优质鲜食型甘薯新品种‘徐薯32’的选育及特性分析

甘薯新品种‘徐薯32’是以品质性状良好的‘徐薯55-2’为母本、‘红东’为父本,经有性杂交培育而成。该品种于2015年通过河南省农作物品种审定委员会审定。通过对‘徐薯32’农艺性状特征、生产力、抗病性、品质性状等进行研究,结果表明:‘徐薯32’地上部短蔓,薯块萌芽性好,耐贮藏,熟食口感佳;抗黑斑病,中抗根腐病与茎线虫病;鲜薯产量与对照‘徐薯22’相当,薯干和淀粉产量较对照分别增产15.24%和18.99%;‘徐薯32’块根主要营养物质含量均高于‘徐薯18’,其淀粉最高粘度值与崩解值较‘徐薯18’分别高6.52%和12.40%,糊化温度则略低于‘徐薯18’;淀粉粒径表面积与体积分布呈三峰、数目分布呈单峰,三类分布中淀粉颗粒总平均粒径均低于‘徐薯18’,降低幅度分别为12.22%、13.18%和2.22%。因此,‘徐薯32’具有良好的农艺性状与品质特性,可为鲜食型甘薯品种改良和应对市场需求奠定基础。     

高淀粉多抗甘薯新品种徐薯25的选育及特性评价

高淀粉多抗甘薯新品种徐薯25利用高产综合性状较好的徐薯18为母本,高干高抗优异材料徐781为父本,通过人工控制授粉杂交、多点综合鉴定筛选育成;2007年通过国家甘薯新品种鉴定,鉴定编号为国品鉴甘薯200702;2008年通过山东省品种审定,审定编号为鲁农审2008040.通过对徐薯25特征特性、生产力、抗病性、品质性状以及产量形成的生理特点进行深入研究表明:鲜薯产量与高产兼用品种徐薯18持平,薯干产量比徐薯18增产15%以上,薯块干物质含量则比徐薯18高4.24%;徐薯25在总光合势、净同化率等方面与徐薯18相似,其获得高产主要依赖于光合产物合理的分配,物质生产属"经济系数型";徐薯25高抗茎线虫病、根腐病、蔓割病;薯块粗蛋白、薯块还原糖、薯块可溶性糖和叶片粗蛋白均高于徐薯18.     

小麦糊化特性参数稳定性分析及其与其它品质性状关系的研究

通过测定黄淮麦区2年度3试点13个小麦区试品种糊化特性(RVA)参数及其它主要品质性状,研究了小麦RVA参数稳定性及其与其它主要品质性状间的关系.结果表明:基因型对峰值粘度、保持粘度、稀懈值、最终粘度、回升值起主导作用,环境对糊化温度和峰值时间影响较大.峰值粘度、保持粘度、最终粘度在品种间变幅较大,分别为2 055.50 cp～3 935.50 cp、1 046.42 cp～2 589.00 cp和2 412.00 cp～4 341.50 cp,峰值粘度、保持粘度、稀懈值的变异系数较高,分别为10.74 %、12.17 %、21.25 %.除峰值时间外,其它RVA参数品种间差异极显著.峰值粘度与保持粘度、稀懈值、最终粘度及回升值间极显著正相关.峰值粘度、保持粘度、最终粘度、回升值与蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量和Zeleny沉降值间极显著负相关.同时依据RVA参数对参试品种进行了聚类分析.峰值粘度可作为衡量小麦淀粉特性的最重要指标,由于品种间淀粉品质差异大,因此品种选育过程中应同时注重蛋白质和淀粉品质.     

籼型杂交稻淀粉RVA谱特征值的杂种优势分析

以6个籼型三系不育系和5个籼型恢复系按不完全双列杂交设计配制的30个杂交稻组合及其亲本为材料,对其籽粒淀粉RVA谱各特征值进行了测定和分析。结果表明：（1）亲本间和杂交稻组合间的淀粉RVA谱各特征值均存在极显著的差异,其中变异最大的是消减值,最小的是糊化开始温度。（2）杂交稻组合淀粉RVA谱各特征值的变异系数均小于杂交稻亲本的变异系数;峰值粘度、崩解值、最低粘度和最终粘度的平均值杂交稻组合大于亲本,其他性状的平均值杂交稻组合小于亲本。（3）峰值粘度存在极显著的正向超亲优势;崩解值、最低粘度、最终粘度和回复值存在极显著的正向中亲优势;消减值和峰值时间存在极显著的负向中亲优势和正向低亲优势;糊化开始温度存在极显著的负向低亲优势;最终粘度、回复值和糊化开始温度表现为极显著的负向竞争优势,其他性状表现为正向竞争优势。（4）峰值粘度、崩解值、消减值和回复值等4个性状,各杂交稻组合与其母本、中亲值呈现极显著正相关,峰值时间与中亲值呈显著正相关。而与其父本的相关均未达显著水平。     

