铁对小麦吸收不同形态镉的影响

采用营养液培养方法,研究了在供铁与铁与缺铁条件下小麦对不同镉化合物和镉污染土壤中镉的吸收和转移,同时不他陪伴阴离子对小麦吸收镉的影响。结果表明：缺铁培养小麦植株地上部及根中的含镉量均显著高于下沉供铁培养的小麦,小麦对小同化合物的吸收量不同,其吸收的多寡顺序依次为：Ｃｄ（ＮＯ３）２〉ＣｄＳＯ４〉ＣｄＯ。     

根表铁锰氧化物胶膜对不同品种水稻吸镉的影响

采用土培方法,研究了不同品种水稻吸镉的差异及其与根表铁锰氧化物胶膜的关系,结果表明：不同品种水稻其根膜,根部及地上部含镉量均存在显著性差异,且镉在不同水稻植株体内运输转移能力不同,不同水稻其根表淀积的铁锰氧化物数量也存在显著性差异,根膜及地上部的含镉量与极膜的含铁量均未达到显著性相关,但与根膜的含锰量相关性显著。     

黑麦对难溶性磷酸盐的吸收及活化机制研究

以2个黑麦品种冬牧70和King为材料,研究了植物对难溶性磷酸盐的吸收及活化,以揭示植物抵御酸性土壤逆境的机制.结果显示,(1)在活性铝含量高的赤红壤中施用磷酸铝、磷酸铁、磷酸钙等难溶性磷酸盐后,植株的生物产量和磷的积累量分别增加了0.84~6.38倍和0.60~20.5倍,且施用难溶性磷酸盐后冬牧70的生物产量和磷的积累量的增加量明显高于King.(2)铝胁迫下2种黑麦根系分泌物中的阴离子组分均能溶解难溶性磷酸盐,而在中性或阳离子组分中的难溶性磷酸盐溶解不显著;HPLC图谱显示,阴离子组分中含有柠檬酸和苹果酸.(3)铝胁迫下根系有机酸分泌量随铝处理浓度(10、30、50μmol/L AlCl3)的增加而增加,而且在柠檬酸或苹果酸溶液中难溶性磷酸盐的溶解度显著增加,其溶解的磷随有机酸浓度的增加而增加.(4)黑麦冬牧70品种对难溶性磷酸盐的吸收、阴离子组分对难溶性磷酸盐的溶解及有机酸分泌作用均较King强.结果表明,在铝胁迫下根系分泌的有机酸是黑麦活化、吸收土壤中难溶性磷的有效机制.     

氯离子和乙二胺四乙酸对镉的植物有效性的影响

通过水培试验,向营养液中添加不同浓度的Cl^-或乙二胺四乙酸（EDTA）,研究了离子的配合作用对水稻及油菜吸收镉的影响.结果表明,随着营养液中Cl^-或EDTA浓度的增加,水稻和油菜地上部与根中镉的浓度降低.Cl^-浓度的增加抑制了水稻对镉的吸收,地上部与根部的镉含量分别从212.2和345.1 mg·kg^-1降低到34.1和209.1 mg·kg^-1.EDTA的添加抑制了水稻及油菜对镉的吸收,水稻地上部与根部的镉含量分别从212.2和345.2 mg·kg^-1降低到50.0和4.2 mg·kg^-1;油菜地上部与根部的镉含量分别从86.7和149.2 mg·kg^-1降低到22.2和12.3 mg·kg^-1.在营养液培养条件下,Cl^-或EDTA与镉的配合作用降低了植物对镉的吸收,与Cl^-相比,EDTA的抑制作用更明显.     

