食蟹猴和熊猴杂种F1的细胞遗传学研究

本工作采用染色体显带、睾丸组织学切片以及低渗铺张－硝酸银染色等方法较为详细地研究了食蟹猴和（Ｍ．ｆａｓｃｉｃｕｌａｒｉｓ）和熊猴（Ｍ．ａｓｓａｍｅｎｓｉｓ）种间杂种Ｆ１体细胞染色体的Ｇ带、Ｃ带、Ａｇ－ＮＯＲ、精母细胞联合复合体的结构、形态和行为以及精子发生。结果表明：（１）杂种亲本的染色体组具有高度的同源性;（２）杂种的精子发生过程完全正常;（３）食蟹猴和熊猴的种间生植屏障可能主要是生态隔离。此外     

普通小麦和新麦草属间杂种的产生及细胞遗传学研究

进行了普通小麦和华山新麦草属间杂交,运用杂种幼胚培养技术,首次成功地获得了它们的属间杂种。F_1形态趋于中间型,均完全不育。F_1花粉母细胞预期类型(2n=28)的减数分裂中期Ⅰ平均染色体配对构型为26.72Ⅰ+0.62Ⅱ+0.01Ⅲ,后期Ⅰ和后期Ⅱ有落后染色体,多分体具大量微核。结果表明普通小麦和华山新麦草的染色体组间不存在同源或部分同源性。还观察到花粉母细胞异常减数分裂现象。用普通小麦回交,未获得回交后代。     

加拿大披碱草与2种国产披碱草杂种F1愈伤组织诱导及植株再生研究

对加拿大披碱草×披碱草F1和加拿大披碱草×圆柱披碱草F1的幼穗外植体愈伤组织诱导及植株的再生进行了研究.试验筛选出2个杂交种愈伤组织诱导的最适培养基均为:MS 400 mg/L CH 3.0 mg/L 2,4-D;最适继代培养基为MS 400 mg/L CH 1.0 mg/L 6-BA 0.5 mg/L 2,4-D;最适幼苗分化培养基为:MS 400 mg/LCH 3.0 mg/L 6-BA 0.5 mg/L NAA;最适生根培养基为:MS 0.5 mg/L NAA 0.5 mg/L IBA.这一组培体系的建立,为2个种间杂交种的种质保存及利用奠定了基础.     

利用SSR技术研究花生属种间亲缘关系

用44对SSR特异引物对花生属不同区组的21份种质进行了分析,获得能稳定揭示花生属种间差异的SSR引物34对。34对引物在21份种质中共检测到190个等位基因变异,每个位点上检测的等位变异数为3~11个,平均为5.59个。21份材料间存在很大的遗传变异,平均遗传距离为0.63,变异范围为0.08~0.95。聚类分析表明,区组间的遗传分化大于区组内的遗传分化,匍匐区组的遗传分化大于其他区组的遗传分化,同一物种不同种质间也存在很大的差异。栽培种花生与花生区组材料的亲缘关系相对较近,与花生属的植物学分类一致,其中A基因组的A.duranensis和A.villosa及B基因组的A.bati-zocoi与栽培种花生的亲缘关系更近一些。     

高梁314A、13A与苏丹草杂种F1代的农艺特性及细胞学分析

分析了雄性不育系高粱314A、13A与3种苏丹草杂交组合F1代的生育、株高、穗型、分蘖性、产量、光合性能及细胞遗传学等特性。结果表明：各杂交种F1植株高大,平均株高343～369cm,穗型呈双亲中间型,种子活秆成熟,生育期130～137d,分蘖性强,单株平均分蘖数6．3～9．O个,花粉可育率91％以上,自然结实率63．88％～67．79％;F1鲜草产量比各自父本苏丹草增加16．17％～32．73％,种子产量增加41．40％～52．97％,杂种超亲优势19．29％～48．68％,茎叶比3．05～3．66;F1净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度均明显超过其各自亲本,CO2固定能力强;F1代PMCMI染色体均能正常配对,平均构型为2n=2x=20(10Ⅱ),但棒状二价体频率明显高于其双亲,原亲本间的遗传组成仍存在着一定的差异;试验证明母本314A、13A的雄不育发生在减数分裂后的小孢子形成期。     

