植物细胞一氧化氮信号转导研究进展

一氧化氮（nitric oxide,NO）作为重要的信号分子,调控植物的种子萌发、根形态建成和花器官发生等许多生长发育过程,并参与气孔运动的调节以及植物对多种非生物胁迫和病原体侵染的应答过程。已经知道,精氨酸依赖的NOS途径和亚硝酸盐依赖的NR途径是植物细胞NO产生的主要酶促合成途径。NO及其衍生物能够直接修饰底物蛋白的金属基团、半胱氨酸和酪氨酸残基,通过金属亚硝基化、巯基亚硝基化和Tyr．硝基化等化学修饰方式,调节靶蛋白的活性,并影响cGMP和Ca2＋信使系统等下游信号途径,调控相应的生理过程。最新的一些研究结果也显示,MAPK级联系统与NO信号转导途径之间存在复杂的交叉调控。此外,作为活跃的小分子信号,NO和活性氧相互依赖并相互影响,共同介导了植物的胁迫应答和激素响应过程。文章综述了植物NO信号转导研究领域中一些新的研究进展,对NO与活性氧信号途径间的交叉作用等也作了简要介绍。     

植物细胞活性氧种类、代谢及其信号转导

越来越明显的证据表明,植物体十分活跃的产生着活性氧并将之作为信号分子、进而控制着诸如细胞程序性死亡、非生物胁迫响应、病原体防御和系统信号等生命过程,而不仅是传统意义上的活性氧是有氧代谢的附产物。日益增多的证据显示,由脱落酸、水杨酸、茉莉酸与乙烯以及活性氧所调节的激素信号途径,在生物和非生物胁迫信号的“交谈”中起重要作用。活性氧最初被认为是动物吞噬细胞在宿主防御反应时所释放的附产物,现在的研究清楚的表明,活性氧在动物和植物细胞信号途径中均起作用。活性氧可以诱导细胞程序性死亡或坏死、可以诱导或抑制许多基因的表达,也可以激活上述级联信号。近来生物化学与遗传学研究证实过氧化氢是介导植物生物胁迫与非生物胁迫的信号分子,过氧化氢的合成与作用似乎与一氧化氮有关系。过氧化氢所调节的下游信号包括钙“动员”、蛋白磷酸化和基因表达等。     

植物细胞一氧化氮信号转导研究进展

一氧化氮(nitric oxide, NO)作为重要的信号分子, 调控植物的种子萌发、根形态建成和花器官发生等许多生长发育过程, 并参与气孔运动的调节以及植物对多种非生物胁迫和病原体侵染的应答过程。已经知道, 精氨酸依赖的NOS途径和亚硝酸盐依赖的NR途径是植物细胞NO产生的主要酶促合成途径。NO及其衍生物能够直接修饰底物蛋白的金属基团、半胱氨酸和酪氨酸残基, 通过金属亚硝基化、巯基亚硝基化和Tyr-硝基化等化学修饰方式, 调节靶蛋白的活性, 并影响cGMP和Ca²⁺信使系统等下游信号途径, 调控相应的生理过程。最新的一些研究结果也显示, MAPK级联系统与NO信号转导途径之间存在复杂的交叉调控。此外, 作为活跃的小分子信号, NO和活性氧相互依赖并相互影响, 共同介导了植物的胁迫应答和激素响应过程。文章综述了植物NO信号转导研究领域中一些新的研究进展, 对NO与活性氧信号途径间的交叉作用等也作了简要介绍。     

植物MPK信号通路与信号分子H2O2和NO之间的相互关系

促分裂原活化蛋白激酶(MPK)级联途径是真核细胞中普遍存在且保守的信号传导通路,广泛参与植物生长发育和植物抵抗生物和非生物胁迫的防御反应。过氧化氢(H2O2)和一氧化氮(NO)作为重要的信使分子也广泛参与植物生长发育和防御反应的信号传导。近年来,研究也表明MPK信号通路与信号分子H2O2和NO之间存在着多种复杂的关系。一方面,在一些刺激的信号传递过程中,MPK信号通路参与了信号分子H2O2和NO的产生、清除或其信号的向下传递等过程;另一方面,在有些刺激的信号传递过程中,它们位于不同的信号传递途经中,行使不同的功能。本文就目前植物MPK信号通路与H2O2和NO之间相互关系的研究现状进行了综述和分析,并指出了该研究领域存在的问题。     

NO在植物中的调控作用

一氧化氮(NO)是一种易扩散的生物活性分子,是生物体内重要的信号分子.植物细胞通过NO合酶、硝酸还原酶、或非生化反应途径产生NO.NO参与植物生长发育调控和对生物与非生物环境胁迫的应答反应,大量证据表明NO是植物防御反应中的关键信使,其信号转导机制也受到越来越多的关注.本文主要通过讨论NO的产生、对植物生长周期的影响、在植物代谢中的信号调节以及参与细胞凋亡来阐述NO在植物中的作用.     

一氧化氮与植物胁迫响应

综述了NO分子在植物耐受生物胁迫和非生物胁迫中的作用,以及植物的NO信号转导过程中cGMP途径和其它途径的研究进展,并对以后的研究作一些展望.     

