DOPE、DOPC对重组去脂肌质网Ca~(2+)-ATPase活力和构象的影响

经磷脂酶Ａ２ 去脂的肌质网Ｃａ２ ＋ － ＡＴＰａｓｅ 重组于不同比例的二油酰磷脂酰胆碱（Ｄｉｏｌｅｏｙｌｐｈｏｐｈａｔｉｄｙｌｃｈｏｌｉｎｅ,ＤＯＰＣ） 和二油酰磷脂酰乙醇胺（Ｄｉｏｌｅｏｙｌｐｈｏｐｈａｔｉｄｙｌｅｔｈａｎｏｌａｍｉｎｅ,ＤＯＰＥ） 形成脂酶体,研究了不同磷脂环境中Ｃａ２ ＋ － ＡＴＰａｓｅ 的ＡＴＰ 水解和Ｃａ２ ＋ 转运活力。结果表明,ＤＯＰＣ 和ＤＯＰＥ 分别有利于ＡＴＰ 水解和Ｃａ２ ＋ 的转运,ＤＯＰＥ 可以增强Ｃａ２ ＋ － ＡＴＰａｓｅ 的ＡＴＰ水解和Ｃａ２ ＋ 转运之间的偶联效率。利用内源荧光、荧光淬灭及Ｆｏｒｓｔｅｒ 能量转移原理测定Ｃａ２ ＋ －ＡＴＰａｓｅ 相应的构象变化, 发现随着ＤＯＰＥ／ ＤＯＰＣ 比例的改变使Ｃａ２ ＋ － ＡＴＰａｓｅ 构象发生相应的变化。     

细胞凋亡中的关键蛋白酶—Caspase—3

在哺乳动物细胞凋亡执行阶段起重作用的一系列半胱氨酸蛋白酶基因相继被克隆。Ｃａｓｐａｓｅ－３（又称ＣＰＰ３２,Ｙａｍａ,ａｐｏｐａｉｎ）被认为是各种凋亡刺激因子激活的ｃａｓｐａｓｅ家族中的关键蛋白酶,活性ｃａｓｐａｓｅ－３可作用于一些其他ｃａｓｐａｓｅ成员,并降解凋亡细胞中的某些蛋白质。Ｃａｓｅｐａｓｅ－３抑制物是细胞凋亡抑制剂,有希望成为治疗因细胞过度死亡所致相关疾病的重要分子。     

毛细血管扩张性共济失调突变蛋白在细胞凋亡过程中被Caspase┐3降解

新近的研究揭示：ｃａｓｐａｓｅ蛋白酶在细胞凋亡中起着死亡执行者的重要功能．一些蛋白相继被证明在细胞凋亡中可被ｃａｓｐａｓｅ特异切割,其中参与ＤＮＡ损伤修复过程的聚ＡＤＰ核糖聚合酶（ＰＡＲＰ）以及ＤＮＡ依赖的蛋白激酶（ＤＮＡ－ＰＫ）,在细胞凋亡过程中被ｃａｓｐａｓｅ选择性切割具有特殊的功能意义．为探索与ＤＮＡ－ＰＫ催化亚基有较高同源性,含有ｃａｓｐａｓｅ切割位点,且功能上目前也被认为是感受ＤＮＡ损伤和参与信号传导途径的ＡＴＭ（Ａｔａｘｉａｔｅｌａｎｇ－ｉｅｃｔａｓｉａｍｕｔａｔｅｄ）蛋白,是否在凋亡过程中也可被切割而降解？应用体外转录与翻译系统获得ＡＴＭ蛋白的ＰＩ３Ｋ结构域,同时通过建立无细胞反应体系获得含ｃａｓｐａｓｅ活性的细胞抽提液,将两者在体外共同保温．结果发现：ＡＴＭ蛋白与ｃａｓｐａｓｅ－３能免疫共沉淀,ＡＴＭ蛋白的ＰＩ３Ｋ结构域可被ｃａｓｐａｓｅ－３特异切割,并观察到辐射诱发细胞调亡中ＡＴＭ蛋白的降解．从而进一步证实了ＤＮＡ损伤修复的抑制,促进细胞凋亡的发生．     

