中国五台山多目涡虫(涡虫纲,三肠目)染色体及核型分析

利用空气干燥法对采自山西茶铺和镇海寺的五台山多目涡虫Polycelis wutaishanica Liu,1996的核型进行分析,结果表明:五台山多目涡虫体细胞有42条染色体,为2倍体,核型公式2n=2x=42 =28m 14sm,其中28条为中部着丝粒染色体, 14条为亚中部着丝粒染色体,第1对中部着丝粒染色体明显比其它染色体长。五台山多目涡虫的核型属于2C型。     

内葵杂3号染色体核型分析

对内蒙古地区的栽培品种内葵杂3号三交种和单交种了进行了核型分析。其结果为:内葵杂3号三交种和单交种的染色体数均为2n=34,各具一对随体染色体。三交种第2对染色体具随体且为近中部着丝粒染色体,其余为中部着丝粒染色体,染色体相对长度变异范围4.105%～7.703%,核型公式为2n=2x=34=32m+2sm(2sat),核型类型属于1A型;单交种均为中部着丝粒染色体,第4对染色体具随体,染色体相对长度变异范围3.661%～8.128%,其核型公式为:2n=2x=34=34m(2sat),核型类型属于1B型。     

中国大鲵核型特征研究

采用外周血培养和制备染色体标本的方法,分析雌雄中国大鲵的核型特征.结果 表明:(1)中国大鲵染色体数目为2n=60;(2)染色体由大染色体和微小染色体组成,属于两型性染色体;(3)大染色体中有8对中部着丝粒染色体和2对亚中部着丝粒染色体;(4)微小染色体有20对,大多是端部着丝粒染色体,在雌性中发现了4对双臂染色体,第11、25号是亚中部着丝粒染色体,第23、24号是中部着丝粒染色体.表明中国大鲵是两栖动物中的原始类群.     

药用植物天门冬染色体核型分析

对天门冬根尖细胞进行染色体常规制片,并进行核型分析。结果表明,天门冬染色体数为2n=20,核型公式为K(2n)=2x=20=8 sm+128m,其中中部着丝粒染色体(m)为4对,近中部着丝粒染色体(sm)为5对。核型类型为2B。     

高加索蜂Apis mellifera caucasica Gorb的染色体核型分析

采用常规压片法对高加索蜂单倍体雄蜂的染色体进行分析.实验结果表明高加索蜂单倍体雄蜂染色体数为n=16.根据Levan等提出的染色体划分标准得出高加索蜂:中部着丝粒染色体(m)为12条,亚中部着丝粒染色体(sm)为4条,无端部着丝粒染色体(t)和亚端部着丝粒染色体(st).染色体总臂数(NF)为32,高加索蜂雄蜂的核型公式为n=x=16=12 m+4 sm,属“1A”核型.     

版纳鱼螈和双带鱼螈核型的比较研究

本文对版纳鱼螈的核型作了观察,并与双带鱼螈进行了比较。两者的核型基本一致,均为2n=42,但版纳鱼螈的NF=62,而双带鱼螈的NF=60;版纳鱼螈的染色体有中部着丝粒、亚中部着丝粒和端部着丝粒三种类型,而双带鱼螈则无亚中部着丝粒的染色体。     

尾斑瘰螈的核型和C带研究

用常规Giemsa染色和BSG技术研究了尾斑瘰螈的核型和C带。该螈的染色体数 为2n=24,包括9对中部着丝粒染色体和3对亚中部着丝粒染色体(Nos. 7、10、11);BSG显带处理后全部染色体都显示了弱的着丝粒带,同时还显示了46条近着丝粒区插入带; 其核型和C带均不同于已研究过的国内蝾螈科动物,未发现与性别有关的异形色体。     

中国淡水三角涡虫(Dugesia sp)的染色体研究(Ⅰ)

利用空气干燥法对不同产地淡水三角涡虫的染色体进行了研究。核型分析表明：河南淇县鱼泉三角涡虫(Dugesia sp)和浙江杭州龙井三角涡虫(Dugesia sp)体细胞中有16条染色体,为二倍体,核型公式为2n=2x=16=16m,均为具中部着丝粒染色体;河南济源不老泉三角涡虫(Dugesia sp)有24条染色体,为三倍体,核型公式为2n=3x=24=24m,亦全部由中部着丝粒染色体组成。上述3个产地淡水三角涡虫染色体的形态较为接近。北京樱桃沟三角涡虫(Dugesia sp)的体细胞染色体数目为24,为三倍体,核型公式为2n=3x=24=22m 2sm,由中部和亚中部着丝粒染色体组成,其中第2、4号各有一条染色体属于亚中部着丝粒染色体。研究结果表明：4个产地三角涡虫的体细胞染色体数目存在较大差异,包括二倍体(2n=2x=16)和三倍体(2n=3x=24),染色体基数属于x=8类型。     