栽培黄瓜与野黄瓜正反杂交的几种同工酶分析

运用天冬氨酸转氨酶(AAT)、苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)以及酯酶(EST)3种同工酶对栽培黄瓜"长春密刺"Cucumis sativus cv. Changchunmici (2n=14)与野黄瓜C. hystrix (2n=24)的正反交种间杂种F1 (正交: 野黄瓜×栽培黄瓜"长春密刺", 反交: 栽培黄瓜"长春密刺"×野黄瓜)及其双亲进行鉴定和比较研究。结果表明: 正反交种间杂种F1主要表现为双亲酶带的互补, 同时还形成4个杂合带(Aat-1-94、Aat-2-104、Mdh-3-102和Est-5-102)。上述3种酶均能准确地鉴定种间杂种的真实性。研究还发现正反交杂种F1的AAT和MDH的酶谱分别在酶带数目和强弱上表现出一定的差异, 进一步证实了野黄瓜与栽培黄瓜杂交存在正反交差异。     

辣椒属种间杂种F1植析的细胞遗传学研究

本文分析了早椒和Ｃ;ｈｉｎｅｎｓｅ 二亲本及Ｆ１杂种花粉母细胞减数分裂终变期和中期Ⅰ期染色体配对的构型。结果表明;二亲本工粉母细胞减娄分裂染色体配对均正常,为１２个二价体。Ｆ１杂种花粉母细胞减数分裂染色体配对很不规则。其平均频率为单价体０．０３６,二价体９．１８,三价体０．０３６,四价体０．８０,六价体０．３８。     

鹅观草与大鹅观草杂种的细胞遗传学及形态学研究

大鹅观草（ Ｒｏｅｇｎｅｒｉａ ｇｒａｎｄｉｓ Ｋｅｎｇ） 是分布于我国陕西的一种多年生四倍体植物。为了探索大鹅观草与鹅观草（ Ｒｏｅｇｎｅｒｉａ ｋａｍｏｊｉ Ｏｈｗｉ） 间的物种生物学关系, 通过对其进行远缘杂交,幼胚离体培养, 合成了远缘杂种; 并对亲本及杂种Ｆ１ 代花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ染色体配对行为及形态学进行了研究。结果表明杂种Ｆ１ 减数分裂染色体配对平均构型为： Ｒ－ ｋａｍｏｊｉ ×Ｒ－ｇｒａｎｄｉｓ１０－２６ Ⅰ＋ １２－３７ Ⅱ（ｃ－ 值＝ ０－７４） , 大鹅观草与鹅观草所含的ＳＹ 染色体组间存在较大的同源性分化; 杂种穗部特征大多数介于双亲之间。     

高粱314A、13A与苏丹草杂种F1代的农艺特性及细胞学分析

分析了雄性不育系高粱314A、13A与3种苏丹草杂交组合F1代的生育、株高、穗型、分蘖性、产量、光合性能及细胞遗传学等特性.结果表明各杂交种F1植株高大,平均株高343～369 cm,穗型呈双亲中间型,种子活秆成熟,生育期130～137 d,分蘖性强,单株平均分蘖数6.3～9.0个,花粉可育率91%以上,自然结实率63.88%～67.79%;F1鲜草产量比各自父本苏丹草增加16.17%～32.73%,种子产量增加41.40%～52.97%,杂种超亲优势19.29%～48.68%,茎叶比3.05～3.66;F1净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度均明显超过其各自亲本,CO2固定能力强;F1代PMCMⅠ染色体均能正常配对,平均构型为2n=2x=20(10Ⅱ),但棒状二价体频率明显高于其双亲,原亲本间的遗传组成仍存在着一定的差异;试验证明母本314A、13A的雄不育发生在减数分裂后的小孢子形成期.     

Variety of Hybrid Characters among Recombinants Obtained by Interspecific Protoplast Fusion in Streptomycetes

To discover whether the protoplast fusion method is useful or not for interspecific breeding, some methods were devised, and the appearance of various hybrids with different characters and the change of antibiotic activities in the recombinants obtained by the protoplast fusion were investigated. The purification of protoplasts, the choice of parental natural characters as selection markers, and the adoption of a replica method for selecting all types of recombinants were devised and used for these experiments. Protoplast fusion was done between S. griseus KCC S-0644 and each strain of 5 species that were clearly different species from S. griseus, in addition to being streptomycin sensitive (SM^s) and capable of L-arabinose utilization for growth (Ara⁺). Recombinants (SM^r, Ara⁺) obtained by protoplast fusion displayed a great variety of hybrids in their taxonomic characters, e.g., 21 recombinant strains obtained by the cross between S. griseus and S. griseoruber consisted of 14 types of hybrids. Antibiotic productivity was examined in all recombinants obtained. Although both parental species produced their respective antibiotics, 60% of the recombinants did not produce any antibiotic and 24% produced different antibiotics from those of their parents. Among those recombinants, it was also found that the distribution of the productivity of each antibiotic among the recombinants was entirely different from that of the allelo-character in each taxonomic feature.     

