Cancer-producing substances

Resume It is demonstrated that the cancer-producing substances contain particles of carbon, metals or polymerised compounds, all having surface-electrons, and it is made assumptive that products having a low energy of ionisation are able to deactivate the carcinogenic particles and also to repress malignant growth.In the interest of the public health the combustion in the internal combustion engine should be made more complete and the use of lead compounds as anti-knock agents should be prohibited. Further, all food products manufactured in a manner able to produce carcinogenic particles should be treated with deactivating agents or the treatments causing the production of the particles should be prohibited.     

Antibacterially active substances

Synthesis of two hydroxy-derivatives of nalidixic acid as a result of microbial transformation was demonstrated in certain species of the genusAspergillus. Aspergillus alliaceus produced 7-hydroxy-nalidixic acid andAspergillus niger 6-hydroxy-nalidixic acid. It was demonstrated that the antibacterial activity of both hydroxy-derivatives (tested inEscherichia coli) was lower than that of the initial nalidixis acid.     

Antimicrobially active substances

The antimycotic activity of 41 quaternary ammonium compounds was studied. The spectrum of their effect was evaluated in eight microbial strains. Homologues, isomers or close analogues of Septonex, i.e. α-carbetoxypentadecyl-trimethylammonium bromide (XII) were found to be the most active. The presence of an alicyclic or an aromatic ring or of a pyridine residue inhibited antimycotic activity, while substitution of hydrogen by a halogen potentiated it.     

Dissolved inorganic substances

During the International Hydrological Decade (IHD) three drainage basins were selected as being representative for Swedish forest areas. These basins were Velen, Kassjöån and Lappträsket. Although the Representative Basin Project ended in 1975 investigations have been continued in some of the sub-basins. This paper is based on data from three sub-basins within Lappträsket and Kassjöån. Investigations were carried out on chemical composition of runoff and precipitation in order to compute the balance of analysed ions. Annual transports were computed using one analysis per month and monthly mean discharge of water. Since the chloride content of the bedrock is very low all the discharged chloride is regarded as being of atmospheric origin. This assumption has been used for the calculation of balance. Computed balances show a deposition of sulphur that exceeds the amount of sulphur discharged. Cations show a discharge that exceeds deposition in all investigated basins.     

Effect of BCAA intake during endurance exercises on fatigue substances,muscle damage substances,and energy metabolism substances

The increase rate of utilization of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) by muscle is reduced to its plasma concentration during prolonged exercise leading to glycogen. BCAA supplementation would reduce the serum activities of intramuscular enzymes associated with muscle damage. To examine the effects of BCAA administration on fatigue substances (serotonin, ammonia and lactate), muscle damage substances (CK and LDH) and energy metabolism substances (FFA and glucose) after endurance exercise. Subjects (n = 26, college-aged males) were randomly divided into an experimental (n = 13, EXP) and a placebo (n = 13, CON) group. Subjects both EXP and CON performed a bout of cycle training (70% VO₂max intensity) to exhaustion. Subject in the EXP were administrated BCAA (78ml/kg·w) prior to the bout of cycle exercise. Fatigue substances, muscle damage substances and energy metabolism substances were measured before ingesting BCAAs and placebos, 10 min before exercise, 30 min into exercise, immediately after exercise, and 30 min after exercise. Data were analyzed by two-way repeated measure ANCOVA, correlation and statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. The following results were obtained from this study; 1. In the change of fatigue substances : Serotonin in the EXP tended to decreased at the 10 min before exercise, 30 min into exercise, post exercise, and recovery 30 min. Serotonin in the CON was significantly greater than the EXP at the10 min before exercise and recovery 30. Ammonia in the EXP was increased at the 10 min before exercise, 30 min into exercise, and post exercise, but significantly decreased at the recovery 30min (p < 0.05). Ammonia in the CON was significantly lower than the EXP at the 10 min before exercise, 30 min into exercise, and post exercise (p < 0.05). Lactate in the EXP was significantly increased at the 30 min into exercise and significantly decreased at the post exercise and recovery 30 min. Lactate in the CON was significantly lower than the EXP at the post exercise (p < 0.05). 2. In the change of muscle damage substances : CK in the EXP was decreased at the 10 min before exercise and increased at the 30 min into exercise and then decreased at the post exercise and recovery 30 min. CK in the CON was greater than the EXP. LDH in the EXP was decreased at the 10 min before exercise and increased at the 30 min into exercise and then decreased at the post exercise and recovery 30 min. LDH in the CON was higher than the EXP. 3. In the change of energy metabolism substances :Glucose in the EXP tended to decrease at the 10 min before exercise, 30 min into exercise, post exercise and recovery 30 min. Glucose in the CON was significantly greater than the EXP at the recovery 30 min (p < .05). FFA in both EXP and CON was increased at the post exercise and recovery 30 min. % increase for FFA in the EXP was greater than the CON at the post exercise and recovery 30 min. 4. The relationship of the fatigue substances, muscle damage substances and energy metabolism substances after endurance exercise indicated strongly a positive relationship between LDH and ammonia and a negative relationship between LDH and FFA in the EXP. Also, there were a strong negative relationship between glucose and FFA and a positive relationship between glucose and serotonin in the EXP. There was a strong positive relationship between CK and LDH and a strong negative relationship between FFA and glucose in the CON. These results indicate that supplementary BCAA decreased serum concentrations of the intramuscular enzymes as CK and LDH following exhaustive exercise. This observation suggests that BCAA supplementation may reduce the muscle damage associated with endurance exercise.     

Apple juice pectic substances

Apple juice pectic substances are characterised by a high content of galacturonic acids (75·6%), a high degree of esterification (83), a low content of neutral sugars (0·109 moles/mole of galacturonate residues) and a high molecular weight ($\text{M}{}_{\mathrm{v}}\text{= 95 000}$). Degradation by heat (β-elimination) and by endopolygalacturonase showed that the pectic macromolecules consist of long homogalacturonan regions (92% of total galacturonides) and of ‘hairy’ regions in which neutral sugars form long or short side-chains.