性诱剂和黄板对设施蔬菜烟粉虱诱集效果的比较

【背景】烟粉虱是设施茄果类蔬菜上的重要害虫。【方法】在温室辣椒和黄瓜田中,研究3种方式(悬挂性诱剂、黄板和性诱剂+黄板)对烟粉虱的诱集作用。【结果】性诱剂和黄板对烟粉虱均有较好的诱杀效果,在黄瓜田悬挂性诱剂和黄板4 h后,性诱剂、黄板、性诱剂+黄板上分别诱集到烟粉虱成虫13.80、7.40和31.20头;随着悬挂时间的延长,诱虫量逐渐增多,悬挂24 h后,3种方式的诱集量分别达到32.20、31.80和52.80头。在48 h以内,性诱剂诱虫量明显多于黄板,但48 h后黄板上的诱集量明显多于性诱剂。对黄瓜上残留成虫的性比调查发现,诱集处理24 h后,悬挂性诱剂和性诱剂+黄板的黄瓜上烟粉虱性比分别为4.05∶1和3.31∶1,而悬挂黄板的黄瓜上烟粉虱性比接近1∶1。不论是性诱剂还是黄板,1 d中以10:00~14:00之间对烟粉虱的诱集量最大。性诱剂不同悬挂高度对烟粉虱的诱集效果不同,在辣椒田,性诱剂白板的下端与辣椒顶部冠层叶相平时对烟粉虱的诱集量显著多于白板下端高出辣椒顶部冠层叶上部10 cm与50 cm的处理。诱集处理4 d后,性诱剂、黄板和性诱剂+黄板对蔬菜烟粉虱的校正防效分别为68.18%、60.42%和77.40%。【结论与意义】性诱剂对烟粉虱雄虫有强烈的专性诱集作用,黄板和性诱剂联用对烟粉虱的诱集具有明显的增效作用。     

利用黄板监测烟粉虱及其寄生蜂的种群动态

研究了黄板不同放置高度、不同时间内对日光棚室内番茄上烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius)及其寄生蜂种群的诱集监测效果。结果表明,在同一时间内以黄板上部与植株顶部持平的高度悬挂的黄板对烟粉虱和蚜小蜂的诱集效果最好,其次是以黄板上部与植株中部持平的高度悬挂的黄板,当黄板的底部高出植株顶部30 cm时对烟粉虱及其蚜小蜂的诱集效果最差。在5~10月份,随着季节的变化,同一位置的黄板对烟粉虱及蚜小蜂的诱集数量逐渐增加。调查发现,番茄上烟粉虱的寄生蜂主要为桨角蚜小蜂属EretmocerusHaldeman和恩蚜小蜂属EncarsiaF erster,2个属的蚜小蜂在季节上呈互补之势,因此总体上蚜小蜂对烟粉虱的寄生率在5~10月之间呈不断上升的趋势。     

黄板诱集法取样下稻田稻飞虱及其天敌种群的时间生态位研究

为探索不同稻田生态系统调控功能差异的机理,连续2年通过黄板诱集取样法,研究了有机稻田和化防稻田中白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera、褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens与其主要天敌类群的时间生态位宽度及生态位重叠变化规律。研究结果表明,2010年黄板诱集法取样下有机稻田中稻飞虱与主要天敌类群的生态位重叠值平均值(0.5492)大于化防稻田(0.3777),有机稻田中主要天敌类群的生态位宽度平均值(0.4967)大于化防稻田(0.4118);2011年黄板诱集法取样下有机稻田中稻飞虱与主要天敌类群的生态位重叠平均值(0.5919)大于化防稻田(0.4252),有机稻田中主要天敌类群的生态位宽度平均值(0.5022)大于化防稻田(0.4090)。这表明有机稻田生态系统相比较于化防稻田生态系统而言,在时间生态位层面是通过影响稻飞虱和天敌类群的时间生态位宽度指数及其天敌与稻飞虱的生态位重叠值,来增强稻田节肢动物群落系统的自我调控能力。     