臭氧胁迫对稻穗不同部位糙米直链淀粉含量和RVA谱特征值的影响

近地层臭氧浓度升高使水稻产量下降,但臭氧胁迫对稻米品质的影响及其强弱势粒差异尚不清楚.本研究以8个不同类型水稻品种为供试材料,利用自然光气体熏蒸平台,设置对照(9 nL·L^-1)和高浓度臭氧(约100 nL·L^-1)处理,研究臭氧胁迫对稻穗不同部位糙米直链淀粉含量和RVA谱特征值的影响.结果表明: 与对照相比,臭氧处理使糙米直链淀粉含量、最高粘度、热浆粘度、崩解值和冷胶粘度分别下降5.9%、7.6%、5.9%、11.6%、2.9%,消减值和糊化温度分别增加24.9%和1.0%,均达显著水平.稻米直链淀粉含量和所有RVA特征参数的品种间差异均达极显著水平.稻穗不同部位稻米直链淀粉含量、最高粘度、热浆粘度、崩解值、冷胶粘度从大到小依次为强势粒>中势粒>弱势粒,消减值则表现相反.绝大多数情形下,臭氧与年度或臭氧与品种间的互作对稻米直链淀粉含量和RVA谱的影响达显著水平;尽管稻米RVA特征值对臭氧胁迫的响应多表现为稻穗上部略小于中部和下部,但臭氧与部位间的互作均未达显著水平.表明中等强度的臭氧胁迫使水稻食味品质明显变劣,变劣的程度因生长季和供试品种而异,籽粒着生位置受臭氧胁迫的影响较弱.     

小麦面粉RVA粘度特性的遗传潜势和聚类分析

分析了84个小麦品种(系)面粉的RVA特征参数,结果表明:7个RVA粘度性状在不同品种(系)间存在极显著的差异;所有RVA特征值具有较高的广义遗传力;根据全部7个RVA特征参数和仅用高峰粘度、低谷粘度和最终粘度3个指标将84个品种(系)聚类的结果几乎完全相同,结果是不同品种(系)总体上有按不同生态型聚集的趋势,变异系数的大小决定着聚类的结果.南方品种(系)绝大部分聚为一类,这类品种的RVA特征值均较高,但各参数变异较小;绝大部分北方品种(系)和加拿大品种聚为一类,这类品种所有RVA特征值均较低,但变异系数均较大;其它品种(系)聚为一类,其RVA参数为3类中最低,变异系数却为最高,且最终粘度低于或接近高峰粘度.小麦面粉RVA粘度高低的总体表现是:第Ⅰ类(南方为主型)>第Ⅱ类(北方为主型)>第Ⅲ类(特殊型).     

