Taxonomy of the microangiological changes in the ocular conjunctiva]

By means of biomicroscopical investigations of bulbar conjunctiva in healthy persons of different age certain characteristics on normal microcirculatory bed have been obtained. Morphometric analysis of the vital microscopical observations has revealed some age peculiarities in microcirculation of the conjunctiva. As a result of clinical examination of the persons, it has been stated that the phenomena noticed at biomicroscopy which characterize certain anomalies of microcirculatory parameters correlate with latent pathology, closely related diseases or developmental anomalies. Therefore, it is possible to consider the method of biomicroscopical investigation of the conjunctiva with a subsequent morphometric analysis of the data obtained as suitable for application not only for clinical but also for prophylactic examination of healthy persons.     

Morphofunctional characteristics of the conjunctival microcirculation of students of different regions of the world

By means of vital microscopy, the conjunctival microcirculation has been estimated in students from various regions of the world depending on duration of the time of their life in the USSR. Adaptive rearrangements of the conjunctival microcirculation of the eye ball have been revealed in various time of adaptation. Integral estimation of the conjunctival microcirculation has demonstrated that at initial phase of adaptation synchronization in the work of separate links of the microcirculatory bed is observed. These changes can be interpreted as strain of the compensatory mechanisms. In two years of study, certain stabilization of the microcirculation system activity is observed in the foreign students; this can be considered as the phase of stable adaptation. In the students arrived from hot regions of the world, pigmentation in the eye ball conjunctiva has been revealed. By means of the correlative analysis it has been demonstrated that the pigmentation influences the most labile parts of the microcirculatory bed-capillaries and venules. Pigmentation is usually regarded as a pathological sign peculiar for some diseases. Our investigations have demonstrated that pigmentation should be interpreted carefully and the place of residence of the students investigated should be taken into account, since pigmentation can be the result of elevated solar radiation, specific for hot regions of the Earth.     

Patterns in the development of the ultrastructure of elements of the microcirculatory system in the early stages of human embryogenesis

By means of transmissive electron microscopy methods, general regularities in development of the microcirculatory system have been studied at early stages of the human prenatal ontogenesis in functionally different organs. Ultrastructure of two cell types has been described in the mesenchyme of human embryos. Formation mechanisms of the primary blood vessels belonging to the protocapillary type are revealed. Structural peculiarities of the primary protocapillary network differentiating into various links of the secondary organospecific hemomicrocirculatory bed are distinguished. Certain stageness in development of the microcirculatory system is stated, its blood circulatory compartment including. Two stages are determined in development of the microcirculatory system: prevascular and vascular microcirculation. The latter includes the precirculatory and circulatory phases.     

Development of the microcirculatory bed of the human tongue in the prenatal period

Morphofunctional regularities of formation and development of the blood microcirculatory bed in the human tongue have been studied in the prenatal period of morphogenesis. 119 human embryos and fetuses at the age of 5 weeks--9 months have been investigated. A complex of methods have been used: common histological (hematoxylin--eosin, after van Gieson and Mallory), injection of the lingual vessels with 20% suspension of Indian ink--gelatin, transmissive electron microscopy. General regularities of organogenesis, stages of the blood microcirculatory bed development and peculiarities of the process on formation of the primary protocapillary lingual blood bed are revealed. Regularities in structure of the terminal vascular constructions are studied for each structural element of the organ--mucosal membrane, muscles, glands, lingual tonsil. For these elements at the ultrastructural level certain features of the organic specificity in the structure of the blood microcirculatory bed links are determined.     

Blood aggregation and the system of microcirculation in experimental atherosclerosis, its spontaneous regression and hemosorption

Blood aggregate state and microcirculation were studied during development and spontaneous regression of experimental atherosclerosis and following hemosorption. It has been shown that experimental atherosclerosis is not only accompanied by changes in blood lipid composition, but also by disturbances in the structure and function of microcirculatory bed. Normalization of blood lipid composition and recovery of blood aggregate state and microcirculatory bed structure and function were not observed during spontaneous regression. Repeated hemosorption enhances atherosclerosis regression, normalizes lipid composition of blood and biological membranes and promotes the recovery of microcirculation.     

