家兔中脑导水管周围灰质中注射八肽胆囊收缩素(CCK-8)拮抗吗啡镇痛和电针镇痛

家兔单侧PAG内注射CCK-83ng,能使静脉注射4mg/kg吗啡引起的镇痛作用降低73％或使电针镇痛效果降低67％。在1.5—6.0ng范围内呈量效关系。无硫的CCK-8无此作用。PAG内注射CCK受体拮抗剂proglumide 4μg可翻转CCK-8的抗吗啡镇痛作用。说明PAG部位注射外源性CCK-8可通过CCK受体对抗阿片镇痛。 PAG内注射CCK-8抗血清可显著增强静脉注射2mg/kg吗啡的镇痛效果。PAG内注射CCK抗血清本身也能引起痛阈轻度升高。说明PAG内有内源性的CCK-8发挥紧张性的抗阿片镇痛作用。     

胆囊收缩素及其类似物对兔血浆自由脂肪酸浓度的降低作用

我们最近曾报道,向兔侧脑室内灌注八肽胆囊收缩素(CCK-8)有明显的降低血浆自由脂肪酸(FFA)的作用。本实验进一步观察不同分子形式的 CCK,以及与 CCK 结构相近似的雨蛙肽(Caerulein)和胃泌素(G-17)对血浆 FFA 浓度的影响,并在摩尔量基础上比较它们的相对作用强度。结果如下:(1)侧脑室灌注CCK-8(50pmol)可引起血浆 FFA 浓度明显降低。灌注后第45分钟时,平均降低47.8%,(2)等摩尔量的CCK-4也有降低血浆 FFA 的效应(-35.1%),但其作用比CCK-8弱;(3)灌注50pmol的CCK-33对血浆 FFA 浓度无明显作用,但随着灌注剂量的增加,作用也趋明显,在10倍量时(500pmol),其作用强度与 CCK-8(50 pmol)相似,(4)雨蛙肽具有与CCK-8相似的作用(-45.1%),但G-17的作用较弱(-24.5%)。以CCK-8的作用强度为1,上述肽类在等摩尔量基础上降低血浆 FFA 浓度的相对强度如下:CGK-8:CCK-4:CCK-33:雨蛙肽:G-171:0.76:0.09:0.94:0.51可以认为,脑内CCK-8作用的发挥与其化学结构具有一定的关系,羧基端八肽酰胺可能是脑内CCK-8降低血浆 FFA 浓度的重要结构。这一结果与哺乳动物脑内 CCK 的主要形式为CCK-8是一致的。     

家兔迷走神经-胰岛素系统在脑内八肽胆囊收缩素降低血浆自由脂肪酸中的作用

本工作用制备有侧脑瘘管的进行慢性实验,在迷走神经切断前后向侧脑室内灌注八肽胆囊收缩素(CCK-8),观察血浆自由脂肪酸(FFA)浓度变化与胰岛素释放的关系,以及在用四氧嘧啶破坏胰岛 B 细胞后,对 CCK-8降低血浆 FFA 作用的影响。结果如下:迷走神经切断前向侧脑室灌注 CCK-8引起血浆 FFA 下降,同时,血浆胰岛素水平明显升高,两者变化呈明显负相关。切断迷走神经以后,向侧脑室内灌注 CCK-8,不再产生血浆胰岛素水平的升高,血浆 FFA 浓度下降的反应也消失。破坏胰岛 B 细胞,造成胰岛素分泌障碍,向侧脑室内灌注 CCK-8不再引起血浆 FFA 浓度降低。根据以上结果,似可推想,侧脑室灌注 CCK-8降低血浆 FFA 的作用,可能是通过迷走神经引起胰岛素释放的增加而实现的。     

