汤溪水库的富营养化现状研究

为了解汤溪水库的富营养化现状,于2000年丰水期和枯水期对该水库的水质和浮游生物分布进行了调查。结果表明,汤溪水库综合营养状态指数(TLI)在30～50之间,属中营养水平。浮游植物丰度为0.81×10⁶～6.57×10⁶cells·L^-1,丰水期高于枯水期。浮游植物以蓝藻、绿藻和硅藻为主,其优势种主要为水华微囊藻(Microcystis flos-aquae)、颗粒直链藻(Melosira granulata)、极小直链藻(Melosira minmum)和衣藻(Chlamydomonas sp.)等富营养化指示种。浮游动物丰度为43.25～812.2ind.·L^-1,其优势种也多为富营养化指示种,如:螺形龟甲轮虫(Keratella cochlearis)、角突臂尾轮虫(Brachionus angularis)、前节晶囊轮虫(Asplanchna priodonta)和广布中剑水蚤(Mesocyclops leuckarti)。与1984年相比,该水库由硅藻型变为蓝藻型,其营养水平与浮游植物丰度都显著增加。在2000年一次微囊藻水华发生时,水体表层浮游植物丰度高达11.97×10⁶cells·L^-1。     

汤溪水库富营养化特征与水质管理对策

通过2003年对广东省汤溪水库水生态学进行调查,分析了该水库的富营养化特征,并从流域管理和水动力学两个方面对水库水质管理对策进行了探讨。汤溪水库为中度富营养化水体,具有明显时空分布差异,丰水期富营养程度高于枯水期,溪头河流区高于新桥河流区。蓝藻是水库浮游植物的主要优势类群,其中引发水华的铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)为优势种。水库上游集水流域分布近30万居民,大量的生活排污和农业污染形成了主要的外源污染源,这些外源污染的输入是水库水体营养盐的主要来源;合理处理上游居民生活垃圾、减少生活污染中磷含量、增加流域和库区周围植被覆盖、合理使用农业化肥是降低水库表层水体中营养盐浓度的主要途径。由于该水库的蓝藻和富营养化水平直接与水体的稳定性有关,利用对水库排水的可控制性调节水库水体的稳定性,可作为控制蓝藻水华发生的有效途径。     

亚热带水库浮游植物群落季节变化及其影响因素分析--以汤溪水库为例

通过调查汤溪水库2003年水文、水质和浮游植物数据,分析了浮游植物群落季节变化的影响因素。结果表明,汤溪水库浮游植物丰度与群落结构具有明显季节变化。丰水期浮游植物丰度明显高于枯水期,并以7月份最高（〉10^4 cells ml^-1）。全年中,蓝藻（Cyanophyta）与硅藻（Bacillariophyta）比例变化较大,二者呈相反的变化趋势。1月份硅藻占较高比例（63.1％）,蓝藻较低（〈20％）;3、5、7月份蓝藻比例较高（分别为45．6％、55．9％、87．7％）,而硅藻较低（30．1％、25．9％、1．1％）;11月份硅藻与绿藻比例相当（各占40％）,蓝藻低于20％;12月份硅藻与蓝藻比例分别为25．6％与38．2％。3月份和丰水期浮游植物优势种主要为铜绿微囊藻（Microcystis aeruginosa）、假鱼腥藻（Pseudoanabaena）和线形粘杆藻（Gloeothece linearis）等蓝藻种类,枯水期的1月、11月和12月主要以曲壳藻类（Achnanthes）、模糊直链藻（Melosira ambigua）、颗粒直链藻（Melosira granulata）和梅尼小环藻（Cyclotella meneghiniana）等硅藻种类为优势种。枯水期营养盐可能对浮游植物生长彤成限制,但相关性分析表明,营养盐并不是汤溪水库浮游植物群落季节变化的主要影响凶素。汤溪水库全年水体较稳定,在全年范刚内水动力学对浮游植物群落季节变化没有明显影响,但丰水期5月份至7月份优势种的变化可能主要受水动力学的影响。水温与蓝藻丰度呈显著正相关,与硅藻呈显著负相关,表明水温可能是引起汤溪水库浮游植物群落季节变化的主要因素。     