福建大头蛙五个地理居群核型多样性

采用骨髓细胞蒸汽固定法制备染色体标本,研究了产于安徽、浙江、江西、福建和湖南5个地理居群福建大头蛙的核型。结果表明：5居群样本的细胞染色体数均为2n=22,NF=44,核型模式为7＋4。福建居群11对染色体全为中部着丝粒染色体;其它4个居群中的NO．3为亚中部着丝粒染色体,其余为中部着丝粒染色体;各居群中NO．3和NO．7的相对长度和臂比值存在显著或极显著差异。显示不同地理居群福建大头蛙的核型具有丰富的多样性。     

沙鞭不同居群染色体数目及核型分析

该研究采用常规压片法对分布于内蒙古高原的6个沙鞭居群的染色体核型进行研究,探讨沙鞭不同居群的核型特征及其进化关系。结果表明：(1)沙鞭6个居群的染色体数目恒定,均为2n = 2x = 46。(2)染色体有正中部着丝粒(M)、中部着丝粒(m)、亚中部着丝粒(sm)和亚端部着丝粒(st)4种类型,且中部着丝粒类型数量最多。(3)沙鞭不同居群核型公式存在差异。(4)核型类型有1A、2A、1B和2B型4种,染色体平均臂比介于1.29 ~ 1.62,长度比为1.73 ~ 2.68。(5)核型不对称系数处于55.96% ~ 59.95%,核型对称性较高,进化程度较为原始,其中37居群的核型不对称系数最大,进化程度较高,34居群的核型不对称系数最小,进化程度较低。(6)沙鞭6个居群聚为两类,37居群单独聚为一类,其他所有居群聚为一类,表明37居群与其他居群具有相对较远的亲缘关系。该研究首次报道了沙鞭不同居群的染色体核型特征及其进化关系,为以后沙鞭的系统进化和优良种质资源筛选奠定了细胞学证据。     

A new Chinese species of Psathyrostachys (Poaceae) with notes on its karyotype

The new species Psathyrostachys stoloniformis native to China is described. The karyotype was investigated by C-, N-, and Ag-banding. The new species has 2n = 2x = 14, including 8 metacentric and 6 SAT-chromosomes with minute satellites, distributed either on 3 or on 4 chromosome pairs. The C-banding pattern comprises from one to six conspicuous and from zero to three very small bands per chromosome. Often two bands placed close together appear as one large band. The karyotype suggests that P. stoloniformis is closely related to P. juncea. N-banding produced very weak or no bands. Meiotic analyses of interspecific hybrids revealed a high chiasma frequency indicating that P. stoloniformis has the same basic genome (N) as P. huashanica , and P. fragilis.     

The 3Ns chromosome of Psathyrostachys huashanica carries the gene(s) underlying wheat stripe rust resistance

Stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis tritici (Pst)) is one of the most destructive diseases of wheat in the world. Exploiting and utilizing stripe rust resistance genes of wild species has become an essential strategy for resistance breeding. Psathyrostachyshuashanica Keng ex Kuo is a wild species in Triticeae that has been used for wheat improvement because of its high resistance or immunity to stripe rust. In this study, 9 wheat-P. huashanica addition lines were characterized by Giemsa C-banding, genomic in situ hybridization (GISH), and disease resistance evaluation. Giemsa C-banding and GISH demonstrated that lines 163-5, 165-1, 183-5, 240-3, and 240-4 are P. huashanica 3Ns chromosome monosomic addition lines; lines 183-1 and 183-20 are P. huashanica 3Ns chromosome disomic addition lines; line 165-20 is a P. huashanica 3Ns and 4Ns chromosomes double disomic addition line, and line 219-1 is a P. huashanica 1Ns and 3Ns/5A chromosomes double disomic addition-substitution line. All these addition lines with P. huashanica 3Ns chromosome(s) expressed high resistance or immunity to stripe rust. By comparing the series of wheat-P. huashanica chromosome addition lines, we concluded that the P. huashanica 3Ns chromosome carries the gene(s) for resistance or immunity to stripe rust. These addition lines can be used as a donor source of novel stripe rust resistance to wheat breeding programs.     