镉腔迫下小麦根系分泌物的变化

通过水培和砂培两种方法,研究了镉胁迫下小麦（Triticum aestivm L.)根系分泌物变化。通过研究镉对小麦根系分泌氨基酸和糖,根系分泌其它一次次生代谢物质等的影响,以及根系分泌物对蔬菜种子萌发的影响,探讨镉胁迫下植物根系的生理生态效应。研究结果表明：镉胁迫下,小麦根系分泌物无论在量上还是质上都有变化。镉胁迫下根系分泌的电解质,糖类,氨基酸以及其它一些次生代谢物质都有所变化,但变化情况有差异。电解质外渗率,糖类随Cd^2＋浓度升高而增加,在低浓度Cd^2 作用下（0.5mg/L),随处理浓度的升高,氨基酸分泌量增加,当处理浓度高于相应浓度时,氨基酸分泌量随浓度升高而减少。随Cd^2 浓度升高,次生代谢物分泌种类减少。这说明小麦通过改变根分泌作用而缓解镉危害。由于根系分泌次生代谢物的活动比较复杂,因而根系的分泌作用有待于进一步研究。根系分泌物中可能含有某些物质抑制萝卜,白菜种子萌发,这是涉及到植物他感作用的问题,值得并有待于进一步研究。初步分析小麦根系在不同的环境中对镉胁迫的响应方式,为以后根分泌物的深入研究提供了一定的思路,也为镉污染区农作物的合理栽培提供新的参考资料。     

有机酸对苗期水稻吸收和运输镉的影响

采用营养液培养法,研究了水(对照)、柠檬酸、苹果酸和乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)4个处理对不同品种水稻幼苗吸收和转运Cd的影响及其对根中Cd的解析作用。结果表明:与对照相比,EDTA的添加明显抑制了水稻根部对Cd的吸收,使水稻幼苗地上部和根中Cd的含量分别降低了90%和96%;但促进了Cd向地上部的运输,地上部Cd量占总吸收量的43.0%~55.9%(对照组为20.0%~32.2%)。而柠檬酸和苹果酸的添加对水稻根系吸收和运输Cd的影响较弱。3种有机酸对不同水稻品种Cd吸收的影响趋势一致。解析试验的结果表明,EDTA对根中的Cd具有较强的解吸能力,而柠檬酸和苹果酸相对较弱。     

镉胁迫下小麦根系分泌物的变化

通过水培和砂培两种方法 ,研究了镉胁迫下小麦 ( Triticum aestivm L.)根系分泌物变化。通过研究镉对小麦根系分泌氨基酸和糖 ,根系分泌其它一些次生代谢物质等的影响 ,以及根系分泌物对蔬菜种子萌发的影响 ,探讨镉胁迫下植物根系的生理生态效应。研究结果表明 :镉胁迫下 ,小麦根系分泌物无论在量上还是质上都有变化。镉胁迫下根系分泌的电解质、糖类、氨基酸以及其它一些次生代谢物质都有所变化 ,但变化情况有差异。电解质外渗率、糖类随 Cd2 + 浓度升高而增加 ,在低浓度 Cd2 + 作用下 ( 0 .5 mg/ L) ,随处理浓度的升高 ,氨基酸分泌量增加 ;当处理浓度高于相应浓度时 ,氨基酸分泌量随浓度升高而减少。随 Cd2 + 浓度升高 ,次生代谢物分泌种类减少。这说明小麦通过改变根分泌作用而缓解镉危害。由于根系分泌次生代谢物的活动比较复杂 ,因而根系的分泌作用有待于进一步研究。根系分泌物中可能含有某些物质抑制萝卜、白菜种子萌发 ,这是涉及到植物他感作用的问题 ,值得并有待于进一步研究。初步分析小麦根系在不同的环境中对镉胁迫的响应方式 ,为以后根分泌物的深入研究提供了一定的思路 ,也为镉污染区农作物的合理栽培提供新的参考资料。     

粪产碱菌对水稻根质子分泌作用及根际微生态的影响

用粪产碱菌浸种或沾根均能增强水稻根的质子分泌能力,促使介质酸化,pH值下降约2.2,浸种的效应更为明显。接种粪产碱菌能刺激水稻在缺铁胁迫条件下的质子分泌作用,提高根际溶液和根内ATP含量,同时增强根际土壤中铁、磷元素的有效性,促进植物根系对磷的吸收利用。     