洋河水库富营养化发展趋势及其关键影响因素

洋河水库作为秦皇岛和北戴河暑期办公的重要水源地,近年来富营养化逐年加重,水质恶化.通过收集历史资料和现场连续监测,综合分析了洋河水库富营养化发展趋势及其关键影响因素,结果表明1990-2011年期间,总氮、总磷常年超过国际公认的发生富营养化的浓度水平,每年8月是水华集中暴发期.以8月为例,自1990年以来,水体总氮、总磷和叶绿素a浓度逐年上升,透明度则呈明显下降趋势,富营养化状态从1990年的中营养状态变成2011年的超富营养状态.对2011年5-10月监测数据进行相关关系分析发现水温、透明度、溶解氧、pH值、总磷、正磷酸盐、高锰酸盐指数和总有机碳都与叶绿素a浓度明显相关,其中透明度、溶解氧、pH值是水华暴发的结果而非原因,表明透明度、溶解氧和pH值是水华暴发影响水质的主要表现因素;既然洋河水库地处北温带,四季分明,冬季存在2-3个月的冰封期,因此水温是水库水华暴发的驱动因子之一.2011年7月中旬至8月底洋河水库暴发了全库水域的蓝藻水华,优势种为铜绿微囊藻(Microystis aeruginosa)和鱼害微囊藻(M.ichthyoblabe),密度分别达到3.5×106和1.4×106个/mL.     

蓝藻水华对水产养殖业影响的研究进展

近些年蓝藻水华的大规模爆发是水产养殖业面临的一个重要问题。文章从蓝藻水华形成的原因、蓝藻水华对水产养殖业的危害、蓝藻水华的防治方法等方面进行了论述, 并比较了不同防治方法的优劣。结合我国水产养殖业的现状, 提出在水产养殖业中可以考虑将物理、化学、生物方法联用使蓝藻的浓度处在一个低水平的动态平衡, 从而有效防止蓝藻的过度繁殖。联用方法在蓝藻水华的防控工作中有着巨大的潜力, 若能深入挖掘其中相互作用的关系和机制, 并应用指导于实践, 将对水产养殖业以及水生环境保护做出贡献。     

环境因子对福建省山仔水库水华微囊藻生长的影响

研究光照、温度和磷酸盐对福建省山仔水库水华微囊藻[Microcystis flos-aquae (Wittr.) Kirchn.]SZ200307生长的影响.结果表明:随着光照强度的增加,水华微囊藻SZ200307的生长加快,但过强的光照强度反而抑制其生长,最适光照强度为4 000～4 500 lx;20℃～30℃,水华微囊藻SZ200307有较高的比增殖率,30℃最适合其生长;当磷的浓度较低而其他条件不变时,添加外源性磷,水华微囊藻SZ200307增长迅速;当磷浓度高于0.258 mg*L-1,磷元素不再是其增长的限制性因子,温度、光照等其他环境因子将限制其增殖.     

水华的发生、危害和防治

简要论述了淡水水体富营养化、水华的含义、水华发生的原因和危害,并对富营养化和水华的各种防治措施进行了介绍。     

云南漫湾水库甲藻水华生态初步研究

漫湾水电站建于1993年,库区位于云南省澜沧江中游河段,库区山高谷深,属典型峡谷河道型水库。漫湾水电站不但在云南社会经济发展中有十分重要的作用,而且对澜沧江今后梯级电站及其他大型水电工程,都有典型的示范作用。2003年2月中旬,漫湾水库距坝30km库区范围内发生铁锈红色水华,水华呈条带状,经鉴定为甲藻水华,该水华持续时间近一个月,在此之前该水库并未有水华发生的报道。       

贵州洪家渡水库水体不同形态汞的分布特征

通过分析贵州省乌江流域新建的洪家渡水库水体不同形态汞的浓度,探讨了水库水体各形态汞的分布特征,旨在进一步弄清新修建的水库水体汞的甲基化过程.结果表明,洪家渡水库总汞(THg)浓度变化范围在0.32～6.75 ng·L-1;溶解态汞(DHg)浓度变化范围在0.23～2.27 ng·L-1;颗粒态(PHg)汞浓度变化范围在0.03～4.51 ng·L-1;总甲基汞(TMeHg)浓度变化范围在0.04～0.18 ng·L-1;溶解态甲基汞(DMeHg)浓度变化范围在0.02～0.08 ng·L-1;颗粒态甲基汞(PMeHg)浓度变化范围在0.01～0.13 ng·L-1.洪家渡水库水体不同形态汞存在着季节性变化,水体THg、DHg和PHg的季节变化表现为夏、秋季大于春、冬季;水体TMeHg、DMeHg和PMeHg的季节变化表现为春、夏季大于秋、冬季.在空间上,水体甲基汞含量从表层到底层表现无规律性的增加趋势,从上游到下游的浓度也无明显的变化,与北美欧洲新建水库水体甲基汞浓度(0.01～6.6 ng·L-1)进行比较,发现洪家渡水库水体甲基汞浓度明显偏低,以上结果说明洪家渡水库水体没有显著的汞甲基化作用,这与乌江流域淹没土壤的贫瘠、有机质含量偏低有关.     