Morphofunctional characteristics of microcirculation in the skin of girls 5-17 years of age

In 261 girls year-to-year morphofunctional transformations of spatial composition of the skin microcirculatory bed have been studied at rest and after a dynamic local load. By means of biomicroscopy main regularities in development of the skin capillary network have been revealed in the nail torus in the postnatal ontogenesis. Formation of the microvessels reactivity during various age periods and maturation of mechanisms of the compensatory-adaptive reactions are connected with formation of the definitive composition of the microcirculatory bed, that in girls corresponds to 11-12 years. Qualitative transformations in the skin capillary network bring certain quantitative changes in the structural microcirculatory parameters--increasing diameter of microvessels and increasing density of functioning capillaries.     

Analysis of the structural parameters of the blood flow pathways in the microcirculatory system]

The reconstruction of the mesenterium microcirculatory bed was performed intravitally in albino rats and cats after biomicrophotograms. The number, length and caliber of arterioles, pericapillary arteriolec, capillaries, postcapillary venules and venules of the mesenterium were measured. According to these data summary indices of the cross section, surface and volume of the vessels of various functional subdivisions of the microcirculatory bed were calculated. The blood volume entering the microcirculatory system of the albino rat's mesenterium is distributed in the vessels as follows: 8,4% -- arterioles, 10,2% -- pericapillary arterioles, 41,9% -- capillaries, 22,1% -- postcapillary venules and 17,4% -- venules. Similar correlations were found in the cat. The working surface of capillaries is 60--70% of the working surface of all the vessels of the mesenterial microcirculatory system. The evidence of the functional variability of the microcirculatory bed geometry depending on the tissue needs in blood supply is presented.     

Reaction of vessels of the microcirculatory bed of subcutaneous tissue to exposure to an argon laser beam

The effect of argon laser irradiation on the microvessels of the subcutaneous fat tissue of rabbit's ear placed into Clark's transparent chamber was studied. Capillaries and venules were found to be sensitive to argon laser irradiation; functional disturbances of microcirculation were most distinct. Following laser irradiation an active reconstruction of the microcirculatory bed with the redistribution of the blood stream took place along with destruction of the vascular wall and perivascular inflammation.     

Development of the uterine microcirculatory bed in postnatal ontogeny

Age peculiarities of common structure of the microcirculatory pathways, specific volumes and amount of microvessels, zonal parameters of pericapillary microcirculation of metabolites, glycosamine glycans and glycoproteins contents, phosphatase and ATPase activity, collagen and elastic fibers of the microcirculatory bed vessels have been studied in 190 unchanged uteri, beginning from 36-week-old fetuses up to 35 years of age. The microcirculatory bed of myometrium during the period of postnatal ontogenesis investigated possesses a polymer-homonomous structural organization; its base make myoangiomas, including the terminal arteriole with precapillaries and collecting venule, that run from it. Similar structure of the myometrium microcirculatory pathways is already observed in fetuses of late antenatal period. In endometrium formed glanduloangionomas are revealed in the prepubertal age. Increase in glycosamine glycans contents is stated in the microvessel walls and in the uterine stroma during the process of its development. Compensatory-adaptive changes in the uterine microcirculatory bed are described during the newborn period up to the puberty. Functionally mature structures of the microcirculatory pathways in the submucosal and vascular layers of myometrium, endometrium and in the cervix uteri are found to be formed earlier than in other areas of the organ.     

Effects of thermal factors on the state of microcirculation of the small intestine in acute ischemia

The influence of normo- (38 degrees C), hyper- (42 degrees C) and hypothermia (20 degrees C) on microcirculatory disturbances caused by acute local ischemia of the small intestine was investigated with the help of biomicroscopy as well as morphological methods. Ischemia was modeled by ligation of the intestine look eventrated through the abdominal wall incision of a rat onto the microscope stage for 1 h. It was shown that hyperthermia intensified microcirculatory disorders and stimulated destructive processes in tissues and hypothermia promoting microcirculation and decreasing metabolism and restrained the development of these processes. Important peculiarity of the microvascular response to ischemia, hyper- and hypothermia was revealed: heterogeneity of the reaction of different parts of microvascular bed. Appropriate evaluation of the microcirculation state in such conditions can be obtained taking into account not only the qualitative character of microvascular reaction but also an extent of this reaction manifestation in different parts of microvascular bed.     