FasL—Fas／APO—1（CD95）系统

Ｆａｓ配体（ＦａｓＬ）与Ｆａｓ受体（Ｆａｓ,即ＡＰＯ－１,又称ＣＤ９５）分别属于肿瘤坏死因子（ＴＮＦ）及ＴＮＦ受体（ＴＮＦＲ）家族,以膜分子或可溶性分子形式存在于哺乳类机体内。ＦａｓＬ或Ｆａｓ单克隆抗体（ＦａｓｍＡｂ）与Ｆａｓ结合可引起Ｆａｓ了性反应细胞的功能增强,继而出现程序性细胞死亡（ＰＣＤ）。ＦａｓＬ与Ｆａｓ相互作用及其所介导的信息途径是目前ＰＣＤ研究的重要内容之一。     

稀土离子对CaM及Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase活力及CD研究

研究了稀土离子（Ｌｎ３＋）对钙调蛋白（ＣａＭ）调控的Ｃａ２＋－Ｍｇ２＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ的活力影响。结果表明,在ＣａＭ和Ｃａ２＋－Ｍｇ２＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ的体系中,一些Ｌｎ３＋（Ｌａ３＋、Ｇｄ３＋）对由ＣａＭ调节的Ｃａ２＋－Ｍｇ２＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ的活力影响呈现双相效应,即Ｌｎ３＋在低浓度时,能提高激活Ｃａ２＋－Ｍｇ２＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ的水解活力;在高浓度时,则抑制ＣａＭ调节Ｃａ２＋－Ｍｇ２＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ活力的能力;少数Ｌｎ３＋（Ｓｍ３＋）仅表现出抑制效应。在无ＣａＭ的Ｃａ２＋－Ｍｇ２＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ体系中,高浓度的Ｌｎ３＋抑制Ｃａ２＋－Ｍｇ２＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ的基础活力。结合圆二色（ＣＤ）谱信息对Ｌｎ３＋和ＣａＭ相互作用的分子机制进行了初步的探讨。     

JNK／SAPK信号传递途径与细胞应激反应

ｃ－ＪｕｎＮＨ２－末端激酶（ＪＮＫ）又称为应激活化蛋白激酶（ＳＡＰＫ）,是有丝分裂原活化蛋白激酶（ＭＡＰＫ）家族成员之一。大量研究证实,ＪＮＫ／ＳＡＰＫ信号传递途径在细胞应激反应中起重要作用。ＪＮＫ／ＳＡＰＫ信号传递途径的激活促进细胞凋亡发生,其机制与诱导ＦａｓＬ表达、调控凋亡相关基因差异表达和改变细胞内Ｃａ＾２＋环境与激活ｃａｓｐａｓｅｓ家族在关。在某些情况下,ＪＮＫ／ＳＡＰＫ信号传递途径的激活     

低氧、血管紧张素Ⅱ对肺内小动脉平滑肌细胞膜Ca2 ┐ATPase活力的影响

本课题观察了低氧及血管紧张素Ⅱ（ａｎｇｉｏｔｅｎｓｉｎⅡ,ＡｎｇⅡ）对分离培养家兔肺内小动脉平滑肌细胞（ＰＡＳＭ－Ｃｓ）膜Ｃａ２＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ活力的影响,同时用钙通道阻断剂维拉帕米（ｖｅｒａｐａｍｉｌ,ＶＰ）进行干预,进一步了解细胞内钙与Ｃａ２＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ活力的关系。结果表明：ＰＡＳＭＣｓ膜Ｃａ２＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ活力对低氧具有短暂的耐受性,随低氧时间延长,Ｃａ２＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ活力呈时间依赖性抑制;低氧、ＡＮＧⅡ均能抑制Ｃａ２＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ活力（Ｐ＜０．０１）低氧＋ＡⅡ对Ｃａ２＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ活力的抑制具叠加效应（Ｐ＜０．０５）;ＶＰ可逆转低氧、ＡｎｇⅡ、低氧＋ＡｎｇⅡ对Ｃａ２＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ活力的抑制（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结果提示：低氧,ＡＮＧⅡ可通过抑制肺血管平滑肌细胞膜Ｃａ２＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ活力而可能削弱肺血管平滑肌舒张功能也可能是低氧性肺动脉高压（ＨＰＨ）形成的原因之一。     