氮、磷对水华发生的影响

简要介绍了水华的发生与氮、磷元素的关系,包括总氮、总磷的浓度、氮与磷的比值、以及氮、磷在水体中的存在形态等。同时提及水华发生是一个复杂的过程,只有经过多学科配合,进行多因子及其相互作用的综合性研究,才能真正揭示水华发生的杌理。     

横岗水库后生浮游动物群落特征

横岗水库位于广东省东莞市,是一个富营养化水体,于2005年5月和11月对该水库后生浮游动物进行采样。该水库浮游动物具有种类少、丰度低的特点,在组成上以轮虫为主。两次采样共检到25种,其中枝角类4种,成体桡足类4种,轮虫17种。5月份,共检到15种,11月份有所增加,为20种。轮虫是主要的优势类群,5月份和11月份轮虫的平均相对丰度分别为82.8%和78.8%,以裂足臂尾轮虫、萼花臂尾轮虫和前节晶囊轮虫为主要优势种。其次是桡足类,5月份和11月份平均相对丰度分别为16.6%和19.9%,以无节幼体和桡足幼体为主,成体以舌状叶镖水蚤为优势种。枝角类相对丰度最低,5月份和11月份平均相对丰度分别仅0.6%和1.3%,以微型裸腹溞为优势种类·浮蝣动物的组成、丰度和生物量均存在时间和空间上的异质性。5月份浮游动物平均丰度为242.6ind.·L^-1,平均生物量为0.912mg·L^-1,11月份浮游动物平均丰度为138.5ind.·L^-1,平均生物量为0.317mg·L^-1。从河流区到大坝区,浮游动物的丰度和生物量呈下降趋势,体现了水库中由水文和水动力学调节的浮游生物分布空间异质性。横岗水库中大个体的前节晶囊轮虫丰度较高,致使浮游动物生物量要高于浮游动物丰度相当的热带富营养化湖泊-星湖,但无论是生物量还是丰度要远低于温带富营养化湖泊。     

Occurrence and toxicity of an Anabaena bloom in a tropical reservoir (Southeast Brazil)

Potentially toxic cyanobacterial blooms are becoming common in the Brazilian reservoirs in all regions of the country. During October 2004, a dense bloom of cyanobacteria occurred in the Monjolinho Reservoir (São Carlos, São Paulo State, Brazil) and a significant amount of cyanobacterial material accumulated on the water surface. Phytoplankton analysis showed that the main species in this bloom were Anabaena circinalis and Anabaena spiroides. Cladoceran (Ceriodaphnia dubia and Ceriodaphnia silvestrii) and mouse bioassays were performed to detect toxic products in extracts of the natural samples collected at the three different dates during in short period. To prepare the extracts, freeze-dried cells were dispersed in distilled water and subjected to repeated freeze/thaw cycles and sonication and centrifuging processes. Crude extracts were toxic both to cladocerans (LC₅₀ 94–406 mg freeze-dried cells L⁻¹) and mice (indicative LD₅₀ 297–445 mg freeze-dried cells kg⁻¹) and the toxicity of the bloom increased for cladocerans during the occurrence of the bloom. Toxin analysis by ELISA revealed that microcystin (MC) was found in the water of the reservoir (concentrations ranging from 28 to 45 μg L⁻¹). In addition, microcystin was also found in freeze-dried cyanobacteria cells with concentrations ranging from 138 to 223 μg g⁻¹. On the other hand, neurotoxins (saxitoxin and gonyautoxin) were not detected in any of the natural samples by HPLC. Signs of toxicity in mice did not indicate whether the bloom samples were predominantly hepatotoxic or neurotoxic. It is known that natural Anabaena blooms can contain other toxic compounds besides microcystins and neurotoxins such as lipopolysaccharides or other toxins not identified or known. Methods of detecting cyanotoxins used in this study were insufficient to clarify the toxicological features of Anabaena bloom and indicated that other methods should be investigated.     