兔侧脑室内注射八肽胆囊收缩素对血浆自由脂肪酸及血糖浓度的影响

本工作通过脑内埋藏套管,向兔双侧侧脑室内注射微量八肽胆囊收缩素(CCK-8),观察对空腹血浆自由脂肪酸(FFA)和血糖浓度的影响,结果如下:(1)侧脑室内注射引起血浆FFA 浓度明显下降,但血糖浓度无明显改变,静脉注射,血浆 FFA 不仅未下降,反而明显升高,血糖浓度也无明显改变。(2)注射苄胺唑啉和心得安不能消除侧脑室注射 CCK-8所引起的血浆 FFA 下降。(3)注射阿托品和切断膈下迷走神经以阻断胆碱能神经的作用后,侧脑室注射 CCK-8不再引起血浆 FFA 浓度下降。从上述结果看来,侧脑室注射 CCK-8降低血浆 FFA 浓度的作用,不是由于 CCK-8吸收入血所致,而是脑内 CCK-8浓度升高所产生的特异作用。这个作用可能是通过迷走神经引起的,与交感神经活动的关系不大。     

八肽胆囊收缩素对链佐霉素引起的小鼠糖尿病的保护作用

用小剂量多次腹腔注射链佐霉素的方法破坏胰岛β细胞,造成小鼠糖尿病,其主要表现为血糖升高和血清胰岛素浓度下降。在每次注射链佐霉素前10—15min,由皮下注射 CCK-8(100μg/kg),可使链佐霉素的损伤作用減轻或不出现:小鼠血糖浓度由对照组的518.9±53.6mg%降低到267.1±16.8mg%,糖尿病发病率由83.3%降到30%;血清胰岛素浓度基本正常,表明 CCK-8对链佐霉素引起的糖尿病有一定的预防作用。用链佐霉素造成高血糖后,再用 CCK-8作治疗性注射,不能减轻高血糖的程度,表明 CCK-8无治疗作用。CCK-8对正常小鼠的血糖及胰岛素水平也无明显影响。以上结果提示,CCK-8对胰岛β细胞可能具有直接保护作用。     

内啡肽调节催乳素的分泌

在许多种属动物都已证明;内源性鸦片样物质可能参与催乳素分泌的生理性调节。例如,注入外源性鸦片及鸦片样物质(包括β-内啡肽)能刺激催乳素释放,而特异的鸦片拮抗剂(纳洛酮)能阻断这种释放。纳洛酮也能降低血清催乳素的基础水平以及由紧张引起的血清催乳素升高。为了阐明β-内啡肽是否参与这一调节过程,作者实验室观察了将β-内啡肽抗血清直接注入大鼠侧脑室内对血清催乳素的影响。实验组注射高度特异的β-内啡肽抗血清;对照组用正常兔血清,两种血清都经处置得到r球蛋白部分。于脑室注射前及注射后取血,用双抗体放射免疫分析法测定血清催乳素。部分大鼠在注射后10分钟被迫在20℃水盆中游泳20分钟,以观察脑室注射抗血清对由紧张引起的催乳素水平的影响。     

侧脑室注射胰高血糖素对兔血浆自由脂肪酸、血糖及胰岛素浓度的影响

胰高血糖素是一种脑-肠肽,但它在脑中的生理作用尚不清楚。本工作在家兔侧脑室埋藏慢性套管,并通过注射20μl含0.5—5μg的胰高血糖素溶液,在注射后的15、45、75、105分钟各取血样测定血糖、血浆自由脂肪酸(FFA)和胰岛素的浓度。结果发现:(1)对血糖及血浆胰岛素浓度无明显影响;(2)能引起血浆 FFA 浓度降低,且与剂量有依赖关系,在注射后的45分钟,FFA 降低最明显,以后逐渐恢复;(3)皮下注射阿托品(0.2mg/kg)或静脉注射酚妥拉明(5mg/kg)均不能消除侧脑室注射胰高血糖素降低 FFA 的作用;(4)静脉注射心得安(5mg/kg)能阻断侧脑室注射胰高血糖素的降低 FFA 的作用。这似表明脑中的胰高血糖素可能参与脂代谢的调节,并可能是通过肾上腺素β-受体起作用的。     