斜纹夜蛾性信息素诱捕器田间应用技术

考查斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura(Fabricius)性信息素诱捕器放置高度、间隔距离以及气象因子对性信息素诱集效果的影响。结果表明,放置高度为1m时,性信息素诱捕器易引起斜纹夜蛾的反应,明显优于0.5m和1.5m的诱集效果。诱捕器放置的间隔距离,以25m为诱集效果最佳,与10,15,20及30m的具有显著差异。夜间风向对诱捕器的诱蛾效果具有明显影响,在3个成一列放置的诱捕器中,诱集量最大的是放在上风口位置的诱捕器;同时,与夜间风向平行设置的诱捕器,其诱集量显著高于与夜间风向垂直设置诱捕器的诱集量。     

黄板诱杀黄曲条跳甲的关键技术研究

为了研究黄板不同悬挂高度、间距和尺寸规格对诱杀黄曲条跳甲的影响,本试验设置了3个不同悬挂高度(黄板下边缘距地的悬挂高度分别为:10 cm、15 cm、20 cm);3个不同悬挂间距(黄板悬挂间距3 m、6 m、9 m);3个不同规格大小(黄板长×宽为20 cm×15 cm,25 cm×20 cm,30 cm×20 cm)。结果表明:黄板悬挂时其下边缘距离地面15 cm诱虫效果最好,平均诱集75.8头/(板·d);黄板悬挂间距为6 m时,诱虫量最多,每板平均诱虫量为62.1头/(板·d);黄板大小为30 cm×20 cm时,诱虫量最大,平均每板诱集83.5头/(板·d)。从单位面积诱虫量分析,黄板大小为20 cm×15 cm时,单位面积内的诱虫量最大,为1 643.3头/m^2。因此,利用黄板诱杀甘蓝上的黄曲条跳甲,建议悬挂高度为黄板下边缘距离地面15 cm,黄板挂板间距为6 m,黄板尺寸大小为25 cm×20 cm。     

黄色粘板对小麦蚜虫及其天敌的诱集作用

为明确黄色粘板对小麦蚜虫及其天敌的诱集作用,2010和2011年,在中国科学院河北栾城县农业生态系统试验站,通过在小麦田间悬挂黄板,对其诱杀小麦蚜虫效果及对小麦蚜虫天敌的影响进行了调查统计分析。结果表明,当地悬挂的黄板可以诱杀7目30余种昆虫,优势种是蝇类,而非小麦蚜虫。悬挂区内不进行化学防治时,黄板诱杀蚜虫数量与其相应百株虫量之间呈显著的线性相关,进行化学防治时,两者之间的线性相关不显著。黄板可以诱杀多种小麦蚜虫的天敌,灌浆期前后,黄板诱集到的益害比都大于1,最高可达45.50。在综合考虑黄板对小麦蚜虫及其天敌的诱杀作用,以及可能影响黄板诱集效果的气象条件后,初步结论是在河北栾城及周边地区,黄板可用于早期迁入小麦有翅蚜的监测,但不适合防治小麦穗期的蚜虫。     

黄板诱蚜试验初报

试验早已证明,蚜虫超飞时是向着天空的短波光飞翔的;但在降落时,却受植物表面所反射的黄色等长波光吸引。黄板诱蚜,就是利用有翅蚜降落时对黄色趋性的原理,来防治蚜虫的。实践证明,大面积开展黄板诱蚜,是消灭蚜虫的有效办法之一。 1975年4月,我们在利用黄板测报棉蚜由越冬寄主迁向棉苗时,看到黄颜色对有翅蚜的诱集力很强。在第一次迁飞高峰期4月26—30日,五天中,一块黄板两面共诱获有翅蚜202头。因此,5月中旬刈麦后,在孔东公社六大队1,037亩棉地上普遍开展黄板诱蚜。仅在棉蚜第二次迁飞高峰期5月23—29日七天中,每块黄板共诱获有翅蚜337头。在6月份,棉田中棉蚜     

