保健油料新资源──微孔草

微孔草（Microulasikkimensis）,系紫草科微孔草属草本植物,别称锡金微孔草,藏民称西须,青海当地人称野菠菜、锚眼,主要分布于青海、西藏、甘肃、四川、云南等地,生长在海拔2900－4500米的高寒草甸、农田、荒地等处。微孔草适应性强,长势良好,常形成大片的纳群落,盛夏花季犹如蓝色的锦毯盖地,十分可人。近些年的研究表明,微孔革是一种开发前景十分广阔的保健油料新资源。其种子含油率高达45％,据分析油中不饱和脂肪酸约占总脂肪酸的86％,人体必须的脂肪酸（EFA）约占43％。其中Y一亚麻酸含量为8．l％,与月见草油接近。它还…     

江西省海会地区蜻蜓目昆虫区系分析

2004-2005年对江西海会地区蜻蜓资源进行了调查。标本经鉴定,初步确定海会地区蜻蜓目昆虫共计2亚目、10科、35属、52种,其中31种是江西省新记录。其区系组成的特点是：东洋成分占明显优势,有34种,约占总数的65．4％;古北区的种类相对较少,有16种,约占总数的30．8％。     

胡里豆油脂肪酸组成分析

本文首次报道了胡里豆油的脂肪酸成分，其中不饱和脂肪酸含量占８４％，是一种优质植物油。     

黑穗醋栗种子脂肪酸的研究

本试验对黑穗醋栗种子脂肪酸的组成和含量进行了研究。结果表明,种子中脂肪酸主要由棕榈酸、硬脂酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸和ｒ－亚麻酸等组成,尚有两种性质不清。其中饱和脂肪酸占２３．５％,不饱和脂肪酸占７２．８３％,未知物占３．９２％,而ｒ－亚麻酸含量占１３．２２％,它是抗心血管疾病的药理活性成分。     

多孢马尾藻的营养成分分析与评价

对多孢马尾藻的常规营养成分、不溶性膳食纤维、氨基酸及矿质元素进行分析测定.结果显示不溶性膳食纤维是多孢马尾藻的主要成分,占藻体干重的45％;蛋白质含量为8.85％;必需氨基酸丰富,占氨基酸总量的44％,必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸的比值为0.78;脂肪含量为1.14％,不饱和脂肪酸含量高,占粗脂肪的63.61％;矿物质元素含量丰富,尤其是钙、铁和锰含量高.因此,多孢马尾藻是一种高膳食纤维.高蛋白、低脂肪且矿物质丰富的海藻资源.     

改进的大豆脂肪氧化酶电泳显色方法

大豆种子富含脂肪氧化酶(lipoxygenase,简称LOX),约占其蛋白含量的1％。大豆LOX至少以三种同工酶存在,定名为L1、L2、L3a和L3b,后两种性质类似统归一种。大豆LOX能催化破碎种子中的不饱和脂肪酸(如亚油酸)氧化生成具有豆腥味的醛、醇类物质,从而大大降低大豆产品的品质与风味,     

江苏银杏资源调查研究

本文重点介绍了江苏银杏商业性栽培的品种、资源、产量等情况。其资源贮量约占全国总量的４０％,白果的生产量约占全国的５５－６０％。银杏综合利用的研究和系列产品的加工业在全国均占很重要的位置,并逐渐成为江苏的一个新的支柱产业。     

长筒石蒜种质资源的RAPD及ISSR研究

借助RAPD及ISSR分子标记对长筒石蒜的种质资源进行了初步的研究,结果表明：RAPD扩增得到的77个位点中,53个位点具有多态性,约占总数的68．8％;ISSR扩增得到的67个位点中,其中62个位点具有多态性,约占总数的92．5％。因此,长筒石蒜遗传多样性是十分丰富的,可以作为育种材料储备种质资源。从UPGMA聚类图来看,依据花色区分的3种类型,被聚在一起,表明亲缘关系较近。因此,在未来的长筒石蒜种质资源利用中,不同花色的长筒石蒜可以作为品系进行开发。     

广东蝽科昆虫区系研究

本文对分布于广东的176种蝽科昆虫的区系结构进行剖析,全属东洋区及与东洋区有关的跨区系种,具有鲜明的东洋区特性,纯属东洋区系种127种,约占72％,连同分布延伸到古北区的偏东洋区系种39种,则共达166种,约占94％,占绝对优势。从各亚科看,盾蝽亚科纯属东洋区系种占95％,荔蝽亚科占93％,短喙蝽亚科占75％,蝽亚科占70％,兜蝽亚科占55％,益蝽亚科占40％。     