山东小麦种质资源品质特性多样性研究及利用

连续2年对698份地方品种、育成品种和省外引进品种的淀粉糊化特性、面团揉混特性和面筋蛋白特性等进行了详细的研究,并对不同生态类型区地方品种的品质特性进行了分析。结果表明:(1)不同来源种质资源品质特性表现出一定差异,育成品种和省外引进品种具有较长的面团揉混形成时间和较高的沉淀值,形成时间超过3.5min的品种分别有10和16个,最高值达5.2min;沉淀值水平较高,超过40.0ml的品种分别有32和25个,最高值分别为61.8ml和68.8ml;地方品种表现出较好的淀粉RVA糊化特性和较高的面筋蛋白含量,峰值粘度大于2900cP的有24个,最高峰值粘度高达4099cP,沉淀值在40.0ml以上的品种占48.8%,最高值达58.8ml;(2)不同生态类型区地方品种具有不同的品质特性,胶东丘陵冬性晚熟类型区烟台和青岛的地方品种具有较好的淀粉RVA糊化特性和较高的面筋蛋白含量,鲁西北平原冬性/半冬性晚熟类型区滨州、潍坊和德州的地方品种具有较好的淀粉RVA糊化特性,鲁中山丘川半冬性/冬性中熟类型区临沂、泰安的地方品种具有较高的面筋蛋白含量;(3)筛选出形成时间大于4.5min且沉淀值高于50.0ml的育成品种济南17、济宁16、济麦20、洲元9369和泰麦一号等,沉淀值超过60.0ml的省外引进品种藁优9415、冀5099、临汾6410和临汾6510等,峰值粘度高于3100cP的地方品种半截芒、白秃头(二)、三八麦、白秃头、小白芒(2)、半截红穗,以及沉淀值高于50.0ml的地方品种蚂蚱头、白肚、白气死雾、一穗收、四棱白、白穗红、半截红穗等,这些材料均可作为培育优质小麦的首选亲本。     

抗病高淀粉甘薯品种徐薯26的选育及产量形成特点

抗病高淀粉甘薯新品种徐薯26是中国农业科学院甘薯研究所以徐781为母本,通过集团杂交放任授粉、多年多点综合鉴定选育而成。该品种2009年通过国家甘薯新品种鉴定,鉴定编号为国品鉴甘薯2009003。对徐薯26的形态特征、品质性状、抗病性、生产力和产量形成的生理特点等进行了研究,结果表明:徐薯26全生育期长势平稳,薯干品质和食味较好,抗根腐病和蔓割病,薯干和淀粉产量与徐薯18相比增产极显著,生长后期薯块干物质积累较快,经济系数较高,适宜早栽和密植。     

河南省不同纬度生态环境对三种筋型小麦淀粉糊化特性的影响

选用 6个有代表性的强、中、弱筋冬小麦品种在河南省 5个纬度点 (32～ 36 0°N )种植 ,研究了 3种筋型小麦品种淀粉糊化特性在不同纬度生态环境条件下的变化。结果表明 :基因型和环境对糊化特性均有显著或极显著影响 ,其中生态环境的影响较大 ,而且峰值粘度、低谷粘度、稀懈值、最终粘度值均表现为随纬度升高而增加的趋势 ,而糊化时间的变化规律不明显。淀粉糊化特性指标的变异系数为低谷粘度 >峰值粘度 >最终粘度 >稀懈值 >糊化时间。 6个供试品种中 ,弱筋型小麦豫麦 5 0的淀粉糊化特性指标值最低 ,变异系数最大。播种至成熟期总积温、总日照时数与淀粉糊化特性指标均呈正相关 ,总降雨量与其均呈负相关。相关分析和逐步回归结果表明 ,5月份灌浆期不同阶段气象因子对淀粉品质性状的影响效应不同 ,其中上、下旬气象因子与淀粉糊化特性的关系更密切。据此对小麦淀粉品质改良、区域化种植和优质高效栽培提出了一些建议。     

不同筋力小麦品种在不同生态环境下籽粒淀粉糊化特性分析

以不同筋力小麦品种 强筋、中筋、弱筋 在河南省5个纬度点 32°N～36°N 种植为材料,利用快速粘度分析仪 RVA 研究了不同筋力品种的淀粉糊化特性,结果表明:弱筋小麦品种的淀粉糊化特性和强筋、中筋小麦品种有明显的差异;弱筋小麦品种更易受环境条件的影响;两个中筋小麦品种的表现不一致,其中豫麦70的环境变异程度大于豫麦49的变异程度;弱筋小麦品种、强筋小麦品种以及中筋品种豫70的峰值粘度、低谷粘度、最终粘度均随着纬度从北到南呈逐渐下降的趋势;所有品种的淀粉糊化指标均在信阳点表现为最低.     