诱饵诱集时间与红火蚁工蚁诱集量的关系研究

为了明确诱饵诱集时间与红火蚁工蚁诱集量之间的关系,确定最佳的诱饵放置时间,本研究采用火腿肠诱饵诱集法,观察不同季节、不同时间段红火蚁诱集的个体数量,利用房室模型分析诱饵诱集时间与红火蚁工蚁诱集量之间的关系。结果表明,随着诱饵放置时间的增加,红火蚁工蚁的诱集数量会出现一个高峰,春季诱集高峰出现在诱饵放置后38-44 min,秋季出现在诱饵放置后24-29 min,并建立了不同季节、不同时间段红火蚁诱集量与时间的关系模型,分别为Y=12764.8807×e(-0.029102 X)"12820.4625×e(-0.030064 X)(春季上午)、Y=16166.6800×e(-0.023994 X)"16217.0808×e(-0.024866 X)(春季下午)、Y=12211.9095×e(-0.040576 X)"12275.2496×e(-0.041620 X)(秋季上午)、Y=12306.4111×e(-0.049724 X)"12383.6907×e(-0.051217 X)(秋季下午)。因此,在利用火腿肠诱饵监测红火蚁时,春季诱饵放置的最适时间约为40 min,秋季的最适时间约为30 min。     

设施黄瓜烟粉虱的区域生态防控研究

烟粉虱是设施蔬菜上的重要害虫。为探讨烟粉虱的可持续控制方法,在蔬菜试验基地,通过虫源清理、黄板诱杀、诱集剂诱杀和芹菜间作驱虫等综合措施,研究非化学措施对黄瓜烟粉虱的持续控制作用。结果表明:在烟粉虱扩散迁移阶段,虫源的距离与成虫向大棚的迁入量呈负相关,虫源虫量与迁入量呈正相关;虫源扰动对烟粉虱迁入具有促进作用;烟粉虱在扩散过程中对新寄主仍遵循就近选择的原则;对黄板的选择性明显高于黄瓜,两者之间的虫量比在7.91∶1~420.00∶1;在棚内使用黄板加引诱剂及黄板加芹菜对黄瓜上的烟粉虱均具有较好的控制作用,虫口减退率均达到90%以上。结果表明,区域生态防控是对烟粉虱进行可持续绿色控制的有效方式。     

蓝光对设施黄瓜蚜虫种群的控制作用

利用灯光控制害虫是蔬菜绿色防控的重要手段之一。本文以黄瓜为供试材料,研究蓝光照射对设施黄瓜蚜虫种群数量的影响。结果表明,蓝光照射对设施黄瓜上有翅蚜和无翅蚜均有较强的驱避作用,蓝光照射2 d后,有翅蚜和无翅蚜种群数量分别下降了65.91%和45.26%,校正虫口减退率分别达到了54.22%和52.83%。随着照射时间的延长,蚜虫种群数量持续下降,校正虫口减退率不断上升,照射14 d后,有翅蚜和无翅蚜种群数量分别下降了78.18%和96.40%,校正虫口减退率分别达到了76.67%和96.40%。蓝光照射可以增加黄板对蚜虫的诱集虫量,蓝光照射3 d后,处理区黄板上蚜虫的数量较对照区黄板增加65.08%。研究发现,蓝光照射对黄瓜蚜虫具有直接的驱避作用,同时还可以增加黄板对蚜虫诱集作用。     

Plastic cup traps equipped with light-emitting diodes for monitoring adult Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae)

Equipping the standard plastic cup trap, also known as the CC trap, with lime-green light-emitting diodes (LED-plastic cup trap) increased its efficacy for catching Bemisia tabaci by 100%. Few Eretmocerus eremicus Rose and Zolnerowich and Encarsia formosa Gahan were caught in LED-plastic cup traps. The LED-plastic cup traps are less expensive than yellow sticky card traps for monitoring adult whiteflies in greenhouse crop production systems and are more compatible with whitefly parasitoids releases for Bemisia nymph control.     