西瓜种质资源抗旱性苗期筛选与评价

采用苗期持续干旱法,对1066份西瓜种质资源开展大规模抗旱性筛选评价。结果表明,不同基因型种质资源抗旱性差异明显。采用快速聚类方法将供试材料分为抗旱、耐旱、敏感和抗性分离等4种类型,共获得25份强抗旱性西瓜材料,多为来源于非洲的野生西瓜种质资源,适用于西瓜嫁接砧木的选育;获得30份中等抗旱性材料,多为栽培种西瓜种质资源,具有农艺性状优良、抗病性强等优点,可直接用于抗旱节水西瓜新品种选育。     

Construction of a linkage map and QTL analysis of horticultural traits for watermelon [<Emphasis Type="Italic">Citrullus lanatus</Emphasis> (THUNB.) MATSUM &; NAKAI] using RAPD,RFLP and ISSR markers

We have been constructing linkage maps for watermelon ( Citrullus lanatus) on the basis of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSRs) and isozymes using an F(2) population derived from a crossing between a cultivated inbred line (H-7; C. lanatus) and an African wild form (SA-1; C. lanatus). A total of 120 F(2) plants was used for construction of a linkage map using 477 RAPDs, 53 RFLPs, 23 ISSRs and one isozyme markers. Linkage analysis revealed that 554 loci could be mapped to 11 linkage groups that extended for 2,384 centimorgans (cM). While a BC(1) population [(H-7 x SA-1) x H-7] consisting of 60 individuals was grown and scored for quantitative traits. Another linkage map with a total length of 1,729 cM was constructed in the BC(1) using genetic markers found to segregate in the F(2) population. A QTL analysis was applied by means of interval mapping for locating such agronomic traits as hardness of rind, Brix of flesh juice, flesh color (red and yellow) and rind color. The relative order of markers in the BC(1) map was essentially the same as that on the linkage map in the F(2). A total of five QTLs for four agronomic traits was detected. The QTL for hardness of rind was mapped on group 4. The linkage group 8 contained the QTL for sugar content of the flesh as expressed in Brix of the juice. The QTL for red flesh color was detected on groups 2 and 8. The QTL for rind color mapped on the group 3. The present map and QTL analysis may provide a useful tool for breeders by introducing valuable wild watermelon genes to cultivars.     

Manipulation of fatty acid composition of membrane phospholipid and its effects on cell growth in mouse LM cells

Fatty acid composition of the phospholipids of mouse LM cells grown in suspension culture in serum-free chemically defined medium was modified by supplementing the medium with various fatty acids bound to bovine serum albumin.Following supplementation with saturated fatty acids of longer than 15 carbons (100 μM) profound inhibition of cell growth occurred; this inhibitory effect was completely abolished when unsaturated fatty acids were added at the same concentration. Supplementing with unsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic acid, linolenic acid or arachidonic acid had no effect on the cell growth.Fatty acid composition of membrane phospholipids could be manipulated by addition of different fatty acids. The normal percentage of unsaturated fatty acids in LM cell membrane phospholipids (63%) was reduced to 35–41% following incorporation of saturated fatty acids longer than 15 carbon atoms and increased to 72–82% after addition of unsaturated fatty acids.A good correlation was found between the unsaturated fatty acid content of membrane phospholipids and cell growth. When incorporated saturated fatty acids reduced the percentage of unsaturated fatty acids in membrane phospholipids to less than 50%, severe inhibition of the cell growth was found. Simultaneous addition of an unsaturated fatty acid completely abolished this effect of saturated fatty acids.     

唇形科益母草等7种植物果实化学成分分析及形态特征

益母草、白花益母草、紫苏、野紫苏、小鱼仙草、石荠苎和细风轮菜系唇形科常见的药用植物。常生于路旁、沟边及空旷草地 ,民间也有广泛栽培。分布于广东、广西、湖南、湖北、云南、贵州、浙江、安徽、福建等省区。益母草、白花益母草民间全草入药 ,有活血调经、去痰生津的功效 ,果实称茺蔚子。用于月经不调 ,产后子宫出血及复位不全等症 [14 ]。野紫苏和紫苏的果实有镇咳、平喘和祛痰的功效 ,用于治疗咳嗽气喘、肠热便秘等症 [3 ] 。小鱼仙草用于治疗感冒头痛 ,胃炎 ,肾积水等症。石荠苎全草入药 ,用于治疗胃炎 ,慢性气管炎和肺积水等症[1] …     

Biogenesis of mitochondria: The effects of altered steady-state membrane lipid composition on mitochondrial-energy metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