Functional and morphological basis for the nature of the microcirculatory bed reactions of the bulbar conjunctiva in experimental occlusion of the cranial mesenteric artery

A complex analysis on changes occurring in conjunctival microcirculation and a number of indices of hemodynamics, hemorheology and metabolism at different time of experimental occlusion in the cranial mesenteric artery has demonstrated certain objective and many-sided correlations that prove a systemic character of biomicroscopical changes in the conjunctiva. The degree of changes in the conjunctival microcirculation depends on duration of occlusion. After a 3 hours' occlusion revascularization is accompanied by reversible general microcirculatory disorders that are registered in bulboconjunctiva. In a 6 and 12 hours' occlusion revascularization is characterized by increasing general changes in microcirculation.     

The blood microcirculatory bed of the small intestine, liver and pancreas after resection of the stomach and small intestine

As demonstrate the experiments performed on dogs and rats, after surgical intervention to the stomach and small intestine, other organs of the digestive system experience an increased functional loading, that results in noticeable changes in the intraorganic blood vessels and the blood microcirculatory bed organs. The course of the compensatory processes occurs with a definite regularity--as stages. The first stage is characterized with a predominance of the pathological reactions over the compensatory ones, in the second stage certain compensatory possibilities of the organism are noted. In the third stage the compensatory-adaptive reactions prevail over the pathological processes in the blood vessels and blood microcirculatory bed.     

Development of the reactivity of the microcirculatory system of the rat mesentery during sexual maturation

Biomicroscopy was employed to study the time-course of microcirculatory reactivity in rat mesentery under the influence of adrenaline solution from the 3d to the 13th week of development. Variation in the microcirculatory reactivity in the mesentery in ontogenesis is associated with an increase in the sensitivity of microvessels to the action of vasoactive substances and with the organization of the microcirculatory bed becoming more complicated. Three stages were revealed in the development of microvascular reactivity in the course of formation of mesenterial microcirculation: early (3-5 weeks), characterized by relatively low sensitivity of microvessels; intermediate (7-8 weeks) marked by a progressive increase in microvascular sensitivity; mature (starting from the 13th week) characterized by the appearance of the definitive reaction pattern.     

Structural changes and hemodynamic relations in the microcirculatory bed of the mesentery of the white rat during the period of sexual maturation

Structural changes and hemodynamic relations have been studied in the microcirculatory bed of the white rat small intestine mesentery during sex maturation (from the 3d up to the 10th week of the postnatal development). All calculations are performed regarding the mesenteric segment limited with two intestinal arteries, which is considered as an elementary microvascular module. Complication of the microcirculatory bed construction takes place at the expense of increasing number (nearly five-fold) of microvessels in the segment and increase of the capillary network density. The hemodynamic factor plays a certain role for stimulating the process of the capillary growth. The definitive structure of the mesenteric microcirculatory bed is completed by the 7th week. The main rearrangement of the microcirculatory system during the developmental process from a simple arterio-venular loop up to a complex microcirculatory bed with a branching capillary network is performed within the limits of the mesenteric segment.     

Morphological characteristics of nerves of the vascular plexuses in the lateral cerebral ventricles of human fetuses

The vascular plexus of the lateral ventricle of the human brain includes the microcirculatory bed responsible for the blood supply and liquor production of the organ. Blood capillaries form a thick parviansiform network of the plexus. Innervation of the vascular plexus of the cerebral lateral ventricle in human embryos and fetuses develops synchronously with formation of the plexus itself. The structural complexity of the nervous apparatus increases at the expense of increasing number of nervous fasciculi and single nervous fibers. By the time of birth the nervous apparatus of the plexus acquires a definitive character. After birth further improvement of the nervous apparatus takes place. The role of the microcirculatory bed and of the nervous apparatus of the vascular plexus in ensuring functional loadings and their participation in reactions to certain pathological effects is substantiated.     

Morphology of the microcirculatory bed of the vascular coat of the human eye]

Recently ophthalmologists got interested in microcirculatory bed of the choroid (the main collector of blood in the eye) because of the vascular layer was studied in 25 eyes of persons who had died suddenly and had no eye pathology during their lives. The age was from 11 to 70 years. V. V. Kuprianov's method of impregnation was used. Structural peculiarities of the choroid microcirculatory bed were presented; its changes were stated to depend on functional importance of the given segment of the eyeground and on the age of the patient. The data obtained could facilitate in studying different pathologic conditions in the eye in order to clarify the role of the choroid microcirculatory bed in genesis of ophthalmic diseases.     