缰核痛相关神经元对伤害性刺激和吗啡的反应

目的:观察缰核痛相关神经元对经典镇痛药吗啡的反应,了解缰核的痛觉属性.方法:实验在浅麻醉下的成年大鼠进行.通过脑室插管微量注射,或经五管微电极电泳吗啡、纳络酮、八肽胆囊收缩素(CCK-8)等,并记录缰核内痛相关神经元的单位放电.结果:在内侧缰核、外侧缰核记录的痛相关神经元放电,又可分为痛兴奋性神经元和痛抑制性神经元.在缰核微电泳吗啡后,痛兴奋性神经元以抑制反应为主,痛抑制性神经元以兴奋反应为主.微电泳纳洛酮可以翻转吗啡对缰核的作用.在吗啡耐受大鼠腹腔注射吗啡10 mg/kg,LHb痛相关神经元表现为镇痛效应的数量远大于MHb痛相关神经元的,表明外侧缰核受吗啡的作用程度高于内侧缰核.对吗啡耐受大鼠脑室注入CCK拮抗剂后,再由腹腔注射吗啡,可减弱对吗啡的耐受程度.反之,在腹腔注射吗啡(10 mg/kg)10 min后,侧脑室注射CCK-8(15 ng/10μl),CCK-8可拮抗吗啡对LHb的镇痛作用,但对MHb的拮抗作用不明显.结论:缰核的痛兴奋性神经元和痛抑制性神经元对伤害性(痛)刺激敏感而不易发生适应.其中外侧缰核神经元对吗啡的敏感性高于内侧缰核神经元.     

兔侧脑室注射胰高血糖素对血清总胆固醇和甘油三酯浓度的影响

我们最近曾报道,向兔侧脑室内注射胰高血糖素有明显降低血浆自由脂肪酸的作用。本工作又进一步观察了它对空腹血清总胆固醇和甘油三酯浓度的影响。结果发现:(1)对血清总胆固醇浓度无明显作用;(2)能引起血清甘油三酯浓度的下降,且与剂量有依赖关系,在注射后的 75min降低最显著,以后则逐渐恢复;(3)皮下注射阿托品(0.2mg/kg)或静脉注射心得安(5mg/kg)均不能消除侧脑室注射胰高血糖素降低血清甘油三酯的作用;(4)静脉注射酚妥拉明(5mg/kg)能阻断侧脑室注射胰高血糖素的降低血清甘油三酯的作用。这些结果表明脑内的胰高血糖素对血清甘油三酯的影响可能是通过肾上腺素α-受体起作用的。     

胆囊收缩素受体拮抗剂加强大鼠的吗啡镇痛和羟甲芬太尼镇痛

已知大鼠脊髓蛛网膜下腔(i.t.)注射CCK-8能拮抗阿片μ受体介导的镇痛作用。本文给大鼠i.t.注射高选择性CCK-A受体拮抗剂devazepide和CCK-B受体拮抗剂L-365260阻断内源性释放的CCK-8,观察对阿片镇痛的影响。i.t.注射100ng devazepide或2.5ng L-365260可显著地增强吗啡镇痛(4mg/kg,sc),两者的剂量效应曲线均为钟形曲线;i.t.注射66ng devazepide或1.25ng L-365260也能显著地增强羟甲芬太尼(专一的阿片μ受体激动剂,OMF)的镇痛作用(32ng,i.t.),剂量效应曲线亦为钟形曲线。这两种CCK受体拮抗剂本身对病阈无影响。 以上结果表明,脊髓内有内源性CCK-8发挥对抗阿片镇痛作用;鉴于devazepide剂量大于L-365260剂量40-50倍,提示CCK-8在脊髓的抗阿片镇痛功能是通过CCK-B受体实现的。     