Introgression of chromosome 3Ns from Psathyrostachys huashanica into wheat specifying resistance to stripe rust

Wheat stripe rust is a destructive disease in the cool and humid wheat-growing areas of the world. Finding diverse sources of stripe rust resistance is critical for increasing genetic diversity of resistance for wheat breeding programs. Stripe rust resistance was identified in the alien species Psathyrostachys huashanica, and a wheat-P. huashanica amphiploid line (PHW-SA) with stripe rust resistance was reported previously. In this study, a P. huashanica 3Ns monosomic addition line (PW11) with superior resistance to stripe rust was developed, which was derived from the cross between PHW-SA and wheat J-11. We evaluated the alien introgressions PW11-2, PW11-5 and PW11-8 which were derived from line PW11 for reaction to new Pst race CYR32, and used molecular and cytogenetic tools to characterize these lines. The introgressions were remarkably resistant to CYR32, suggesting that the resistance to stripe rust of the introgressions thus was controlled by gene(s) located on P. huashanica chromosome 3Ns. All derived lines were cytologically stable in term of meiotic chromosome behavior. Two 3Ns chromosomes of P. huashanica were detected in the disomic addition line PW11-2. Chromosomes 1B of substitution line PW11-5 had been replaced by a pair of P. huashanica 3Ns chromosomes. In PW11-8, a small terminal segment from P. huashanica chromosome arm 3NsS was translocated to the terminal region of wheat chromosomes 3BL. Thus, this translocated chromosome is designated T3BL-3NsS. These conclusions were further confirmed by SSR analyses. Two 3Ns-specific markers Xgwm181 and Xgwm161 will be useful to rapidly identify and trace the translocated fragments. These introgressions, which had significant characteristics of resistance to stripe rust, could be utilized as novel germplasms for wheat breeding.     

Intergeneric crosses of Psathyrostachys huashanica with Elymus spp. and cytogenetic studies of the hybrids with E. tsukushiensis (Poaceae, Triticeae)

Intergeneric crosses have been made between Psathyrostachys huashanica (2x= 14, NN) and three Elymus species, namely, E. pendulinus (2n = 4x = 28, SSYY), E. ciliaris (2n = 4x = 28, SSYY), and E. tsukushiensis (2n = 6x = 42, SSHHYY). Three accessions of E. tsukushiensis from different localities crossed with P. huashanica produced adult hybrid plants. Although completely sterile, the hybrid plants developed rather vigorously, and were morphologically intermediate between the two parents. Chromosome configuration of 24.62I + 1.51II + 0.03III per cell characterized meioses of the hybrids, but there existed slight variations among different combinations. These results indicate that there is little or no chromosome homoeology between "N" genome of P. huashanica and "S", "H" or "Y" genomes of E. tsukushiensis.     

干旱和盐胁迫对华山新麦草种子萌发及幼苗生理特性的影响

模拟华山新麦草野生土壤生境特点,分别采用聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)、钙(CaCl2)以及二者混合液3种方式浸种,研究PEG-6000和Ca2+浸种对华山新麦草种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响.结果表明:3种处理下华山新麦草的种子发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数均无显著变化;但PEG-6000浸种后,华山新麦草幼苗可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量增加,蛋白酶、SOD和POD活性增强;CaCl2浸种后,华山新麦草幼苗可溶性糖含量增加,蛋白酶、SOD和CAT活性增强,淀粉酶活性降低;而PEG-6000和CaCl2混合液浸种后,华山新麦草幼苗可溶性糖含量下降,SOD活性降低,华山新麦草生长受阻.据此推测华山干旱和钙离子含量高的生境特点可能是华山新麦草种群濒危的原因之一.     

华山新麦草开花物候期观测和自然种群基因流的间接估测

华山新麦草（Psathyrostachys huashanica keng)为我国特有种,仅分布在陕西华山。通过对自然种群传粉物候期观测发现,华山新麦草的传粉高峰期与海拔有一定关系。海拔每升高200m,传粉物候期就推迟2－3d;海拔差异超过500m的亚种群,传粉物候期就不会出现重叠。同时应用等位酶分析技术和E－统计分析间接估测华山新麦草自然种群的基因流（Nm）,其值较一般风媒传粉植物低。通过华山新麦草资源状况、生长环境的调查以及移栽试验的观察,认为该物种稀的主要原因之一 可能是其生存竞争能力弱,最终被迫生长在其它物种所不能生存的环境。     

Genetic structure and differentiation of Psathyrostachys huashanica populations detected with RAPD markers