Bcl——2基因表达对TNF及OA诱发的细胞编程死亡的不同效应

用ＴＮＦ和ＯＡ（Ｏｋａｄａｉｃａｃｉｄ）诱发人神经母细胞瘤ＳＫ细胞死亡,并证明细胞死亡为编程死亡（ＰｒｏｇｒｍｍｅｄＣｅｌｌＤｅａｔｈ,简称ＰＣＤ）。将编码Ｂｃｌ－２全长蛋白的ｃＤＮＡ植入ＰＪＸ４１ｎｅｏ载体中,使其表达由ＨＣＭＶ病毒起动子控制。形成的顺义（ｐＢｃｌ－２－Ｓ）及反义（ｐＢｃｌ－２－ＡＳ）表达质粒经转染导入ＳＫ细胞中获得稳定转染子。Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎ印迹表明顺义转染子表达大量的２６ｋｄＢｃｌ－２蛋白,而反义转染子则不表达。增强表达的Ｂｃｌ－２蛋白能抑制由ＴＮＦ引发的ＰＣＤ,但不影响ＯＡ引发的ＰＣＤ,从而证明了Ｂｃｌ－２基因产物抗细胞死亡效应的特异性。     

细胞粘附介导的信号分子——粘着斑激酶研究进展

粘着斑激酶（ｆｏｃａｌａｄｈｅｓｉｏｎｋｉｎａｓｅ,ＦＡＫ）是整合蛋白介导的信号转导中的重要成员,有酪氨酸蛋白激酶活性,并可自身磷酸化;具有类似ＦＡＫ作用的ＦＡＫ家族新成员不断发现。新近发现ＦＡＫ可抑制细胞凋亡,ＦＡＫ本身是胱冬肽酶（ｃａｓｐａｓｅ）的底物。作为信号分子的ＦＡＫ,还与细胞内其他信号转导通路存在串话（ｃｒｏｓｔａｌｋ）,直接参与了细胞多种功能的调节。     

五种酶组织化学方洁显示大鼠海马微血管的比较

本文对１０例成年Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠海马,应用过氧化物酶二氨基联苯胺（ＤＡＢ）法、碱性磷酸酶（ＡＩＰ）、镁离子激活的三磷酸腺苷酶（Ｍｇ（２＋）－ＡＴＰａｓｅ）、钙离子激活的三磷酸腺昔酶（Ｃａ（２＋）－ＡＴＰａｓｅ）和５’－核苷酸酶（５’－Ｎａｓｅ）等酶组织化学方法显示其微血管,并应用体视学方法测算,比较上述方法显示微血管的效果,结果表明：ＤＡＢ法显示微血管的效果最好,ＡＩＰ法次之,Ｍｇ（２＋）－ＡＴ－Ｐａｓｅ法再次之。大鼠海马微血管Ｃａ（２＋）－ＡＴＰａｓｅ呈弱阳性,５‘－Ｎａｓｅ呈阴性。ＤＡＢ法和Ｍｇ（２＋）－ＡＴＰａｓｅ法分别适宜作微血管长度密度和血管直径的定量分析。     