八肽胆囊收缩素对吗啡抑制大鼠离体空肠电与收缩活动的对抗作用

本研究探讨了八肽胆囊收缩素（ＣＣＫ－８）对抗吗啡对大鼠离体空肠电与收缩活动的作用。结果表明,吗啡能抑制ＡＣｈ对空肠峰波发放和收缩的加强作用;ＣＣＫ－８可对抗吗啡的作用;在此基础上,ＣＣＫ－Ａ受体拮抗剂ｄｅｖａｚｅｐｉｄｅ（１０ｎｍｏｌ／Ｌ）能完全翻转ＣＣＫ－８的抗吗啡作用,但是ＣＣＫ－Ｂ受体拮抗剂Ｌ－３６５,２６０在１０ｎｍｏｌ／Ｌ时可部分翻转、在３０ｎｍｏｌ／Ｌ时能完全翻转ＣＣＫ－８的作用。上述     

八肽胆囊收缩素减轻肿瘤坏死因子诱导的离体兔肺动脉反应性变化及内皮细胞损伤

为探讨八肽胆囊收缩素（ＣＣＫ－８）缓解内毒素休克时肺动脉高压的作用机制,应用离体血管环张力测定技术及扫描电镜方法,观察了ＣＣＫ－８对肿瘤坏死因子α（ＴＮＦ－α）引起的肺动脉反应性及肺动脉内皮细胞超微结构变化的影响。结果显示：离体脑动脉经ＴＮＦ－α（４０００Ｕ／ｍｌ）孵育２ｈ对苯肾上腺素（ＰＥ）的收缩反应、对乙酰胆碱（ＡＣｈ）及硝普钠（ＳＮＰ）的内皮依赖性及非内皮依赖性舒张反应均无明显影响。ＴＮＦ－     

缩胆囊素、胃泌素及丙谷胺对大鼠胆汁分泌的影响

本文旨在研究五肽胃泌素(P-Gas)、缩胆囊素(CCK)与其受体拮抗剂丙谷胺(PGM)单独静脉输注或联合应用对大鼠胆汁流量及胆汁成分排泌量的影响。结果表明:(1)P-Gas无利胆作用;(2)CCK-8仅少量增加胆汁及 HCO_3~-的分泌量;(3)PGM 明显地增加胆汁及胆汁中 HCO_3~-和 CI~-的排泌量,但胆酸分泌量不增加;(4)当 CCK-8 2.3μg/(kg·h)静脉灌注与 PGM 200mg 灌胃联合应用时,胆汁、HCO_3~-和 CI~-的排泌量进一步增加,但P-Gas 2μg/(kg·h)与 PGM 联合应用时的胆汁排泌量低于单独应用 PGM 组。以上结果证明:PGM 有明显的促胆汁分泌作用,其机制属于非胆酸依赖性利胆、而CCK-8只是胆汁分泌的微弱刺激剂,P-Gas 则无利胆作用。在 CCK-8与 PGM 二组间,似有促胆汁分泌的协同作用;但表现在 P-Gas 与 PGM 二组间的作用,似为一种拮抗作用。     

缩胆囊素受体拮抗剂对血浆缩胆囊素生物测定的影响

利用生物法测定了102例正常人空腹及进食二个油煎鸡蛋30min后血浆CCK浓度,结果分别为1.4±0.1pmol/L和4.9±0.4pmol/L(X±SE)。血浆CCK浓度不随性别和年龄而变化。本文研究了三种不同类型的CCK受体拮抗剂对CCK生物测定的影响。一组将L364,718(5.0nmol/L),丙谷胺(1.0mmol/L)或Bt_2-cGMP(0.1mmol/L)分别加入含8pmol/LCCK-8的人血浆,用SEP-PAK提取,另一组先提取血浆,于测定前向血浆提取物内加入上述拮抗剂,两组同时测定。结果显示,在有L364,718存在时仍可利用生物法测定血浆CCK浓度,如血中含有丙谷胺或Bt_2-cGMP则无法准确测定。     

Multiple treatment potentiates the anticonvulsive activity of cholecystokinin octapeptides