Psathyrostachys huashanica Keng is a perennial grass and belongs to genus Psathyrostachys under Triticeae.sathyrostachys is found in the center of Middle Asia and the Caucasus Mountain,while P.huashanica,a species endemic to China,is only located in Mt.Hua in the Shaanxi province,China.At present,the population of this species is decreasing,and reaching the edge of extinction.Due to the limitation in distribution and the importance as breeding material for germplasm storage,it has been considered as first class among the national protected rare plants.For this reason,the present study is significant in probing plant flora,origin and evolution of Triticeae,and crop breeding.Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)markers were used to analyze the genetic structure and differentiation of P.huashanica populations sampled in three valleys (Huangpu,Xian,and Huashan Valleys)in Mr.Hua.One hundred and twenty-two RAPDfragments were obtained in all 266 individuals with 20 primers with a mean of 6.1 (2-10)fragments per primer.The percentage of polymorphic loci (PPB)was 60.66%in Huangpu Valley,90.98%in Xian Valley,95.08%in Huashan Valley,and the total PPB was 95.08%,which indicated a highly genetic variability of P.huashanica.The Shannon's Information index and GST were 0.3306 and 0.3263,respectively,indicating that there were more genetic variations within the subpopulations than those among the subpopulations.The gene flow among the subpopulations of P.huashanica (Nm=1.0322)was much less than that of the common anemophytes (Nm=5.24).Mean genetic distance is 0.1571(range:0.0022-0.2901).The highest value of genetic distance was found between the subpopulation (hp1)of Huangpu Valley and the highest altitude subpopulation (h8)of Huashan Valley.Correlation analysis detected significant correlation between genetic distance and vertical distance of altitude.Clustering analysis and principal coordinate analysis revealed the genetic differentiation among the populations of P.huashanica.Differentiation mainly occurred between the higher altitude subpopulations and the lower altitude subpopulations,suggesting that altitude might be the major factor that restricted the gene flow between different altitude subpopulations and resulted in differentiation of subpopulations.     

A Biosystematic Study on Hybrids Between Psathyrostachys huashanica and Two Species of Roegneria

Intergeneric crosses were made betweem Psathyrostachys huashanica (2n=14, NN)and two Roegneria species, namely, R. ciliaris (2n=28, SSYY), and R. tsukushiensis (2n=42, SSHHYY). Two combinations of P. huashanica crossed with R. ciliaris and R. tsukushiensis produced adult hybrid plants. Although completely sterile, the hybrid plants developed rather vigorously, and were morphologically intermediate between the two parents.Two spikelets per node in part were observed in hybrids, which evidently came from P. huashanica. The chromosome configurations of R. ciliaris × P. huashanica and R. tsukushiensis × P. huashanica were 20.73 I+0.318 II, 24.80 I+1.578 II+0. 012 III, respectively. Polypolar division was found at anaphase I in meiosis of two hybrids. Abnormal meiosis in two hybrids was observed. The chromosome pairing indicates that there is only a little chromosome homoeology between “N” genome of P. huashanicaand “S”, “Y” or “H” genomes of R. ciliaris and R. tsukushiensis.     

用RAPD检测华山新麦草自然居群的遗传结构和居群分化

华山新麦草特产于我国陕西华山,为国家一级重点保护植物。应用RAPD技术,用2 0条随机引物对黄埔峪、仙峪、华山峪3个居群不同海拔的13个亚居群共2 6 6个华山新麦草取样个体进行扩增,共得12 2个扩增片段。平均每个引物得到的扩增片段数为6 .1(2～10 )。实验数据的统计分析表明:黄埔峪居群的多态性位点比率为6 0 .6 6 % ,仙峪居群的多态性位点比率为90 .98% ,华山峪居群的多态性位点比率为95 .0 8% ,总的多态性位点比率为95 .0 8% ,说明华山新麦草具有较高的遗传变异性。Shannon多样性指数(0 .330 6 )和基因分化系数(GST=0 .32 6 3)揭示了华山新麦草居群遗传变异多存在于亚居群内。华山新麦草亚居群间的基因流N m=1.0 32 2 ,低于一般风媒传粉植物(N m=5 .2 4 )的基因流水平。亚居群间平均的遗传距离为0 .15 71(变化范围:0 .0 0 2 2～0 .2 90 1) ,最大的遗传距离值出现在黄埔峪亚居群(hp1)和华山峪高海拔亚居群(h8)之间,仙峪亚居群与华山峪高海拔亚居群之间以及华山峪高海拔亚居群与低海拔亚居群之间的遗传距离值也较大。遗传距离与海拔垂直距离之间的相关性分析表明二者有显著的相关性(p<0 .0 1)。聚类分析和主成分分析也显示华山新麦草自然居群已发生明显分化,主要表现为黄埔峪居群、仙峪居群与华山峪居群