水稻土施硅对土壤-水稻系统中镉的降低效果

水稻中镉的积累造成人类健康的风险,增加水稻硅素能减轻镉中毒症状,降低稻米镉积累,但是硅对重金属的作用机理尚不清楚。主要研究了在中度和高度镉污染的土壤中,通过施用固态和液态的富硅物质对土壤-水稻系统中镉的吸收和转运的影响,探明决定镉和硅在根与芽的质外体和共质体中的作用机理。试验结果表明:(1)在中度和高度污染的土壤中,镉在土壤-作物系统中的转移和积累情况是不同的,可以通过富硅物质中的单硅酸与镉离子的相互作用,增加镉在硅物质表面的吸附来减少镉在土壤中的流动;(2)富硅物质可以降低水稻根和芽中镉的积累,在高度镉污染的情况下,施用硅可以使镉大量积累在水稻根及其共质体中,并降低根及其共质体中镉的转换和积累;(3)新鲜土壤中水萃取态的单硅酸含量与镉在土壤-作物系统中的流动性、转运以及积累等主要参数密切相关。     

水稻对土壤中镉的吸收及其调控措施

对土壤 水稻系统镉污染的影响和植物对重金属镉吸收的研究现状进行综述 ,系统阐述土壤受镉污染后水稻生长性状的变化以及水稻吸收的镉在各器官中的分配规律 ,同时分析水分控制、肥料施用和缓解镉污染的改良剂等农业管理措施对水稻吸收镉的影响     

pH值和Fe、Cd处理对水稻根际及根表Fe、Cd吸附行为的影响

通过营养液-蛭石联合培养试验,设置系列pH值(4.5—7.5)和Fe、Cd处理,研究不同pH值及Fe、Cd浓度对水稻和蛭石表面Fe、Cd吸附的影响。结果表明,不同pH值处理下的根际氧化还原电位和酸度不同,0.9 mg/L Cd处理下的根际氧化势低于0.5 mg/L Cd,50 mg/L Fe处理下的根际酸度高于30 mg/L Fe处理。根表吸附Fe、Cd组分和数量都受根际Eh、pH值制约,根表Fe、Cd吸附量在处理pH值6.0时最低,并分别在处理pH值7.5和处理pH值4.5达到最高。但根系表面对Fe、Cd的吸附机制与蛭石表面不同,蛭石吸附Fe主要为晶态Fe,占到总沉积Fe的73%—87%;水稻根表沉积Fe以非晶态Fe为主,占总沉积Fe的91%—95%;与处理pH值和根际Eh间有显著的相关性(蛭石晶态Fe:ppH=0.011、pEh=0.042;水稻根表非晶态Fe:ppH=0.050、pEh=0.004)。蛭石表面交换态Fe及交换态Cd与处理pH值和Eh间存在显著的相关性(pH值:pFe<0.001、pCd=0.009;Eh:pFe=0.016、pCd=0.002),而根表交换态Fe及交换态Cd仅与处理pH值间有显著的相关性(pFe=0.007,pCd=0.048)。不同Fe、Cd浓度处理对根际Eh、pH值的升降和根表Fe、Cd吸附均有影响。与对照相比,增Cd处理可以降低根际Eh和升高pH值,减少溶液Cd浓度并增加根表Cd吸附量;增Fe处理则可以升高根际Eh和降低pH值,增加溶液Fe、Cd浓度并减少根表Fe、Cd吸附量。这是水稻应对Fe、Cd浓度胁迫的生理反应之一。     

小麦根系分泌物对黄瓜生长及土壤真菌群落结构的影响

以黄瓜为受体,以不同化感效应(促进/抑制)小麦品种为供体,采用PCR-DGGE技术,研究了小麦根系分泌物及伴生小麦对黄瓜生长及土壤真菌群落结构的影响.结果表明： 在处理第6天和第12天,化感促进效应小麦根系分泌物分别显著提高了黄瓜幼苗株高和茎粗;在处理第18天,化感促进和抑制效应小麦根系分泌物均显著提高了黄瓜幼苗株高;在处理第6天,不同化感效应小麦根系分泌物均显著降低了黄瓜幼苗根际土壤真菌群落条带数、Shannon指数及均匀度指数,有苗对照(W)显著高于无苗对照(Wn);在处理第18天,各处理的真菌群落结构条带数、Shannon指数及均匀度指数均显著高于无苗对照(Wn).伴生化感抑制效应小麦显著降低了黄瓜根际土壤真菌群落Shannon指数和均匀度指数,说明小麦根系分泌物及伴生小麦改变了土壤真菌群落结构.DGGE图谱及其主成分分析结果表明,伴生不同化感效应小麦对土壤真菌群落结构影响较大.     