东乡野生稻与栽培稻正反交种间杂种F_1的雄配子发生与发育

该文以东乡野生稻与栽培稻（美国光壳稻P1003）的正反交种间杂种F1（正交为光壳稻P1003×东乡野生稻;反交为东乡野生稻×光壳稻P1003）为试材,研究其各个减数分裂时期的染色体行为特征、染色体交换重组及雄配子发育特点。结果表明：正反交杂种F1花粉母细胞细胞核减数分裂的同步性较高,细胞质为连续型胞质分裂类型。在细胞核分裂的过程中,核仁在前期I到中期I逐渐消失。染色体在前期I到中期I逐渐收缩,变得更加清晰可见。在终变期和中期I,90.54%以上的花粉母细胞能形成12个二价体（含少数棒状二价体和8字型二价体）,部分花粉母细胞（正交9.46%,反交7.65%）出现少量的单价体、三价体和四价体。后期I观察到1.27%–1.35%的花粉母细胞含有1至数条落后染色体。最终有92.6%–94.8%的小孢子能发育成形态正常、染色能力强的成熟花粉粒。另外,在正交杂种F1的粗线期中存在2个核仁,而反交杂种F1及其双亲的粗线期只有1个核仁。这些研究结果可为作物品种改良、种质资源创新以及种间亲缘关系研究提供细胞学证据。     

番茄属种间杂种离体培养F1植株的细胞学分析

本文报道了栽培番茄（Lycopersico esculentum)“北京早红”等5个品种分别与野生型秘鲁番茄（L.peruvianum)PI128657中8号株系杂交,离体胚培养,得F1杂种植株,对花粉母细胞在减数分裂中染色体行为和终变期二价体交叉点的频率,以及亲和性程度等进行了.结果表明,6个亲本植株花粉母细胞减数分裂染色体的行为是正常的,中期I为12个二价体。其中环状二价体占多数,棒状二价体数较少,中期I没有单价体,后期I和II均正常,四分体阶段无微出现,但各亲本在终变期和中期I的环状二价体和棒状二价体的数有一定的差异,这可能与不同亲本基因型的亲和性程度和在遗传学上的不协调有关。5个组合的大多数F1杂种花粉母细胞减数分裂中染色体行为基本正常,12个二价体占多数,但染色体配对不稳定,有较多的单价体,染色单体桥。四分体阶段有微核,此外,在5个组合的F1杂种植株中,均出现双二倍体花粉母细胞,这些双二倍体花粉母细胞的染色体,在减数分裂中,也均,出现落后染色体和染色单体桥,以及较多的多价体,四分体阶段有微和不同类型的四分孢子群。     

棉属栽培种与野生种杂交的不亲和性

本文研究了棉属栽培种与野生种杂交的不亲和性,试验材料涉及5个染色体组,包括2个栽培种(陆地棉和中棉)和5个野生种(戴维逊氏棉、瑟伯氏棉、三裂棉、阿拉伯棉和比克氏棉)。以陆地棉作母本,异己花粉管在花柱中生长缓慢,有花粉管胚珠低于10%,陆地棉×戴维逊氏棉杂种胚在子叶期坏死。以中棉作母本,不亲和性主要表现在受精后的胚胎发育过程中。     

Genetic Identification of Hyalodaphnia Species and Interspecific Hybrids

Species of the genus Daphnia, in particular the subgenus Hyalodaphnia, represent a taxonomically problematic group due to their phenotypic plasticity, local races and the formation of interspecific hybrids and backcrosses. In this study, we present a genetic approach utilising nuclear DNA to unequivocally identify species and interspecific hybrids. Several nuclear loci (ITS1-ITS2, CA14 and GA13) were amplified by PCR and products were subjected to diagnostic restriction enzymes (restriction fragment length polymorphism; RFLP). The application of this approach to several populations across Europe revealed that the markers are highly consistent and reproducible. In addition, we illustrate with a number of examples how this approach contributed to unravel previously unrecognised taxa, increased the sensitivity of biodiversity studies or contributed to the analysis of resting egg banks. Advantages and disadvantages of this approach compared to existing techniques are discussed and several empirical studies and their results are summarised.     