6种颜色粘虫板对春季菜地昆虫的诱集效应

为筛选对春季蔬菜害虫具有较好诱集效果的粘虫板,促进蔬菜害虫绿色防控技术的研究与推广,采用红色、黄色、绿色、蓝色、白色和黑色6种颜色的市售粘虫板对菜地昆虫进行诱集试验.结果显示,粘虫板诱集的害虫以尖眼蕈蚊Bradysia minpleuroti、小菜蛾Plutella xylostella、端大蓟马Megalurothrips distalis和黄蓟马Thrips flavus为优势种;黄曲条跳甲Phyllotreta striolata、南美斑潜蝇Liriomyza huidobrensis、灰地种蝇Delia platura、棉蚜Aphis gossypii、小绿叶蝉Empoasca flavescens、菜粉蝶Pieris rapae为常见种.试验中蓝色粘虫板诱集的灰地种蝇的数量显著高于其它处理组(P<0.05);黄色粘虫板诱集的南美斑潜蝇、棉蚜、小绿叶蝉的数量显著高于其它处理组(P<0.05);蓝色和白色粘虫板诱集的端大蓟马、黄蓟马的数量显著高于其它处理组(P<0.05);蓝色粘虫板诱集到的尖眼蕈蚊的数量显著低于其它处理组(P<0.05).各种颜色粘虫板诱集昆虫的益害比较低,诱集益虫总数仅占诱集昆虫总数的1.64％,表明该时段使用粘虫板防治菜地害虫,对益虫伤害较小,对保护利用天敌昆虫具有重要意义.本研究结果为科学使用粘虫板防治菜地害虫提供理论依据.     

Yellow sticky trap catches of parasitoids of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in vegetable crops and their relationship to in-field populations

We examined the relationship of yellow sticky trap captures of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) biotype B parasitoids to the local population of parasitoids as measured by leaf samples of parasitized whiteflies and mass release of parasitoids. Traps were placed in experimental collard and cowpea field plots in Charleston, SC, and in commercial organic fields of spring cantaloupe and watermelon in the Imperial Valley, CA. The exotic parasitoid Eretmocerus emiratus Zolnerowich and Rose was released in Imperial Valley fields to ensure parasitoid populations would be present. Bemisia adults were trapped in the greatest numbers on the upper surface of horizontally oriented sticky traps in melon fields. In contrast, the lower trap surfaces consistently captured more Eretmocerus than upper surfaces. Female parasitoids were trapped in greater numbers than males, especially on the lower trap surfaces. Progeny of released exotic Eretmocerus greatly outnumbered native E. eremicus Rose and Zolnerowich and Encarsia spp. on traps. Throughout the season, the trend of increasing numbers of Eretmocerus on traps parallelled the increase in numbers of whiteflies. Over the season, 23-84% of all B. tabaci fourth instars were visibly parasitized by Eretmocerus. The numbers of Eretmocerus caught by traps in cantaloupe were similar in trend to numbers on leaf samples in melons, but not with those in watermelon, where whitefly populations were lower. Parasitoid numbers were low in collard and cowpea samples, and no trend was observed in numbers of parasitoids captured on traps and numbers on leaves for these two crops. Overall, there were no significant correlations between sticky trap catches of parasitoids and numbers of parasitized whiteflies on leaf samples in any test fields. Nevertheless, sticky traps placed within crops may be useful for observing trends in whitefly parasitoid populations at a particular site and for detecting parasitoids at specific locations.     