Role of rhizosphere mechanisms in Cd uptake by various wheat cultivars

In each wheat type, cultivars have different propensities to accumulate Cd in their grains, likely depending on Cd uptake by roots and/or Cd distribution in the plant. This study investigates the processes in the root–soil interface and their role in high or low grain Cd accumulation. Twenty-four cultivars of spring bread, winter bread, durum, and spelt wheat with different grain Cd accumulation levels were investigated regarding removal of Cd from soil, pH, Cd and organic acids in root exudates, and cation-exchange capacity of roots (rootCEC). In addition, we investigated ¹⁰⁹Cd uptake from a nutrient solution resembling soil solution. The removal of Cd from the rhizosphere soil increased, likely due to increased rootCEC with increased grain Cd accumulation propensity, except in spring bread wheat. The ¹⁰⁹Cd uptake from solution did not differ between high and low grain Cd accumulators. If the soil Cd concentration was elevated, rootCEC increased, as did pH, and succinic acid levels in the exudates, while lactic and citric acid levels in root exudates decreased. This work indicates that high grain Cd accumulators take up more Cd from soil than do low accumulators. But not by a different capacity to take up Cd from soil solution. The higher rootCEC in high accumulating cultivars may influence the release of Cd from the soil particles.     

Iron plaque decreases cadmium accumulation in Oryza sativa L. and serves as a source of iron

• Cadmium (Cd) contamination occurs in paddy soils; hence it is necessary to reduce Cd content of rice. Application and mode of action of ferrous sulphate in minimizing Cd in rice was monitored in the present study.
• Pot culture with Indian rice variety Swarna (MTU 7029) was maintained in Cd‐spiked soil containing ferrous sulphates, which is expected to reduce Cd accumulation in rice. Responses in rhizosphere pH, root surface, metal accumulation in plant and molecular physiological processes were monitored.
• Iron plaque was induced on root surfaces after FeSO4 application and the amount of Fe in plaque reduced with increases in Cd in the soil. Rhizosphere pH decreased during plaque formation and became more acidic due to secretion of organic acids from the roots under Cd treatment. Moreover, iron chelate reductase activity increased with Cd treatment, but in the absence of Cd, activity of this enzyme increased in plaque‐induced plants. Cd treatment caused expression of OsYSL18, whereas OsYSL15 was expressed only in roots without iron plaque. Fe content of plants increased during plaque formation, which protected plants from Cd‐induced Fe deficiency and metal toxicity. This was corroborated with increased biomass, chlorophyll content and quantum efficiency of photo‐synthesis among plaque‐induced plants.
• We conclude that ferrous sulphate‐induced iron plaque prevents Cd accumulation and Fe deficiency in rice. Iron released from plaque via organic acid mediated dissolution during Cd stress.

     

水稻根表铁膜吸附镉及植株吸收镉的动态

采用营养液培养法研究了Cd处理时间对有铁膜和无铁膜水稻根表吸附Cd及植株吸收Cd动态变化的影响.水稻根表铁膜由50 mg·L^-1 Fe^2＋（Fe₅₀）诱导形成.供试植株在含10 μmol·L^-1Cd的营养液中生长不同时间后收获.结果表明, 随Cd处理时间的延长,无铁膜和有铁膜处理水稻根表DCB-Cd含量均为先增加后减少,Cd处理2 h达到最高,之后逐渐下降并趋于稳定. 根系和地上部Cd含量均持续上升,Cd处理8 h前增加缓慢,8 h后增加幅度加大.有铁膜水稻根系和地上部Cd含量增加幅度均低于无铁膜水稻.有铁膜处理DCB-Cd含量、根系和地上部Cd含量均低于无铁膜处理.表明铁膜不影响水稻各部分Cd含量随时间的变化趋势;不同Fe处理之间根系和地上部Cd含量的差异可能与根系含Fe量有关.     