基于发根培养体系的甘薯品种抗线虫特性鉴定研究

利用发根农杆菌诱导的甘薯发根体系,鉴定甘薯品种抗线虫的特性。试验在甘薯品种徐薯18、栗子香和鲁78066诱导的发根体系上,接种马铃薯腐烂线虫,六周后调查发根繁殖线虫情况及线虫侵染发根情况,然后评价它们的抗线虫特性。结果表明:培养六周后,线虫在徐薯18、栗子香和鲁78066发根上繁殖倍数分别为8.82,0.76和0.70;在徐薯18发根上观察到多处线虫侵入位点,在栗子香和鲁78066发根上只观察到一处线虫侵入位点;基于以上结果,鉴定徐薯18为易感线虫病品种,栗子香和鲁78066为抗线虫病品种,徐薯18和鲁78066的鉴定结果和发病地自然诱发鉴定结果相一致,栗子香不同于发病地自然诱发鉴定结果。鉴定结果表明:用不同品种的甘薯发根作鉴定其抗线虫特性,具有体系简单、直观方便、重复性好以及不受自然环境影响等优点,进一步完善可以作为植物对线虫病抗性鉴定新的体系。     

Genetic analysis of starch paste viscosity parameters in glutinous rice (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oryza sativa</Emphasis> L.)

Starch paste viscosity plays an important role in estimating the cooking, eating, and processing quality of rice. The inheritance of starch paste viscosity in glutinous rice remains undefined. In the present study, 118 glutinous rice accessions were collected, and the genotypes of 17 starch synthesis-related genes (SSRG) were analyzed by using 43 gene-specific molecular markers. Association analysis indicated that 10 of 17 SSRGs were involved in controlling the rapid visco analyzer (RVA) profile parameters. Among these, the PUL gene was identified to play an important role in control of peak viscosity (PKV), hot paste viscosity (HPV), cool paste viscosity (CPV), breakdown viscosity (BDV), peak time (PeT), and paste temperature (PaT) in glutinous rice. Other SSRGs involved only a few RVA profile parameters. Furthermore, interactions between SSRGs were found being responsible for PeT, PaT, and BDV. Some of the RVA parameters, including PKV, HPV, CPV, CSV, and PaT, were mainly governed by single SSRG, whereas other parameters, such as BDV, SBV, and PeT, were controlled by a few SSRGs, functioning cooperatively. Further, three near-isogenic lines (NIL) of a japonica glutinous cv. Suyunuo as genetic background, with PUL, SSIII-1, and SSIII-2 alleles replaced with those of indica cv. Guichao 2, were employed to verify the genetic effects of the various genes, and the results were consistent with those obtained from the association analysis. These findings indicated that starch paste viscosity in glutinous rice had a complex genetic system, and the PUL gene played an important role in determining the RVA profile parameters in glutinous rice. These results provide important information for potentially improving the quality of glutinous rice.     

76份特用甘薯种质资源的鉴定评价

对76份从国际马铃薯研究中心(CIP)引进的胡萝卜素含量较高的特用型资源材料进行鉴定评价,结果如下:筛选到短蔓资源2份,干物率较对照徐薯18(CK)高的材料19份,干物率≥30%的材料3份,胡萝卜素含量≥10mg/100 g鲜样的资源材料有19份,鲜薯产量较CK高的材料1份(440189);通过抗病鉴定评价获得抗黑斑病、根腐病、茎线虫病材料分别为44份、10份、26份,兼抗两种病材料20份,兼抗三种病材料5份。     

Genetic dissection of starch paste viscosity characteristics in waxy maize revealed by high-density SNPs in a recombinant inbred line population

Starch paste viscosity properties are widely used as important indicators for quality estimation in waxy maize. To elucidate the genetic basis of paste viscosity characteristics of waxy maize, seven parameters from the rapid visco analyzer (RVA) profile were analyzed for quantitative trait loci (QTLs) in this study, using a recombinant inbred line population derived from a cross between the inbred lines Tongxi5 and Hengbai522. A high-density linkage map was constructed using 2703 bin markers, covering 1876.20 cM of the whole genome with an average genetic distance of 0.73 cM between adjacent bin markers. Seventy-two QTLs were detected for RVA parameters across 3 years, of which 17 could be identified in 2 years, and 6 identified in all 3 years. Eight QTL clusters were observed to be co-associated with two or more RVA parameters. Three major QTLs, qPV4-1, qTV4-1, and qFV5-2, which explained over 10% of the phenotypic variation, were stably mapped to the chromosomes 4 or 5 in all years. Based on functional annotations, two genes were considered as potential candidate genes for the identified major QTLs. The QTLs and candidate genes identified in this study will be useful for further understanding of the genetic architecture of starch paste viscosity characteristics in waxy maize, and may facilitate molecular breeding for grain quality improvement in breeding programs, and simultaneously provide a basis for cloning of the genes underlying these QTLs.     