The dose-response curves for the anticonvulsive activity of sulfated and nonsulfated cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8-SE and CCK-8-NS) against picrotoxin-induced (6 mg/kg SC) seizures were assessed either following or without pretreatment with a single high dose of CCK-8-SE or CCK-8-NS, to examine acute tolerance to the effect after IP injections in mice. As CCK-8-SE or CCK-8-NS pretreatment, a 1.6 μmole/kg dose was injected 2 hr prior to the second injection. No acute tolerance to the anticonvulsive activity was demonstrated, and CCK-8-NS pretreatment significantly potentiated its own anticonvulsive activity. Chronic (8-day) daily treatment with a 0.16 μmole/kg dose of CCK-8-SE or CCK-8-NS antagonized seizures by picrotoxin, presumably in a cumulative manner. To investigate the interactions of CCK octapeptides with other anticonvulsive agents, picrotoxin-induced seizures were antagonized with several doses of diazepam following or without acute, high-dose pretreatment with CCK-8-SE or CCK-8-NS. The two octapeptides only slightly modified the activity of diazepam: CCK-8-SE pretreatment displayed a tendency to antagonize it, while CCK-8-NS pretreatment to potentiate it. The results suggest that multiple treatment with CCK-8 induces sensitization of CCK receptors mediating anticonvulsive activity.     

Preparation of an N-acetyl-octapeptide of cholecystokinin: The role of N-acetylation in protecting the octapeptide from degradation by smooth muscle tissues

The C-terminal octapeptide of cholecystokinin (CCK-8) was acetylated on its lone N-terminal amino group using acetic anhydride in N,N-dimethylformamide. The acetylated derivative (Ac-CCK-8) and unreacted CCK-8 were separated from acetic anhydride and other reaction products by fractionation on Sephadex LH-20. Final purification was by thin-layer isoelectric focusing in a pH 2.5–4.0 gradient. The immunochemical properties of the octapeptide were unaffected by acetylation as measured by radioimmunoassay. The N-acetylated-octapeptide was equally as effective as unmodified CCK-8 in producing concentratiion-dependen isometric tension development in isolated cat gallbladder strips. Acetylation did, however, protect CCK-8 from N-terminal degradation by soluble peptidases that eluted from gallbladder and other smooth muscle tissues of the cat. Unmodified CCK-8 was degraded rapidly in the presence of these tissues and in buffers previously exposed to the same tissues. In contrast, the Ac-CCK-8 was resistant to N-terminal degradation under the same conditions. Degradation of CCK-8 from its N-terminus produces biologically inactive derivatives and could adversely affect in vitro studies. Since the acetylated-CCK-8 retained full biological and immunological activity, its use would eliminate the effect of extracellular proteolysis on CCK-8 action.     

CCK-8对内毒素休克大鼠肺脏细胞因子的抑制效应

观察八肽胆囊收缩素(cholecystokinin-octapeptide,CCK-8）改善脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS）引起的大鼠内毒素性休克（endotoxic shock,ES）过程中血清及肺脏细胞因子的变化,探讨p38比裂素活化蛋白激酶（p38 mito-gen-activated protein kinase,p38 MAPK）的信号转导作用。用生理多道记录仪观察尾静脉注入LPS(p38 mito-gen-activated protein kinase,p38 MAPK）的信号转导作用。用生理多道记录仪观察尾静脉注入 LPS（8mg/kg i.v.）复制的SD大鼠ES模型、LPS注入前10min尾静脉注入CCK-8(40ug/kg i.v.）、单独注入CCK-8(40Uug/kg i.v.）或生理盐水（对照）的四组大鼠平均动脉血压（MAP）的改变,应用ELISA试剂盒检测血清和肺脏中炎性细胞因子（TNF-a、IL-1β和IL-6）的变化。用Western blot检测肺脏p38 MAPK的表达。结果显示：CCK-8可改善LPS引起的大鼠MAP的下降。与对照组相比,LPS可显著增加血清和肺脏TNF-a、IL-1β和IL-6含量;CCK-8可显著抑制LPS诱导的血清和肺脏TNF-a、IL-1β和IL-6的增加。CCK-8可增加ES大鼠肺脏磷酸化p38 MAPK的表达。结果提示CCK-8可改善ES大鼠MAP的降低,并对肺脏促炎性细胞因子过量产生有抑制作用,p38MAPK可能参与了其信号转导机制。     