Hemo- and lymphomicrocirculatory bed of the broad ligament of the uterus in the presence of collateral circulation

Structural adaptation of the vascular bed in the broad ligament of the dog uterus has been studied at various time of the experimental phlebohypertension. Restitution of the circulation after the posterior vena cava occulsion occurs phasically. The venous collateralies are not formed at one time and it is connected with the venous pressure level in the inferiocaval system and with some changes in the construction of the microcirculatory bed. Basing on the morphometry data, a general equation has been derived which reflects dynamics of the microangiological parameters and demonstrates unidirectionness of the adaptive reactions in the vascular bed at the disturbed venous circulation. Using principles of the system-structural analysis and the mathematical graph theory, we consider the microcirculatory system of the broad ligament of the uterus as a graph-system and study the reorganization of the microcirculatory network at a venous congestion. Realization of the compensatory possibilities is reached in the microcirculatory bed by a changed relationships in the number of the intervascular connections. The latter are estimated according to the graph-schemes of the microvascular bed. Morphokinetics of the connections between the vessels is characterized by widening or narrowing the borders of the "adaptive norm" and by changing the microangioarchitectonics. At the same time, there is noted formation of specialized microhemoangioconstructions. Morphofunctional state of the lymphatic system is connected with reorganization of the angioarchitectonics. This is certain manifestation of the law of the lymphatic and blood beds "synergism". Thus, the structural changes of the vascular bed are aimed to support a certain hemodynamic level.     

Microarchitectonics and microtopography of blood vessels of the human rectum

By means of injecting the vessels with 0.2% solution of silver nitrate after Ranvier, solutions of Indian ink and gas soot, impregnation after V.V. Kuprianov, the blood vessels of the rectal wall have been studied. The material has been obtained from 50 corpses of persons of various age, not suffering from any diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. The structural organization of the microcirculatory tract has been studied layer-by-layer, at all levels by means of atraumatic lamination of the tunics. Terminal links of the microcirculatory bed form zonal functional complexes of microvessels specific for each part of the rectum. They regularly repeat in a certain tunic and owing to this the whole organization of the microcirculatory bed acquires features of a definite polymeric structure which consists of homonomic complexes of microvessels. Their regularity, as regards their topography and quantity, definitely differs in each tunic and layer of the rectal wall. Precapillary sphincters and arteriolovenular anastomoses are revealed; they perform an active regulation of blood circulation in the organ. Diameters of the microvessels and density of the microcirculatory network have some slight fluctuations (differences) in functionally poorly active tunics of the rectal wall--the serous and submucous, especially in its rectosigmoid part. Differences of these parameters are especially expressed within the limits of the rectal ampule and its mucous and muscular tunics.     

Changes in the circulatory bed of the muscles of the hindlimb after their transplantation to the perineum and the formation of the anal sphincter

After investigations performed concerning the hemomicrocirculatory bed of the m. gracilis, m. rectus femoris, m. adductor longus and m. semitendinosus in 100 dogs transplanted on the perineum in order to form the rectal closing apparatus, according the technique elaborated, it has been stated that reaction of the blood bed of the muscle flaps in all experimental series is identical. During the restorative process of the disturbed hemocirculation in the muscle flap and in the intestinal closing apparatus built, certain phasesness in development of adaptive reactions is observed, that corresponds to the known syndrome "economization" microcirculation.     

Formation of the microcirculatory bed of the muscle coat of the wall of the sigmoid colon during human fetal development]

During intrauterine life microcirculatory bed of the muscular coat is forming and developing in accordance with its differentiation, growth and functional changes at various steps of its ontogenesis. This step-like differentiation in the parts composing the microcirculatory bed and the whole microcirculatory network of longitudinal and circulatory layers of the muscular coat is genetically connected with differentiation taking place in the wall of the sigmoid colon during the developmental period studied and, in the end, reflects morphological maturation of the sigmoid colon at different stages of its individual ontogenesis.