of years to form a sturdy relationship with their hosts. Translated from Guihaia, 2005, 25(2) (in Chinese)     

Macroevolutionary patterns in the Aphidini aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae): diversification, host association, and biogeographic origins

Background

Due to its biogeographic origins and rapid diversification, understanding the tribe Aphidini is key to understanding aphid evolution. Major questions about aphid evolution include origins of host alternation as well as age and patterns of diversification in relation to host plants. To address these questions, we reconstructed the phylogeny of the Aphidini which contains Aphis, the most diverse genus in the family. We used a combined dataset of one nuclear and four mitochondrial DNA regions. A molecular dating approach, calibrated with fossil records, was used to estimate divergence times of these taxa.

Principal Findings

Most generic divergences in Aphidini occurred in the Middle Tertiary, and species-level divergences occurred between the Middle and Late Tertiary. The ancestral state of host use for Aphidini was equivocal with respect to three states: monoecy on trees, heteroecy, and monoecy on grasses. The ancestral state of Rhopalosiphina likely included both heteroecy and monoecy, whereas that of Aphidina was most likely monoecy. The divergence times of aphid lineages at the generic or subgeneric levels are close to those of their primary hosts. The species-level divergences in aphids are consistent with the diversification of the secondary hosts, as a few examples suggest. The biogeographic origin of Aphidini as a whole was equivocal, but the major lineages within Aphidina likely separated into Nearctic, Western Palearctic, and Eastern Palearctic regions.

Conclusions

Most generic divergences in Aphidini occurred in the Middle Tertiary when primary hosts, mainly in the Rosaceae, were diverging, whereas species-level divergences were contemporaneous with diversification of the secondary hosts such as Poaceae in the Middle to Late Tertiary. Our results suggest that evolution of host alternation within Aphidini may have occurred during the Middle Tertiary (Oligocene) when the secondary hosts emerged.     

Indirect positive effects of a parasitic plant on host pollination and seed dispersal

Parasitic plants often have a strong fitness‐impact on their plant hosts through increased host mortality and reduced or complete suppression of reproduction. Tristerix corymbosus (Loranthaceae) is a hemiparasitic mistletoe that infects a wide range of host species along its distribution range. Among such species, Rhaphithamnus spinosus (Verbenaceae) is a frequent host with a flowering and fruiting season partially synchronized with mistletoe reproductive phenology. As parasitized hosts have, in principle, a larger flower display and fruit crop size than non‐parasitized hosts, we examined whether host and parasite reproductive synchrony make infected hosts more attractive for pollinators and seed dispersers than uninfected hosts. Our results showed that pollinator visit rates did not differ between parasitized and non‐parasitized hosts. Conversely, seed rain was higher in parasitized than non‐parasitized individuals. The number of seeds fallen under non‐parasitized plants was spatially associated with crop size, while parasitized plants did not show such association. Finally, the number of seedlings of R. spinosus was significantly larger near parasitized than non‐parasitized hosts. Our results suggest that the presence of the mistletoe might be responsible of the higher reproductive success showed by the parasitized fraction of R. spinosus. This effect, however, seems to be related to seed dispersal processes rather than pollination effects.     

Novel application of species richness estimators to predict the host range of parasites

Host range is a critical life history trait of parasites, influencing prevalence, virulence and ultimately determining their distributional extent. Current approaches to measure host range are sensitive to sampling effort, the number of known hosts increasing with more records. Here, we develop a novel application of results-based stopping rules to determine how many hosts should be sampled to yield stable estimates of the number of primary hosts within regions, then use species richness estimation to predict host ranges of parasites across their distributional ranges. We selected three mistletoe species (hemiparasitic plants in the Loranthaceae) to evaluate our approach: a strict host specialist (Amyema lucasii, dependent on a single host species), an intermediate species (Amyema quandang, dependent on hosts in one genus) and a generalist (Lysiana exocarpi, dependent on many genera across multiple families), comparing results from geographically-stratified surveys against known host lists derived from herbarium specimens. The results-based stopping rule (stop sampling bioregion once observed host richness exceeds 80% of the host richness predicted using the Abundance-based Coverage Estimator) worked well for most bioregions studied, being satisfied after three to six sampling plots (each representing 25 host trees) but was unreliable in those bioregions with high host richness or high proportions of rare hosts. Although generating stable predictions of host range with minimal variation among six estimators trialled, distribution-wide estimates fell well short of the number of hosts known from herbarium records. This mismatch, coupled with the discovery of nine previously unrecorded mistletoe-host combinations, further demonstrates the limited ecological relevance of simple host-parasite lists. By collecting estimates of host range of constrained completeness, our approach maximises sampling efficiency while generating comparable estimates of the number of primary hosts, with broad applicability to many host-parasite systems.     