植物细胞程序性死亡中的类caspases 蛋白酶

细胞程序性死亡对于植物的正常生长发育及病理过程具有十分重要的生物学意义。现有的实验证据表明, 细胞程序性死亡在动物和植物中有许多相似之处, 但也各有特点。在植物中, VPEs、metacaspases和saspases 等酶类在细胞程序 性死亡过程中发挥了关键性作用。该文详细比较了动、植物细胞程序性死亡的差异, 并阐述了VPEs 、metacas pases 和saspases三种类caspases蛋白酶在植物程序性细胞死亡中所起的作用。     

植物细胞程序性死亡中的类caspases蛋白酶

细胞程序性死亡对于植物的正常生长发育及病理过程具有十分重要的生物学意义。现有的实验证据表明,细胞程序性死亡在动物和植物中有许多相似之处,但也各有特点。在植物中,VPEs、metacaspases和saspases等酶类在细胞程序性死亡过程中发挥了关键性作用。该文详细比较了动、植物细胞程序性死亡的差异,并阐述TVPEs、metacaspases和saspases三种类caspases蛋白酶在植物程序性细胞死亡中所起的作用。     

细胞凋亡中的Caspase家族

保守的Asp特异性半胱氨酸蛋白酶(Caspase)家族是哺乳动物细胞中程序性死亡(PCD)的介导者和执行者. 原凋亡信号首先活化不同的Caspase启始因子,再由启始因子激活级联下游的Caspase效应分子,最终由效应分子特异地水解细胞中的一系列底物而导致细胞解体.Caspase家族是整个PCD过程的关键元件,它们通过与众多蛋白质(激活因子或抑制因子)的相互作用来调控细胞的生死存亡.     

VPEgamma exhibits a caspase-like activity that contributes to defense against pathogens

BACKGROUND: Caspases are a family of aspartate-specific cysteine proteases that play an essential role in initiating and executing programmed cell death (PCD) in metazoans. Caspase-like activities have been shown to be required for the initiation of PCD in plants, but the genes encoding those activities have not been identified. VPEgamma, a cysteine protease, is induced during senescence, a form of PCD in plants, and is localized in precursor protease vesicles and vacuoles, compartments associated with PCD processes in plants. RESULTS: We show that VPEgamma binds in vivo to a general caspase inhibitor and to caspase-1-specific inhibitors, which block the activity of VPEgamma. A cysteine protease inhibitor, cystatin, accumulates to 20-fold higher levels in vpegamma mutants. Homologs of cystatin are known to suppress hypersensitive cell death in plant and animal systems. We also report that infection with an avirulent strain of Pseudomonas syringae results in an increase of caspase-1 activity, and this increase is partially suppressed in vpegamma mutants. Plants overexpressing VPEgamma exhibit a greater amount of ion leakage during infection with P. syringae, suggesting that VPEgamma may regulate cell death progression during plant-pathogen interaction. VPEgamma expression is induced after infection with P. syringae, Botrytis cinerea, and turnip mosaic virus, and knockout of VPEgamma results in increased susceptibility to these pathogens. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that VPEgamma is a caspase-like enzyme that has been recruited in plants to regulate vacuole-mediated cell dismantling during cell death, a process that has significant influence in the outcome of a diverse set of plant-pathogen interactions.     

植物Metacaspase研究进展

过敏性坏死反应是植物的一种重要的抗病机制, 类似于动物细胞凋亡, 它是一种程序性细胞死亡(programmed cell death, PCD)过程。目前, 已经确定半胱天冬蛋白酶(caspase)在动物PCD过程中起核心作用。在植物中, 尚未发现其直系同源蛋白, 但是有一类与其结构相似的蛋白酶, 称为metacaspase。在植物不同的PCD过程中, 有的依赖于metacaspase, 而有的则不依赖于该类蛋白酶。目前对metacaspase的结构和功能已有了初步的研究, 对其深入的研究则进展缓慢, 其具体的生物学功能和在PCD信号路径中的定位有待进一步探索。     

Regulating the reapers: activating metacaspases for programmed cell death

Research during the past two decades has revealed that specialized cysteine proteases act as conserved initiators or executioners for programmed cell death (PCD) in eukaryotes. Caspases were first identified as common regulators of PCD in metazoans, whereas the role of metacaspases (MCs) as regulators of cellular suicide in plants has only been shown genetically in the past several years. Together with recent biochemical and molecular characterizations of some of the representative MCs from different model systems, multiple mechanisms that can mediate the post-translational regulation of these proteases are beginning to emerge. Further elucidation of these regulatory pathways and definition of the downstream degradomes targeted by MCs should lead to a better understanding of cell death control in plants, protozoans, and fungi.     