A chemostat culture technique has been developed for the growth of an unsaturated fatty acid auxotroph of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Any chosen steady-state cellular unsaturated fatty acid level between 75 and 15% of the total fatty acids could be established and maintained. In all cultures the steady-state glucose concentrations were maintained at levels below that which induces catabolite repression.The efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation as determined from the molar growth yield decreased as the cellular unsaturated fatty acid composition was lowered. The number of moles of ATP produced by oxidative phosphorylation per mole of glucose utilized was 7.2, 4.8, 0.7, and 0.4 for cells in which 75, 50, 44, and 34%, respectively, of the total fatty acids were unsaturated.The lesion in oxidative phosphorylation was a direct result of lowering the membrane unsaturated fatty acid composition as the respiratory activities and cytochrome content of cells and mitochondria were unaffected by a decrease in the cellular unsaturated fatty acid level from the wild-type value of about 75% down to about 34%.In cells which contained lipids with 22–28% unsaturated fatty acids, cyanide-sensitive respiration was absent, and the levels of all mitochondrial cytochromes were less than 10% of normal. The reduction in the levels of cytochromes aa₃ and b appeared to be a consequence of a loss of mitochondrial protein synthetic activity in such cells. The level of cytochrome c was also greatly decreased, indicating that the cellular unsaturated fatty acid composition was affecting either the synthesis in the cytoplasm of mitochondrial proteins or the assembly of these proteins in the mitochondria.     

稻曲病菌厚垣孢子脂肪酸组成的研究

【目的】为探明细胞壁和细胞内脂肪酸成分及含量与细胞抗逆性的关系,【方法】采用酸热法、索氏提取法、有机溶剂法对稻曲病菌的厚垣孢子壁进行脂肪酸提取,并采用气相色谱检测其脂肪酸的组成和含量。【结果】采用酸热法提取脂肪酸效果最好,以该方法提取测定稻曲病菌黄色、黄绿色、黑色厚垣孢子壁饱和脂肪酸相对含量分别为26.92%、17.23%、23.71%,其不饱和脂肪酸相对含量分别为60.46%、61.52%、70.64%;厚垣孢子总(沉淀孢子壁和上清液)饱和脂肪酸相对含量分别为28.87%、21.00%、24.04%,厚垣孢子总不饱和脂肪酸相对含量分别为55.43%、55.87%、63.89%。硬脂酸在厚垣孢子壁中的含量:黄色>黄绿色>黑色;不饱和脂肪酸中顺式-5,8,11,14,17二十碳五烯酸(EPA)在厚垣孢子壁的含量:黑色>黄绿色>黄色。【结论】在3种颜色厚垣孢子中,黑色休眠型厚垣孢子在孢子壁、总不饱和脂肪酸含量均最高,表明不饱和脂肪酸的含量提高,有利于厚垣孢子的休眠越冬。     

Fatty-acid-induced release of manganes from chloroplasts

The effect of both endogenous and exogenous unsaturated free fatty acids on manganese release from chloroplasts of chill-resistant (spinach) and chill-sensitive (tomato, bean) plants was studied. The level of endogenous free fatty acids increased 2–3-fold during cold and dark storage of leaves of chill-sensitive plants and was accompanied by depletion of about 60% of total chloroplast manganese content. Similar effects were observed when accumulation of free fatty acids in chloroplasts was achieved by storage of growing tomato plants for a few days in the dark at room temperature. In contrast, the cold and dark treatment of leaves of chill-resistant plant (spinach) affected neither free fatty acid, manganese levels nor Hill-reaction activity in chloroplasts. Incubation of chloroplasts of both chill-sensitive and chill-resistant plants with bean leaf galactolipase resulted in an accumulation of free fatty acids and a release of approx. 60% of total manganese content. The same amount of total manganese content was released following 3 h incubation of chloroplasts with linolenic acid at fatty acid/chlorophyll ratio (w/w, 2:1–10:1). The efficiency of C₁₈ unsaturated fatty acids/linolenic, linoleic, oleic on manganese release from chloroplasts was established in decreasing order C_18:3 > C_18:2 > C_18:1. The results indicate that the inhibitory effect of both endogenous and exogenous fatty acids on Hill reaction depends on the release from chloroplasts of functionally active, loosely bound manganese. Thus, similarly to both Tris and hydroxylamine treatments of chloroplasts, the incubation of chloroplast preparations with unsaturated fatty acids may be a useful tool for manganese depletion of chloroplasts.     