棉花转基因恢复系杂种F1小孢子发生的细胞学观察

对转gst基因棉花恢复系浙大强恢"配制的杂种F1(三系杂交棉)的成熟花药和花粉育性进行了研究.结果表明,在花药的长、宽、鲜重和成熟花粉粒的育性方面,浙大强恢"所配的F1和保持系DES-HAB277"接近,无显著性差异,但比受体恢复系DES-HAF277"所配的F1分别提高47.7%、61.8%、28.5%和39.6%.以不育系DES-HAMS277"和保持系DES-HAB277"的花药为对照,对浙大强恢"和受体恢复系所配的F1的小孢子发生进行了细胞学观察发现,不育系小孢子败育主要发生在造孢细胞增殖期和小孢子母细胞形成期,且在减数分裂期彻底败育,不能形成四分体;受体恢复系所配的F1在小孢子发生和雄配子形成的各个发育时期都有部分败育,平均败育率约为20%,且主要发生在小孢子母细胞减数分裂期和小孢子单核期;而浙大强恢"所配的F1与保持系一样,花药的发育、小孢子的发生以及雄配子的形成均正常.研究结果从细胞形态学方面证明gst基因对三系杂交棉具有防止部分小孢子败育和提高花粉育性的功能.     

楱属植物种间杂交花粉直感效应的考测与研究

本文通过对以大连栽培杂交榛为父本（P2）与饶河野生种平榛（Corylus heterophylla Fish)。杂交当代坚果（F0）,母本自然坚果（P1）进行考测与分析发现：（1）由大连引进的栽培杂交种花粉对杂交梁工坚果的开状、色泽、果皮厚度、果皮开裂性、种皮色泽、光滑度等质量性状均有明显的直接影响,即因花粉直效应产生的种子直感现象;（2）对坚果大小、单果重等数量性状也产生了一定花粉直感效应,这种数量性状种子直感遗传现象是在多年来植物杂交试验中较为罕见的。     

贵州省烟田杂草优势种群的种间联结关系

在样方调查的基础上,采用方差比率法、Pearson点相关系数和X²检验分析贵州烟田杂草优势种群的种间关系。结果表明：①贵州省烟田杂草优势种的总体联结性为显著的正联结,处于比较稳定的状态;②Pearson点相关系数有21个种对呈正相关,23个种对呈负相关,尼泊尔蓼与繁缕无联结关系;③牛膝菊与马唐、尼泊尔蓼之间正联结关系达到极显著水平,牛膝菊与鸭趾草、马唐与尼泊尔蓼之间正联结关系为显著水平,其他种对之间均为不显著水平。本文旨在了解和掌握烟田杂草在群落中的分布状况,烟田杂草群落的演替趋势及为烟田杂草的防除提供基础资料。     

Cytological Studies on F1 Hybrids Between Hexaploid Aegilops and Triticum aestivum

Morphologcal and cytological studies of hybrids between hexaploid Aegilops crassa Boiss. (2n = 6x = 42, DDD2 D2Mcr Mcr), Ae. vavilovii (Zhuk.) Chen. (2n = 6x = 42, DDMcr McrSp Sp) and Triticum aestivum L. (2n= 6x = 42, AABBDD) were carried out. The results showed that most of the F1 hybrids morphologically resembled their Aegilops parental species. Four Fl hybrids of Ae. vavilovii × T. aestivum and one of Ae. crassa × T. aestivum produced seeds containing few endosperms. The percentage of seed obtained ranged from 0.1% to 6.5 %. These seeds were not vigorous and only a few of them germinated. A large number of univalents appeared at meiosis MI. The frequencies of bivalents were lower than those being theoriticaly estimated. These results indicated that the D genomes in Ae. Crassa and Ae. vavilovii may have been substantially modified. Trivalents were observed in all Fl hybrids. Quadrivalents and pentavalents were also observed in some PMCs during meiosis. The chiasmata frequencies in hybrids using Aegilops species as maternal parents were higher than those in their reciprocal ones. Chromosome segrigations were abnormal at A Ⅰ and A Ⅱ . Polyads and micronuclei appeared frequently at telophase tetrad stage. A plant with 21 chromosomes was obtained in Ae. vavilovii × Jimai 30, although the reason was not yet clear.     

Studies of Karyotypes in Three Wild and Four Cultivated Species of Gossypium

Karyotypes in seven species of Gossypium, G. thurberi, G. advidsonii, G. raimondii of D group; G. herbaceum, G. arboreum of A group; G. hirsutum and G. ba- rbadense of AD group were studied in 1983. It can be simplified as follows: G. thurberi 2n = 2x = 26 = 24m + 2Sm (2SAT); G. davidsonii 2n= 2x = 26 20m+6Sm(4SAT); G. raimondii 2n=2x= 26= 20m+6Sm(2SAT); G. herbaceum 2n = 2x = 26 = 18m + 4Sm+4St(4SAT); G. arboreum 2n = 2x = 26 = 18m + 6Sm (2SAT) + 2St(2SAT); G. hirsutum 2n = 4x =52 = 32m + 18Sm(4SAT) +2St (2 SAT); G. barbadense 2n = 4x = 52 = 38m + 12Sm (2SAT) + 2St(2SAT). This paper also deals with the supplier in A group and D group of tetraploids.