Use of CC traps with different trap base colors for silverleaf whiteflies (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae), thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), and leafhoppers (Homoptera: Cicadellidae)

During 1996, 1997, and 1999, studies were conducted in cotton, sugar beets, alfalfa, yardlong bean, and peanut fields to compare insect catches in CC traps equipped with different trap base colors. The studies were conducted in southwestern United States, China, and India. The nine colors, white, rum, red, yellow, lime green, spring green, woodland green (dark green), true blue, and black, varied in spectral reflectance in the visible (400-700 nm) and near-infrared (700-1050 nm) portions of spectrum. Lime green, yellow, and spring green were the three most attractive trap base colors for silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring, and leafhopper, Empoasca spp. adults. The three trap base colors were moderately high in the green, yellow, and orange spectral regions (490-600 nm), resembling the spectral reflectance curve of the abaxial (underleaf) surfaces of green cotton leaves. True blue and white were the most attractive trap base colors for western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), adults. The true blue and white trap bases were moderately high in the blue spectral region (400-480 nm).     

Improving the selectivity of water traps for monitoring populations of the cabbage root fly

Traps placed within brassica crops to monitor changes in cabbage root fly activity could be made more selective by painting black the inner wall of the standard fluorescent yellow water-traps. Traps could also be made more selective by covering them with cylinders of Netlon mesh, although this procedure reduces the numbers of cabbage root fly caught by about 70%. Of the single-coloured traps tested, those painted “marigold” yellow were the most selective in capturing female cabbage root flies. Although white and certain blue traps were as effective as the best yellow traps at capturing cabbage root flies, such traps should be avoided, as they catch 4–5 times as many of the closely-related bean seed fly. The presence of bean seed flies makes cabbage root fly identification more difficult and adds considerably to the time required to sort trap catches.     

Evaluation of yellow rectangle traps coated with hot melt pressure sensitive adhesive and sticky gel against Rhagoletis indifferens (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Sticky yellow rectangle traps have been used for many years to capture Rhagoletis (Diptera: Tephritidae) fruit flies. Traditional sticky yellow traps are coated with a sticky gel (SG) that can leave residues on the hands of users. An alternative to SG on traps are hot melt pressure sensitive adhesives (HMPSAs), which are less messy. The main objective here was to evaluate two rectangle traps of two yellow colors, the Alpha Scents Yellow Card coated with HMPSA (Alpha Scents, West Linn, OR), and the Pherocon AM trap coated with SG (Pherocon; Trécé, Adair, OK), for capturing western cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis indifferens Curran. Flies captured on both traps and held in the laboratory and field did not escape their surfaces. Flies caught on HMPSA were damaged when removed from traps without citrus solvent, whereas flies caught on SG could be removed intact without solvent. In field tests, Alpha Scents traps baited with an ammonium bicarbonate lure captured 1.4-2.2 times more R. indifferens than Pherocon traps baited with the same lure. Results of an experiment that eliminated differences in surface sticky material type, overall size, and surface sticky area between Alpha Scents and Pherocon traps suggested, although did not show conclusively, that more flies were caught on the Alpha Scents than Pherocon traps because of their different yellow color and/or lower fluorescence and not the HMPSA. Overall, the Alpha Scents trap is a viable alternative to the Pherocon trap for detecting R. indifferens.     

Attraction of stink bugs to rocket traps with different combinations of wing and landing board color

The stink bugs, Halyomorpha halys and Riptortus pedestris, are two of the most economically important pests of leguminous crops and fruits in Korea. Here we present the results from a field monitoring test that evaluated the effect of variation in rocket trap type and color on stink bugs captures. We tested various types of rocket traps, along with wing combinations and landing boards of various colors. The test was run in soybean fields in Miryang, Korea. We developed a modified rocket trap intended to enhance the capture efficacy of stink bugs. We evaluated traps including (1) yellow rocket trap with a solar fan and blue LED lamp, (2) a yellow trap with solar fan but no light, (3) rocket traps with black, green, yellow, white, red, brown, and blue color stimuli, (4) different color combinations of trap wings, and (5) traps with a landing board were evaluated. Our results showed that yellow winged rocket traps with solar fans and blue LED lamps attracted significantly more stink bug species than other traps, in both soybean fields. Use of these improved traps such as a yellow trap with a solar fan and blue LED lamp, and a yellow trap with a solar fan would therefore enhance the monitoring and capture of stink bugs in diversified agro-ecological landscapes. The potential use of traps with a specific hue, combination of features, and modifications to monitor stink bugs accurately is discussed. Continuing improvements to traps to meet the demands of a changing pest landscape and agricultural mechanization are needed.     