三峡水库香溪河库湾夏季藻类水华的时空动态及其影响因素

2008年6-8月,三峡水库香溪河库湾相继暴发蓝藻和绿藻水华.依据香溪河库湾夏季的每周监测,对研究区2次水华分别进行聚类和判别分析,研究了2次水华的时空动态及其影响因素.结果表明：研究区2次水华过程均可划分为无水华组、过渡组和水华组;2次水华的暴发对可溶性硅(DSi)、硝态氮与亚硝态氮(NO₃--N+NO₂^--N)和磷酸盐(PO₄^3--P)3种营养盐的吸收程度不同;蓝藻水华暴发期间的DSi、总氮/总磷(TN/TP)、DSi/TN和DSi/TP值均低于绿藻水华;判别蓝藻水华暴发的参数为叶绿素a(Chl a)、TN和PO₄^3--P,而Chl a和DSi则是绿藻水华暴发的判别因子,将2次水华过程划分为水华组和无水华组的判别效果更好;判断蓝藻和绿藻水华暴发的叶绿素a临界浓度分别为40和20 μg·L^-1.     

黄龙带水库甲藻水华的脂肪酸组成特征

浮游植物是水体颗粒物中最重要的组成,同时也是生态系统中物质和能量传递的重要物质基础。脂肪酸是浮游植物细胞内一种重要的生理构件,并具有重要和特殊的生理功能。由于不同浮游植物所含的颗粒脂肪酸不同,因此自然水体中的颗粒脂肪酸种类和数量的组成与变化反映了水体中浮游植物的群落结构及演替过程。在水体富营养化过程中,浮游植物的组成也随之变化,因此研究水体中颗粒脂肪酸的浓度和组成结构可以直接反映水体的富营养化水平和特征的生化指标,也能有利于掌握不同类型浮游植物水华的发生机制。2005年4月,在中国广东一座处于北回归线中营养型水平的水库-黄龙带水库中发生了二角多甲藻水华,本研究主要研究了此次水华过程中的浮游植物群落结构的变化、水体中颗粒物的脂肪酸组成和浓度的变化,探讨了热带亚热带地区二角多甲藻水华过程中浮游植物群落与脂肪酸组成特征、脂肪酸组成特征与水体营养状态之间的关系。结果表明:黄龙带水库为中富营养水平水库,此次共鉴定出藻类28种,二角多甲藻(Peridinium bipes Stein)是这次水华的优势种。其生物量变化为0～5138μg·L^-1。在水华高峰期二角多甲藻生物量占总生物量的80%以上,水华消退期占30%以下。硅藻生物量在水华高峰期有下降趋势,水华消失期有上升趋势;蓝藻的增长趋势更加明显,绿藻在整个过程中生物量较低,波动不大。水华过程中脂肪酸的种类丰富,浓度很高。共检测出脂肪酸21种,包括各种饱和脂肪酸(SFA),单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)和多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA),含量变化为0～74.593μg·L^-1。在水华高峰期,偶碳数饱和脂肪酸占有非常明显的优势,而奇碳数脂肪酸相对浓度较少,总脂肪酸浓度为85.5～192.2μg·L^-1。与水华高峰期相比,水华消退期的总脂肪酸浓度仅有16.5～45.5μg·L^-1。水华消退期饱和脂肪酸的相对丰度要高于水华高峰期,而多不饱和脂肪酸的相对丰度则相反。C18:5和EPA、DHA等甲藻标志脂肪酸的检出频率和浓度较高,颗粒物脂肪酸特征较好地反映了甲藻水华过程浮游植物群落结构的变化;并为淡水甲藻脂肪酸的研究提供一些基础资料。     

Copepod grazing in a summer cyanobacteria bloom in the Gulf of Finland

Blooms of the cyanobacteria Nodularia spumigena and Aphanizomenon flos-aquae dominated the phytoplankton assemblages of the western Gulf of Finland and the eastern side of the northern Baltic Sea in late July–August, 1992. The bloom overlapped the peak seasonal contributions of the dominant mesozooplankton herbivores in the region, the copepods Acartia bifilosa and Eurytemora affinis and the cladoceran Bosmina longispina maritima. Using radio-labelling techniques; the copepods were offered one of the cyanobacteria, Nodularia, as well as the 10–54 µm fraction of the natural phytoplankton assemblage. In general, incorporation rates of the labelled phytoplankton into the copepods declined with increasing contributions of the cyanobacteria. For both copepods, incorporation was inversely related to total phytoplankton biomass, whether measured as chlorophyll, total cells or cyanobacteria biomass. The very low rates for Acartia (< 0.8 µl [copepod h]^–1) indicated that this copepod was likely starving in the cyanobacteria bloom, consistent with the generally poor condition of the animal observed in the laboratory. The other major mesozooplanktor, B. longispina maritima, ingested substantially more cyanobacterial biomass than the two copepods, based on HPLC-identified cyanobacteria-specific pigment echinenone in the gut. Bloom carbon provided < 1% and < 4% of the daily rations for Acartia and Eurytemora, respectively. Total copepod demand in the cyanobacteria blooms was trivial, < 1% of bloom biomass consumed daily. These results suggest that copepod herbivory is relatively unimportant in dissipating summer cyanobacteria blooms in the Gulf of Finland.     