植物中的一氧化氮信号分子

综述了NO分子在植物中的生物合成、主要生理功能以及在耐受生物胁迫和非生物胁迫响应中的作用,以及植物对NO信号转导过程中cGMP途径和其他途径的关系。     

MAPK级联途径激酶结构特点及其信号转导途径在园艺作物逆境中的作用

促分裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-actived protein kinase,MAPK)是一类受胞外刺激、通过MAPK级联反应(MAPKKK-MAPKK-MAPK)而激活的丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶。MAPK级联途径是真核生物中广泛存在且高度保守的信号转导途径,通过蛋白质磷酸化作用将上游信号级联放大传递至下游应答分子。该途径在植物应对各种生物与非生物胁迫以及激素信号转导过程中起关键作用。本文着重介绍MAPK级联途径激酶结构特点及其信号转导途径在园艺作物逆境胁迫中的应答反应,以期为该领域的相关研究提供参考。     

一氧化氮对植物重金属胁迫抗性的影响研究进展

一氧化氮(NO)作为一种重要的信号分子,在调节植物重金属胁迫抗性方面上起着非常重要的作用。综述了NO在植物体内的产生途径,重金属胁迫下植物体内内源NO含量的变化以及外源NO与内源NO对植物重金属胁迫抗性的影响。大量研究表明外源NO能够增强植物对重金属胁迫的抗性,一方面是通过增强植物细胞的抗氧化系统或直接清除活性氧,另一方面是通过影响植物对重金属的吸收以及重金属在植物细胞内的分布。然而内源NO在调节植物重金属胁迫抗性上的功能角色仍存在争议。有些研究表明内源NO是有益的,能够缓解重金属胁迫诱导的毒性;但是也有证据表明内源NO是有害的,能够通过促进植物对重金属的吸收以及对植物螯合素进行S-亚硝基化弱化其解毒功能,从而参与重金属诱导的毒害反应和细胞凋亡过程。     

植物MAP激酶级联途径研究进展

MAP激酶(促分裂原活化蛋白激酶)级联途径可以将不同的细胞膜感受器与细胞应答联系起来,响应各种生物以及非生物胁迫,在植物激素信号以及细胞分裂和发育过程中发挥着重要的作用.为有效地传递各种特异信号,MAP激酶级联相互交叉形成复杂的信号传递网络.近年来,随着功能获得型突变体、功能缺失型突变体的获得以及其它一些新技术的应用,进一步阐明了MAP激酶级联途径在信号传导过程中的功能和作用.本文主要对植物MAPK级联途径在信号传导过程中交叉串通以及复杂性的最新研究结果进行综述.     

Abscisic acid,nitric oxide and stomatal closure - is nitrate reductase one of the missing links?

Once plant endogenous nitric oxide (NO) production had been proved, NO research was directed toward both the source and the targets of this extremely bioactive molecule. As in mammals, plant NO was first thought to be generated mainly by a NO synthase-like enzymatic activity. However, nitrate reductase (NR)-dependent NO production is now receiving much of the attention because of the ubiquity of this enzyme in higher plant tissues and the precise regulation of its NO-production activity. NO has been reported to be a signal in many and diverse physiological processes, such as growth and biotic and abiotic stresses. Recently, NO has been shown to affect stomatal closure and interact with abscisic acid signaling pathways. We propose NR as a putative component in the signaling cascade of ABA-induced stomatal closure.     

一氧化氮在植物体内的来源和功能

一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)是生物体内重要的活性分子。NO参与了动物体内血管松弛、神经传递及免疫防御反应等一系列生理功能而被认为是可扩散的多功能第二信使。在植物体内NO也是一种广泛存在的信号分子,参与调节了许多重要的生理过程如生长、发育、抗病防御反应、细胞程序性死亡和抗逆反应。对NO在植物体内的来源、信号转导、调节植物生长发育和对胁迫的响应方面所发挥的作用进行了综述,并讨论了其潜在的一些功能。     

Nitric Oxide Signalling In Plants

Nitric oxide (NO) is an important molecule that acts in many tissues to regulate a diverse range of physiological processes. It is becoming apparent that NO is a ubiquitous signal in plants. Since the discovery of NO emission by plants in the 1970s, this gaseous compound has emerged as a major signalling molecule involved in multiple physiological functions. Research on NO in plants has gained significant awareness in recent years and there is increasing indication on the role of this molecule as a key-signalling molecule in plants. The investigations about NO in plants have been concentrated on three main fields: The search of NO or any source of NO generation, effects of exogenous NO treatments, NO transduction pathways. However we have limited information about signal transduction procedures by which NO interaction with cells results in altered cellular activities. This article reviews recent advances in NO synthesis and its signalling functions in plants. First, different sources and biosynthesis of NO in plants, then biological processes involving NO signalling are reviewed. NO signalling relation with cGMP, protein kinases and programmed cell death are also discussed. Besides, NO signalling in plant defense response is also examined. Especially NO signalling between animal and plant systems is compared.     