An overview of rhizosphere processes related with plant nutrition in major cropping systems in China

Rhizosphere processes of individual plants have been widely investigated since 1904 when the term “rhizosphere” was first put forward. However, little attention has been paid to rhizosphere effects at an agro-ecosystem level. This paper presents recent research on the rhizosphere processes in relation to plant nutrition in main cropping systems in China. In the peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)/maize (Zea mays L.) intercropping system, maize was found to improve the Fe nutrition of peanut through influencing its rhizosphere processes, suggesting an important role of phytosiderophores released from Fe-deficient maize. Intercropping between maize and faba bean (Vicia faba L.) was found to improve nitrogen and phosphorus uptake in the two crops compared with corresponding sole crop. There was a higher land equivalent ratio (LER) in the intercropping system of maize and faba bean than the treatment of no root interactions between the two crops. The increased yield of maize intercropped with faba bean resulted from an interspecific facilitation in nutrient uptake, depending on interspecific root interactions of the two crops. In the rotation system of rice (Oryza sativa L.)-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crops, Mn deficiency in wheat was caused by excessive Mn uptake by rice and Mn leaching from topsoil to subsoil due to periodic cycles of flooding and drying. However, wheat genotypes tolerant to Mn deficiency tended to distribute more roots to deeper soil layer and thus expand their rhizosphere zones in the Mn-deficient soils and utilize Mn from the subsoil. Deep ploughing also helped root penetration into subsoil and was propitious to correcting Mn deficiency in wheat rotated with rice. In comparison, oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) took up more Mn than wheat through mobilizing sparingly soluble soil Mn due to acidification and reduction processes in the rhizosphere. Thus, oilseed rape was tolerant to the Mn-deficient conditions in the rice-oilseed rape rotation. Oxidation reactions on root surface of rice also resulted in the formation of Fe plaque in the rice rhizosphere. Large amounts of Zn were accumulated on the Fe plaque. Zinc uptake by rice plants increased as Fe plaque formed, but decreased at high amounts of Fe plaque. It is suggested that to fine-tune cropping patterns and optimize nutrient management based on a better understanding of rhizosphere processes at an agro-ecosystem level is crucial for increasing nutrient use efficiency and developing sustainable agriculture in China.     

Comprehensive chemical profiling of gramineous plant root exudates using high-resolution NMR and MS

Root exudates released into soil have important functions in mobilizing metal micronutrients and for causing selective enrichment of plant beneficial soil micro-organisms that colonize the rhizosphere. Analysis of plant root exudates typically has involved chromatographic methods that rely on a priori knowledge of which compounds might be present. In the research reported here, the combination of multinuclear and 2-D NMR with GC-MS and high-resolution MS provided de novo identification of a number of components directly in crude root exudates of different plant types. This approach was applied to examine the role of exudate metal ion ligands (MIL) in the acquisition of Cd and transition metals by barley and wheat. The exudation of mugineic acids and malate was enhanced by Fe deficiency. which in turn led to an increase in the tissue content of Cu, Mn, and Zn. The presence of elevated Cd maintained at a free activity pCd of 8.8 (10(-8.8) M), resulted in reduced phytosiderophore production by Fe deficient plants. The buffer morpholinoethane sulfonate (MES), which is commonly used in chelator-buffering nutrient solutions, was detected in the root exudate mixture, suggesting uptake and re-secretion of this compound by the roots. The ability to detect this compound in complex mixtures containing organic acids, amino acids, and other substances suggests that the analytical methods used here provide an unbiased method for simultaneous detection of all major components contained in root exudates.     

OsNRAMP1 transporter contributes to cadmium and manganese uptake in rice

Rice is a major dietary source of the toxic metal, cadmium (Cd). Previous studies reported that the rice transporter, OsNRAMP1, (Natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 1) could transport iron (Fe), Cd and arsenic (As) in heterologous yeast assays. However, the in planta function of OsNRAMP1 remains unknown. Here, we showed that OsNRAMP1 was able to transport Cd and manganese (Mn) when expressed in yeast, but did not transport Fe or As. OsNRAMP1 was mainly expressed in roots and leaves and encoded a plasma membrane-localized protein. OsNRAMP1 expression was induced by Cd treatment and Fe deficiency. Immunostaining showed that OsNRAMP1 was localized in all root cells, except the central vasculature, and in leaf mesophyll cells. The knockout of OsNRAMP1 resulted in significant decreases in root uptake of Cd and Mn and their accumulation in rice shoots and grains, and increased sensitivity to Mn deficiency. The knockout of OsNRAMP1 had smaller effects on Cd and Mn uptake than knockout of OsNRAMP5, while knockout of both genes resulted in large decreases in the uptake of the two metals. Taken together, OsNRAMP1 contributes significantly to the uptake of Mn and Cd in rice, and the functions of OsNRAMP1 and OsNRAMP5 are similar but not redundant.     