A comparative study of some properties of cassava (Manihot esculenta,Crantz) and cocoyam (Colocasia esculenta,Linn) starches

Some properties of cassava and cocoyam starches were studied and compared with a view to determining the functional applications in food systems for which they are suitable. The starches were compared in terms of their microscopic, thermal, physicochemical and rheological properties. Microscopy revealed smaller granule sizes of cocoyam starch compared with cassava. The amylose content was higher in cocoyam starch (33.3%) than in cassava starch (29.3%). Gelatinization in cassava starch occurred at a lower temperature range (60.11–72.67 °C) compared with cocoyam (72.96–80.25 °C) with the endothermic gelatinization enthalpy higher in cocoyam. The swelling power and solubility patterns indicated lower relaxation temperature, higher swelling and solubilization rates in cassava starch compared with cocoyam starch. The pasting characteristics of 8% (db, dry basis) starch slurry showed that cassava had higher peak viscosity but lower stability and setback ratios compared with cocoyam. This indicates that cocoyam starch paste is better in withstanding processing conditions and would present a superior thickening characteristic than cassava starch paste. The flow properties of both starch pastes showed non-Newtonian behaviour and could be best described by the Herschel–Bulkley model. The rate index and yield stress of cocoyam starch paste was higher than that of cassava. The storage modulus of cocoyam starch paste was higher than that of cassava indicating that cocoyam starch paste was more rigid than cassava starch paste. Cassava starch paste exhibited higher paste clarity and freeze-thaw stability than cocoyam starch paste. The properties of cassava and cocoyam starches dictate their food applications.     

QTL mapping for the paste viscosity characteristics in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

In order to understand the genetic basis of the paste viscosity characteristics (RVA profile, which is tested on the Rapid Visco Analyser) of the rice grain, we mapped QTLs for RVA profile parameters using a DH population derived from a cross between an indica variety, Zai-Ye-Qing 8 (ZYQ8), and a japonica variety, Jing-Xi 17 (JX17). Evidence of genotype-by-environment interaction was found by comparing the mapped QTLs between two locations, Hainan (HN) and Hangzhou (HZ). A total of 20 QTLs for six parameters of the RVA profiles were identified at least one location. Only the waxy locus (wx) located on chromosome 6 was detected significantly at both environments for five traits, i.e. hot paste viscosity (HPV), cool paste viscosity (CPV), breakdown viscosity (BDV), consistency viscosity (CSV) and setback viscosity (SBV). This locus explained 19.5%–63.7% of the total variations at both environments, suggesting that the RVA profiles were mainly controlled by the wx gene. HPV, CPV, BDV, CSV and SBV were also controlled by other QTLs whose effects on the respective parameter were detected only in one environment, while for the peak viscosity (PKV), only 2 QTLs, 1 at HN,the other at HZ, were identified. These results indicate that RVA profiles are obviously affected by environment. Received: 18 July 1999 / Accepted: 27 August 1999     

Modelling the Effects of Debranching and Microwave Irradiation Treatments on the Properties of High Amylose Corn Starch by Using Response Surface Methodology

Response surface methodology was applied to determine the effects of pullulanase debranching, microwave irradiation time (2–4 min) and power (20–100%) on resistant starch (RS) formation and in-vitro glycemic index (GI) values in high amylose corn starch, Hylon VII. Starch:water (1:10) suspensions were cooked and autoclaved, debranched with pullulanase (1000 PUN/g; 1500 U/kg starch) at 60 °C and then different microwave-storing cycles and drying (oven or freeze drying) processes were applied. In order to describe the relationship between the dependent and independent variables (microwave power and irradiation time), the response values were fitted by first order polynomial regression models. Significance analysis showed that microwave irradiation time had significant effect on RS content and GI value of the samples treated with one cycle of microwave-storing prior to freeze-drying. Microwave power had significant factor on the GI value of the samples that were oven-dried after one cycle of microwave-storing. Solubility and water binding capacity values of all heat treated samples were higher than those of native starch. On the other hand, RVA viscosity values were lower than native starch for oven-dried samples. Water binding capacity, solubility and final viscosity values of the freeze-dried samples were higher than those of oven-dried ones.