Regulation of physiological aspects in plants by hydrogen sulfide and nitric oxide under challenging environment

Plants are exposed to a plethora of abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity, heavy metal and temperature stresses at different stages of their life cycle, from germination to seedling till the reproductive phase. As protective mechanisms, plants release signaling molecules that initiate a cascade of stress-signaling events, leading either to programmed cell death or plant acclimation. Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) and nitric oxide (NO) are considered as new ‘gasotransmitter’ molecules that play key roles in regulating gene expression, posttranslational modification (PTM), as well as cross-talk with other hormones. Although the exact role of NO in plants remains unclear and is species dependent, various studies have suggested a positive correlation between NO accumulation and environmental stress in plants. These molecules are also involved in a large array of stress responses and act synergistically or antagonistically as signaling components, depending on their respective concentration. This study provides a comprehensive update on the signaling interplay between H₂S and NO in the regulation of various physiological processes under multiple abiotic stresses, modes of action and effects of exogenous application of these two molecules under drought, salt, heat and heavy metal stresses. However, the complete picture of the signaling cascades mediated by H₂S and NO is still elusive. Recent researches indicate that during certain plant processes, such as stomatal closure, H₂S could act upstream of NO signaling or downstream of NO in response to abiotic stresses by improving antioxidant activity in most plant species. In addition, PTMs of antioxidative pathways by these two molecules are also discussed.     

Modulation of nitric oxide bioactivity by plant haemoglobins

Nitric oxide (NO) is a highly reactive signalling molecule that has numerous targets in plants. Both enzymatic and non-enzymatic synthesis of NO has been detected in several plant species, and NO functions have been characterized during diverse physiological processes such as plant growth, development, and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. This wide variety of effects reflects the basic signalling mechanisms that are utilized by virtually all mammalian and plant cells and suggests the necessity of detoxification mechanisms to control the level and functions of NO. During the last two years an increasing number of reports have implicated non-symbiotic haemoglobins as the key enzymatic system for NO scavenging in plants, indicating that the primordial function of haemoglobins may well be to protect against nitrosative stress and to modulate NO signalling functions. The biological relevance of plant haemoglobins during specific conditions of plant growth and stress, and the existence of further enzymatic and non-enzymatic NO scavenging systems, suggest the existence of precise NO modulation mechanisms in plants, as observed for different NO sources.     

Nitric oxide: An emerging regulator of cell elongation during primary root growth

Nitric oxide (NO) is a highly inducible molecule and overaccumulated during stress responses, such as drought, cold and pathogen infection. Several key developmental processes within a plant life cycle have been reported to be signaled by this gaseous molecule, and among them seed germination, de-etiolation, gravitropic response or root growth are well-characterized. The importance of NO as a plant growth and stress regulator is emerging considerably, despite the current knowledge about its signaling pathway is still limited. Therefore, the identification and characterization at the molecular level of NO targets is essential to get a deeper insight into this pathway. Here we characterize the effect of NO on root development in Arabidopsis and found that NO application reduces cell lengths in differentiation zone. Additionally, the contribution of the gibberellin (GA) signaling pathway to the NO root-related phenotypes, mainly through DELLA repressors, is also depicted.     

The diversity of nitric oxide function in plant responses to metal stress

Nitric oxide (NO) emerges as signalling molecule, which is involved in diverse physiological processes in plants. High mobility metal interferes with NO signaling. The exogenous NO alleviates metal stress, whereas endogenous NO contributes to metal toxicity in plants. Owing to different cellular localization and concentration, NO may act as multifunctional regulator in plant responses to metal stress. It not only plays a crucial role in the regulation of gene expression, but serves as a long-distance signal. Through tight modulation of redox signaling, the integration among NO, reactive oxygen species and stress-related hormones in plants determines whether plants stimulate death pathway or activate survival signaling.     

Nitric oxide and nitric oxide synthase activity in plants

Research on NO in plants has gained considerable attention in recent years mainly due to its function in plant growth and development and as a key signalling molecule in different intracellular processes in plants. The NO emission from plants is known since the 1970s, and now there is abundant information on the multiple effects of exogenously applied NO on different physiological and biochemical processes of plants. The physiological function of NO in plants mainly involves the induction of different processes, including the expression of defence-related genes against pathogens and apoptosis/programmed cell death (PCD), maturation and senescence, stomatal closure, seed germination, root development and the induction of ethylene emission. NO can be produced in plants by non-enzymatic and enzymatic systems. The NO-producing enzymes identified in plants are nitrate reductase, and several nitric oxide synthase-like activities, including one localized in peroxisomes which has been biochemically characterized. Recently, two genes of plant proteins with NOS activity have been isolated and characterized for the first time, and both proteins do not have sequence similarities to any mammalian NOS isoform. However, different evidence available indicate that there are other potential enzymatic sources of NO in plants, including xanthine oxidoreductase, peroxidase, cytochrome P450, and some hemeproteins. In plants, the enzymatic production of the signal molecule NO, either constitutive or induced by different biotic/abiotic stresses, may be a much more common event than was initially thought.