Identification of a Drosophila melanogaster ICE/CED-3-related protease, drICE.

Cysteine proteases of the ICE/CED-3 family (caspases) are required for the execution of programmed cell death (PCD) in a wide range of multicellular organisms. Caspases are implicated in the execution of apoptosis in Drosophila melanogaster by the observation that expression of baculovirus p35, a caspase inhibitor, blocks cell death in vivo in Drosophila. We report here the identification and characterization of drICE, a D. melanogaster caspase. We show that overexpression of drICE sensitizes Drosophila cells to apoptotic stimuli and that expression of an N-terminally truncated form of drICE rapidly induces apoptosis in Drosophila cells. Induction of apoptosis by rpr overexpression or by cycloheximide or etoposide treatment of Drosophila cells results in proteolytic processing of drICE. We further show that drICE is a cysteine protease that cleaves baculovirus p35 and Drosophila lamin DmO in vitro and that drICE is expressed at all the stages of Drosophila development at which PCD can be induced. Taken together, these results strongly argue that drICE is an apoptotic caspase that acts downstream of rpr. drICE is therefore the first unequivocal link between the molecular machinery of Drosophila cell death and the conserved machinery of Caenorhabditis elegans and vertebrates. Identification of drICE should facilitate the elucidation of upstream regulators and downstream targets of caspases by genetic screening.     

Minor lymphocyte stimulatory antigen-bearing stimulator cells require lipopolysaccharide activation to induce programmed cell death in T cell hybridomas.

T cell hybridomas respond to conventional peptide Ag associated with self major histocompatibility restriction elements, as well as to alloantigens, activating lectins, and stimulatory forms of mAb by producing lymphokines and undergoing programmed cell death (PCD). We show here that the level of PCD and IL-2 production correlate well in responses to CD3 or allostimulation. The response to minor lymphocyte-stimulatory (Mls) Ag, members of the family of endogenous superantigens, however, are marked by divergence in the levels of the PCD and lymphokine responses. Specifically, PCD in response to Mls activation is achieved poorly despite vigorous IL-2 production. B lymphoma cell stimulators induced PCD in alloreactive T cell hybridomas but not in Mls-reactive T cell hybridomas. This suggests that the absence of PCD in the Mls response is a function of superantigen recognition rather than the stimulator cell type. LPS-preactivated Mls+ stimulators, either splenic B or B lymphoma cells, are shown to trigger PCD in the T cell hybridomas. These results imply that T cell interaction with Mls presented by untreated stimulator cells is not sufficient for induction of PCD and thus is distinct from interactions with conventional Ag.     

植物细胞程序死亡的机理及其与发育的关系

细胞程序死亡（PCD）是在植物体发育过程中普遍存在的,在发育的特定阶段发生的自然的细胞死亡过程,这一死亡过程是由某些特定基因编码的“死亡程序”控制的。PCD是细胞分化的最后阶段。细胞分化的临界期就处于死亡程序执行中的某个阶段。PCD包含启动期、效应期和清除期三个阶段,其间caspase家族起着重要作用。PCD在细胞和组织的平衡、特化,以及组织分化、器官建成和对病原体的反应等植物发育过程中起着重要作用。PCD中的形态学变化和生物化学变化都有着严格的时序性。植物的PCD和动物的PCD有许多共性,包括细胞形态和DNA降解等变化。也有一些不同,植物PCD的产物既可被其它细胞吸收利用;也可用于构建自身的次生细胞壁。