Effect of iron plaque outside roots on nutrient uptake by rice (Oryza sativa L.). Zinc uptake by Fe-deficient rice

This solution culture study examined the effect of the deposition of iron plaque on zinc uptake by Fe-deficient rice plants. Different amounts of iron plaque were induced by adding Fe(OH)₃ at 0, 10, 20, 30, and 50 mg Fe/L in the nutrient solution. After 24 h of growth, the amount of iron plaque was correlated positively with the Fe(OH)₃ addition to the nutrient solution. Increasing iron plaque up to 12.1 g/kg root dry weight increased zinc concentration in shoots by 42% compared to that at 0.16 g/kg root dry weight. Increasing the amount of iron plaque further decreased zinc concentration. When the amounts of iron plaque reached 24.9 g/kg root dry weight, zinc concentration in shoots was lower than that in shoots without iron plaque, implying that the plaque became a barrier for zinc uptake. While rice plants were pre-cultured in –Fe and +Fe nutrient solution in order to produce the Fe-deficient and Fe-sufficient plants and then Fe(OH)₃ was added at 20, 30, and 50 mg Fe/L in nutrient solution, zinc concentrations in shoots of Fe-deficient plants were 54, 48, and 43 mg/kg, respectively, in contrast to 32, 35, and 40 mg/kg zinc in shoots of Fe-sufficient rice plants. Furthermore, Fe(OH)₃ addition at 20 mg Fe/L and increasing zinc concentration from 0.065 to 0.65 mg Zn/L in nutrient solution increased zinc uptake more in Fe-deficient plants than in Fe-sufficient plant. The results suggested that root exudates of Fe-deficient plants, especially phytosiderophores, could enhance zinc uptake by rice plants with iron plaque up to a particular amount of Fe.     

Short-term effects of rhizosphere microorganisms on fe uptake from microbial siderophores by maize and oat

Effects of rhizosphere microorganisms on Fe uptake by oat (Avena sativa) and maize (Zea mays) were studied in short-term (10 h) nutrient solution experiments. Fe was supplied either as microbial siderophores (pseudobactin [PSB] or ferrioxamine B [FOB]) or as phytosiderophores obtained as root exudates from barley (epi-3-hydroxy-mugineic acid [HMA]) under varied population densities of rhizosphere microorganisms (axenic, uninoculated, or inoculated with different microorganism cultures). When maize was grown under axenic conditions and supplied with FeHMA, Fe uptake rates were 100 to 300 times higher compared to those in plants supplied with Fe siderophores. Fe from both sources was taken up without the involvement of an extracellular reduction process. The supply of FeHMA enhanced both uptake rate and translocation rate to the shoot (more than 60% of the total uptake). However, increased density of microorganisms resulted in a decrease in Fe uptake rate (up to 65%), presumably due to microbial degradation of the FeHMA. In contrast, when FeFOB or FePSB was used as the Fe source, increased population density of microorganisms enhanced Fe uptake. The enhancement of Fe uptake resulted from the uptake of FeFOB and FePSB by microorganisms adhering to the rhizoplane or living in the free space of cortical cells. The microbial apoplastic Fe pool was not available for root to shoot transport or, thus, for utilization by the plants. These results, in addition to the low uptake rate under axenic conditions, are in contrast to earlier hypotheses suggesting the existence of a specific uptake system for Fe siderophores in higher plants. The bacterial siderophores PSB and FOB were inefficient as Fe sources for plants even when supplied by stem injection. It was concluded that microorganisms are involved in degradation processes of microbial siderophores, as well as in competition for Fe with higher plants.