Lipid Metabolism of Manganese-deficient Algae: I. Effect of Manganese Deficiency on the Greening and the Lipid Composition of Euglena Gracilis Z 1

The growth of photoautotrophic Euglena gracilis Z is strongly inhibited by manganese deficiency, whereas chlorophyll formation is not appreciably affected. The galactosyldiglyceride content of the manganese-deficient photo-autotrophic Euglena was about 40% lower on the basis of either chlorophyll content or dry weight. When dark-grown cultures of Euglena were grown photoheterotrophically in light sufficient for the greening of the cells, or photosynthesis, manganese deficiency resulted in a reduction of the cellular content of chlorophyll and galactosyldiglycerides to 40% of control values, indicating interference with chloroplast formation. The fatty acids of the photoheterotrophic manganese-deficient cells were mainly saturated, with an unusual accumulation (about 45%) of the total fatty acids) of myristic acid. In spite of this, the galactosyldiglycerides contain mainly unsaturated fatty acids. Ninety per cent of the fatty acids of the monogalactosyldiglyceride are unsaturated, including large amounts of alpha-linolenic acid. The ratio of chlorophyll to galactosyldiglyceride content of the cells was remarkably constant at all manganese deficiency levels.     

Genetic diversity in watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) landraces from Zimbabwe revealed by RAPD and SSR markers

Low polymorphism in cultivated watermelon has been reported in previous studies, based mainly on US Plant Introductions and watermelon cultivars, most of which were linked to breeding programmes associated with disease resistance. Since germplasm sampled in a putative centre of origin in southern Africa may harbour considerably higher variability, DNA marker-based diversity was estimated among 81 seedlings from eight accessions of watermelon collected in Zimbabwe; five accessions of cow-melons (Citrullus lanatus var. citroides) and three of sweet watermelons (C. lanatus var. lanatus). Two molecular marker methods were used, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and simple sequence repeats (SSR) also known as microsatellite DNA. Ten RAPD primers produced 138 markers of which 122 were polymorphic. Nine SSR primer pairs detected a total of 43 alleles with an average of 4.8 alleles per locus. The polymorphic information content (PIC) ranged from 0.47 to 0.77 for the RAPD primers and from 0.39 to 0.97 for the SSR loci. Similarity matrices obtained with SSR and RAPD, respectively, were highly correlated but only RAPD was able to provide each sample with an individual-specific DNA profile. Dendrograms and multidimensional scaling (MDS) produced two major clusters; one with the five cow-melon accessions and the other with the three sweet watermelon accessions. One of the most variable cow-melon accessions took an intermediate position in the MDS analysis, indicating the occurrence of gene flow between the two subspecies. Analysis of molecular variation (AMOVA) attributed most of the variability to within-accessions, and contrary to previous reports, sweet watermelon accessions apparently contain diversity of the same magnitude as the cow-melons.     

Analysis of lipids and fatty acids during the germination of Brassica campestris cv. esculenta seeds

Turnip tops seeds have a high lipid content (47.22% dry wt.); there is clear predominance of neutral lipids, mainly triglycerides, which represent 71.8% of the total lipid content.These triglycerides decrease during germination, with a maximum descent taking place between the 5th and 6th days of germination; this coincides with the maximum content in fatty acids in the seeds. However, phospholipids and glycolipids increase gradually during the same period. Gas-chromatography studies of the total and free fatty acids of these seeds reveals a predominance of those with an even number of carbon atoms; the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids is greater than that of the saturated kind. Among the former, of note are the high proportions mainly of erucic acid and oleic acid present in many seeds of the Cruciferae; the main saturated fatty acids found are palmitic, stearic and behenic acid.     

Biogenesis of mitochondria. The effects of altered membrane lipid composition on cation transport by mitochondria of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

1. The fatty acid composition of the membrane lipids of a fatty acid desaturase mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was manipulated by growing the organism in a medium containing defined fatty acid supplements. 2. Mitochondria were obtained whose fatty acids contain between 20% and 80% unsaturated fatty acids. 3. Mitochondria with high proportions of unsaturated fatty acids in their lipids have coupled oxidative phosphorylation with normal P/O ratios, accumulate K(+) ions in the presence of valinomycin and an energy source, and eject protons in an energy-dependent fashion. 4. If the unsaturated fatty acid content of the mitochondrial fatty acids is lowered to 20%, the mitochondria simultaneously lose active cation transport and the ability to couple phosphorylation to respiration. 5. The loss of energy-linked reactions is accompanied by an increased passive permeability of the mitochondria to protons. 6. Free fatty acids uncouple oxidative phosphorylation in yeast mitochondria and the effect is reversed by bovine serum albumin. 7. The free fatty acid contents of yeast mitochondria are unaffected by depletion of unsaturated fatty acids, and free fatty acids are not responsible for the uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation in organelles depleted in unsaturated fatty acids. 8. It is suggested that the loss of energy-linked reactions in yeast mitochondria that are depleted in unsaturated fatty acids is a consequence of the increased passive permeability to protons, and is caused by a change in the physical properties of the lipid phase of the inner mitochondrial membrane.