节肢动物内共生细菌研究进展

节肢动物门是动物界最大的门,占整个动物种数的80%,全世界约有120万现存种。节肢动物在生长发育过程中会感染多种微生物,这些微生物会与其形成协同进化和互利共生的关系。内共生细菌是一类广泛分布于节肢动物体内的共生微生物,能够进行垂直传播和水平传播,对宿主的生长发育、生殖代谢、适应性、免疫功能和进化等诸多方面均具有重要的作用。目前,随着现代分子生物学理论和技术的发展,节肢动物内共生细菌相关研究主要集中在对其宿主的生殖调控功能、与其宿主、宿主寄主植物以及其宿主体内微生物和宿主天敌间互作关系等方面。因此,利用内共生细菌对昆虫种群动态的生殖调控功能,阻断热带蚊虫带来的疾病或植物病害的传播并对宿主昆虫进行种群压制或种群替换,可达到防控害虫的目的。本文从节肢动物内共生细菌的传播方式、对其宿主生物学效应以及内共生细菌与其宿主、宿主寄主植物、宿主天敌和宿主体内微生物互作关系等多方面进行概述,并对内共生细菌今后研究方向进行展望,以期为生物进化、物种形成和种群压制提供参考。     

植物寄生对生态系统结构和功能的影响

寄生植物是生态系统中的特殊类群之一。植物寄生可以驱动生态系统中生物与非生物因子的变化,在生态系统结构与功能中起关键作用。寄生植物可以通过对寄主营养的集聚、改变凋落物的质量与数量、改变根的周转与分泌物格局、改变土壤水势,从而影响土壤理化特性。寄生植物会改变寄主的行为,改变寄主与非寄主植物之间的相互作用,从而影响植物群落的结构、多样性和动态,进而影响植被演替和植被生产力等。寄生植物与寄主均可被消费者取食,可直接或间接地影响生态系统的食草动物,包括草食昆虫等。寄生植物与寄主的其它寄生物存在竞争关系,可以直接或间接地影响寄主的其它寄生植物或病原真菌。寄生植物可以明显地改变土壤地球化学循环,将固有的不可动的成分转变为可利用的营养成分,改变土壤生物群落的结构与功能,从而显著影响地下生物群落。这些表明,植物寄生对生态系统的结构和功能有重要影响。针对特殊的被入侵的植物群落,该地寄生植物可以通过影响入侵植物寄主的生长、繁殖、生物量分配格局,改变土壤的理化特性,促进非寄主的非优势本地植物的生长,从而改变被入侵植物群落结构与多样性,达到生物防治及生态恢复的目的。     

Evolutionary history of aphid-plant associations and their role in aphid diversification

Aphids are intimately linked with their host plants that constitute their only food resource and habitat, and thus impose considerable selective pressure on their evolution. It is therefore commonly assumed that host plants have greatly influenced the diversification of aphids. Here, we review what is known about the role of host plant association on aphid speciation by examining both macroevolutionary and population-level studies. Phylogenetic studies conducted at different taxonomic levels show that, as in many phytophagous insect groups, the radiation of angiosperms has probably favoured the major Tertiary diversification of aphids. These studies also highlight many aphid lineages constrained to sets of related host plants, suggesting strong evolutionary commitment in aphids’ host plant choice, but they fail to document cospeciation events between aphid and host lineages. Instead, phylogenies of several aphid genera reveal that divergence events are often accompanied by host shifts, and suggest, without constituting a formal demonstration, that aphid speciation could be a consequence of adaptation to new hosts. Experimental and field studies below the species level support reproductive isolation between host races as partly due to divergent selection by their host plants. Selected traits are mainly feeding performances and life cycle adaptations to plant phenology. Combined with behavioural preference for favourable host species, these divergent adaptations can induce pre- and post-zygotic barriers between host-specialized aphid populations. However, the hypothesis of host-driven speciation is seldom tested formally and must be weighed against overlooked explanations involving geographic isolation and non-ecological reproductive barriers in the process of speciation.     

Fitness-related traits in a parasitoid fly are mediated by effects of plants on its host

Plants can affect parasitoids directly, by reducing or enhancing their ability to locate hosts, or indirectly by affecting the fitness of herbivores and thus of parasitoids. Tritrophic interactions between three host plants (cucumber, tomato, sweet pepper), a polyphagous herbivore Trichoplusia ni and a generalist parasitoid Compsilura concinnata were assessed. Plants had a strong effect on T. ni larval survival, as well as on C. concinnata fitness-related traits: cucumber-fed hosts yielded parasitoids with shorter larval development time and females had heavier pupal weights than parasitoids from host larvae that were fed tomato. Furthermore, C. concinnata was more efficient at finding cucumber-fed than tomato-fed T. ni . These results suggest that C. concinnata has different efficiency and potential as a biocontrol agent on the different crops. This highlights the importance of assessing tritrophic interactions in systems where an inundative biological control agent may be released against generalist targets on more than one crop plant.