八肽胆囊收缩素对大鼠颈动脉窦压力感受器反射的抑制作用

在36只隔离灌流颈动脉窦区的麻醉大鼠上,观察了八肽胆囊收缩素(cholecystokinin octapepide,CCK-8)对颈动脉窦压力感受器反射的影响。其结果如下：(1)以CCK-8(0．1、0．5、1．0μmol／L)隔离灌流颈动脉窦区时,压力感受器机能曲线向右上方移位,曲线最大斜率(peak slope,PS)减小,反射性血压下降幅度(reflex decrease,RD)减少,阈压(threshold pressure,TP)和饱和压(saturation pressure,SP)均增高。其中RD、PS和TP呈明显的剂量依赖性;(2)用CCK-8的非特异性受体拮抗剂丙谷胺(100μmol／L)预处理后,能明显减弱CCK-8(0．50mol/L)对压力感受器反射的抑制;(3)预先灌流一氧化氮合酶(nitric oxide synthase,NOS)阻断剂(L-NAME,100μmol／L),不能阻断CCK-8(0．5μmol/L)对压力感受器反射的影响;(4)用Ca^2 通道激动剂Bay K 8644(500nmol／L)预处理后,也能明显减弱CCK-8(0．5μmol／L)对压力感受器反射的抑制作用。以上结果提示,CCK-8是通过作用于颈动脉窦压力感受器神经元末梢上的受体而起到抑制作用的,其机制可能为抑制了牵张敏感性通道,致使Ca^2 离子内流减少,而与内皮细胞释放NO无关。     

Protective effect of cholecystokinin octapeptide on angiotensin II-induced apoptosis in H9c2 cardiomyoblast cells

Cholecystokinin (CCK) and its receptors are expressed in mammalian cardiomyocytes and are involved in cardiovascular system regulation; however, the exact effect and underlying mechanism of CCK in cardiomyocyte apoptosis remain to be elucidated. We examined whether sulfated CCK octapeptide (CCK-8) protects H9c2 cardiomyoblast cells against angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced apoptosis. The H9c2 cardiomyoblasts were subjected to Ang II with or without CCK-8 and the viability and apoptotic rate were detected using a Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, Hoechst 33342 staining, terminal deoxyribonucleotide transferase-mediated nick-end labeling assays, and flow cytometry. In addition, specific antiapoptotic mechanisms of CCK-8 were investigated using specific CCK1 (Devazepide) or CCK2 (L365260) receptor antagonists, or the PI3K inhibitor LY294002. The expression of CCK, CCK1 receptor, CCK2 receptor, Akt, p-Akt, Bad, p-Bad, Bax, Bcl-2, and caspase-3 were detected by Western blot analysis and real-time polymerase chain reaction. We found that CCK and its receptor messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein are expressed in H9c2 cardiomyoblasts. Ang II-induced increased levels of CCK mRNA and protein expression and decreased levels of CCK1 receptor protein and mRNA. Pretreatment of CCK-8 attenuated Ang II-induced cell toxicity and apoptosis. In addition, pretreatment of H9c2 cells with CCK-8 markedly induced expression of p-Akt, p-bad, and Bcl-2 and decreased the expression levels of Bax and caspase-3. The protective effects of CCK-8 were partly abolished by Devazepide or LY294002. Our results suggest that CCK-8 protects H9c2 cardiomyoblasts from Ang II-induced apoptosis partly via activation of the CCK1 receptor and the phosphatidyqinositol-3 kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) signaling pathway.