Migration, trapping and local dynamics of whiteflies (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae)

1 The ability to quantify whitefly migration provides a tool that can contribute to an improved understanding of the epidemic development of whitefly‐transmitted viruses. 2 In an attempt to develop a protocol for estimating whitefly immigration and emigration rates in an annual crop, new traps and sampling devices were tested in the field and models for population dynamics were developed. 3 An estimate of immigration rate was derived from the growth of a natural population of Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) in the beginning of a crop cycle before offspring of immigrants contributed to population growth. 4 A model for changes in whitefly density during an entire bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) crop cycle, including an immigration parameter, was also developed. 5 Non‐attractant window traps surrounding an annual field crop were assumed to intercept whiteflies immigrating into and emigrating away from the crop. Captures on these traps could not categorically be identified as immigrants or emigrants, but the cumulated captures nevertheless explained 66% of the variation in population density found within the field. Hence, window traps may be used as an efficient and reliable alternative to yellow sticky traps, aspirator methods and leaf‐turn methods, etc., for estimating whitefly densities in field crops.     

An evaluation of western bean cutworm pheromone trapping techniques (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in a corn and soybean agroecosystem

Pheromone traps can be used to monitor for adult western bean cutworms, Striacosta albicosta (Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), and for the timing of field scouting. Understanding the effect that different trapping techniques have on adult captures could help corn (Zea mays L.) producers make better pest management decisions. Several approaches to trapping adults were evaluated in 2005 and 2006 by using two different pheromone traps (sticky wing and jug traps) in two different environments (corn or corn/soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] at three different heights (0.6, 1.2, and 1.8 m). There was no significant difference in the trap catches by trap type in either 2005 or 2006. There were significantly more adults captured in traps placed between two cornfields than traps placed between corn/soybean fields during both years. Trap height also was significant, with the traps at 1.2 and 1.8 m catching more moths than traps at 0.6 m during both years. These results show that trapping techniques do affect trap catches and that either trap type placed between two cornfields at either 1.2 or 1.8 m above the ground will maximize trap catches.     

Field Evaluation of Different Wavelengths Light-Emitting Diodes as Attractants for Adult Aleurodicus dispersus Russell (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)

In recent years, light traps with light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have been widely used in integrated pest management. The spiralling whitefly, Aleurodicus dispersus Russell, a highly invasive pest which causes heavy damage to fruit trees and ornamental plants, exhibits positive phototaxis, and light trap is the most appropriate tool for monitoring. We evaluated the use of LEDs as an inexpensive light source and examined the relationship between the captured number and the population density of adult A. dispersus in the field. We found that the violet (405 nm) LED traps captured the most adults of A. dispersus, and the captured numbers were significantly higher than those of blue (460 nm), green (520 nm), yellow (570 nm), and red (650 nm) LED traps. The adults of A. dispersus captured by light traps equipped with violet LEDs and smeared with liquid paraffin had a significant positive correlation with the population density of adult A. dispersus in a guava orchard, with a correlation coefficient of 0.828. In general, the light traps with 15 violet LED bulbs hung into 550-mL plastic bottles and smeared with liquid paraffin were the portable devices for attraction of adult A. dispersus. The results have potential use for improving the efficiency of light traps at attracting and trapping the adult spiralling whitefly.