Observation of anoxic water mass in a tropical reservoir: the Cirata Reservoir in Java,Indonesia

We conducted a transect survey of water quality and bottom sediments in a large tropical reservoir, the Cirata Reservoir, located on the Citarum River, West Java, Indonesia. In the main basin of this reservoir, the surface water contained high concentrations of chlorophyll a, up to 48 μg l⁻¹, and most of the water body was occupied by thick anoxic water. The thickness of the surface oxygenated water was only 5–7 m, whereas that of the anoxic water mass was more than 70 m. The concentrations of phosphate and ammonia were quite high in the anoxic hypolimnion. The reasons for the formation of the huge anoxic water mass include the oligomictic status of circulation, a relatively weak mixing caused by topography, high hypolimnion temperature, and high loads of organic matter. The carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratios and the carbon stable isotope ratios of sediments indicated that the major source of organic carbon in the sediments was algal production in the reservoir and fish culture activity. The mechanism of eutrophication in the reservoir is also discussed.     

大型热带水库-松涛水库枯水期浮游植物群落特征

松涛水库是一个大型热带水库,分为两个主要水域:番加洋和南丰洋,2003年12月对该水库的这两个水域的浮游植物进行采样,共发现7门65种藻类。松涛水库番加洋库区水体的浮游植物总细胞密度为1.08×10⁶cells·L^-1,主要种类组成为蓝藻(Cyanophyta)-绿藻(Chlorophyta)型。松涛水库南丰洋库区水体的浮游植物群落为细胞密度为1.14×10⁶cells·L^-1,主要种类组成为绿藻(Chlorophyta)-硅藻(diatom)型。松涛水库库区水体总体已为避-富营养,其中富营养型浮游植物指示种类有:铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa Kütz.),针状蓝纤维藻(Dactylococcopsis acicularis),镰形纤维藻(Ankistrodesmus falcatus),小环藻(Cyclotella menighiniana),模糊直链藻(Melosira spp.)等。与亚热带和温带的水库比较,处于热带地区的松涛水库浮游植物,在湖泊区微囊藻等适应高温高光强的种类具有更高的细胞密度。松涛水库河流区最主要的优势种是硅藻门的针杆藻。     

Analysis of cyanobacteria bloom in the Waihai part of Dianchi Lake,China

Blue-green algae (BGA) bloom is a typical phenomenon in eutrophied lakes. However, up to now, no environmental mechanism has been commonly accepted. Systematic and complete data sets of BGA blooms and environmental factors without any missing data are rare, which seriously affected previous studies. In this study, a bootstrapping based multiple imputation algorithm (EMB) was first applied to reconstruct a complete data set from the available data set with missing data, hence forming a basis for quantitatively relating BGA bloom to contributing factors. Then, the probability of BGA bloom outbreak was simulated using a binomial (or binary) logistic regression model, which is an effective tool for recognizing key contributing factors. The results suggest that 1) the outbreak frequency or probability of BGA bloom tends to first increase and then decrease with a turning point between June and September each year; 2) air temperature, relative humidity, and precipitation were significant positive factors correlated with outbreak frequency, whereas wind speed and the number of sunshine hours were negative factors; 3) water temperature had a strong positive effect on the probability of BGA bloom outbreak, whereas other water quality factors, such as concentrations of organics and nutrients, were not so significant. However, water quality factors, such as NO₃–N, SD, pH, NH₄–N, COD and DO, still need to be concerned, which had a potential to aggravate the outbreak of BGA bloom in Dianchi Lake, if they were out of control.     

The zooplankton of a small tropical reservoir (Solomon Dam,North Queensland)

This paper examines seasonal changes in the density and taxonomic composition of the zooplankton of a small tropical impoundment, in relation to factors of water temperature, food supply and reservoir flushing. The response of the zooplankton to management techniques designed to regulate the density of cyanobacteria in the dam are also considered. Cyclopoid copepods were the dominant zooplankters, although Cladocera became much more significant following the introduction of measures to control cyanobacteria. Planktonic Rotifera were a diverse but generally unimportant fraction of the total biomass, except following seasonal or management induced environmental perturbations, when the Rotifera often recovered most rapidly.