基于生态系统方法的大海洋生态系管理

大海洋生态系是指海洋中具有独特海洋学和生态学特征的一个较大的区域,其自然特性要求采用基于生态系统的方法对其进行管理.一系列的国际条约和章程均明确或间接支持采用基于生态系统方法管理大海洋生态系,实现海洋资源的可持续利用.实践方面,加拿大、澳大利亚、美国等采用了基于生态系统方法对其海洋进行管理,全球环境基金会等国际组织实施了一些基于生态系统方法的大海洋生态系项目,加勒比共同体等区域组织建立了旨在实现其渔业可持续发展的区域渔业机制.而基于生态系统方法的大海洋生态系管理能否最终成功实施,不仅是一个科学和法律问题,而且在很大程度上也是一个政治问题,依赖于相关国 家的政治意愿与相互合作的程度.     

基于外溢生态系统服务价值的区域生态补偿机制研究

由于不同的区域存在着资源分配、经济发展的不平等性,区域间的生态补偿日益受到关注。但区域生态补偿的依据一直存在争议,中国尚没有完善的区域综合生态补偿机制。提出了一种生态系统服务外溢理论,以扣除当地生态服务使用量后外溢的生态价值作为生态补偿依据,建立了区域综合生态补偿框架,同时考虑区域生态服务外溢占用情况和经济发展水平,有针对性地制定了9种补偿方案。由于生态系统服务具有流动性,生态补偿的受偿方和补偿方并非一一对应的关系,所以各行政区域之间进行补偿资金的。横向转移需要在全省或全国层面进行统筹和保障,最后统筹结果的少量盈缺再由中央财政或地方政府通过纵向转移支付辅助调平。构建了生态补偿模型和方案,针对现有生态系统服务价值评估结果,利用综合生态补偿机制分别分析了2015年长江流域上海、江西、四川等6个典型地区的生态补偿支付方案。结果表示需要接受生态补偿的地区有青海、四川、湖南和江西,应分别得到横向转移支付资金32.26亿元、153.3亿元、59.08亿元、67.1亿元;需要提供生态补偿的地区有浙江、上海,应该分别支付横向转移支付资金1.97亿元和47.31亿元。建立的补偿框架提高了各区域的参与度,对促进生态建设、统筹区域的协调发展、体现社会公平性有重要意义。     

Context dependence of marine ecosystem engineer invasion impacts on benthic ecosystem functioning

Introduced ecosystem engineers can severely modify the functioning on invaded systems. Species-level effects on ecosystem functioning (EF) are context dependent, but the effects of introduced ecosystem engineers are frequently assessed through single-location studies. The present work aimed to identify sources of context-dependence that can regulate the impacts of invasive ecosystem engineers on ecosystem functioning. As model systems, four locations where the bivalve Ruditapes philippinarum (Adams and Reeve) has been introduced were investigated, providing variability in habitat characteristics and community composition. As a measure of ecosystem engineering, the relative contribution of this species to community bioturbation potential was quantified at each site. The relevance of bioturbation to the local establishment of the mixing depth of marine sediments (used as a proxy for EF) was quantified in order to determine the potential for impact of the introduced species at each site. We found that R. philippinarum is one of the most important bioturbators within analysed communities, but the relative importance of this contribution at the community level depended on local species composition. The net contribution of bioturbation to the establishment of sediment mixing depths varied across sites depending on the presence of structuring vegetation, sediment granulometry and compaction. The effects of vegetation on sediment mixing were previously unreported. These findings indicate that the species composition of invaded communities, and the habitat characteristics of invaded systems, are important modulators of the impacts of introduced species on ecosystem functioning. A framework that encompasses these aspects for the prediction of the functional impacts of invasive ecosystem engineers is suggested, supporting a multi-site approach to invasive ecology studies concerned with ecosystem functioning.     

Influence of ecosystem engineers on ecosystem processes is mediated by lake sediment properties

Invasive species may impact biotic community structure, ecosystem processes, and associated goods and services. Their impact may be especially strong when they also serve as ecosystem engineers (i.e. organisms affecting the physical habitat and resources for other species). Dreissenid mussels fill both these roles, having invaded the Laurentian Great Lakes in the late 1980s, and also serve as ecosystem engineers by altering nutrient fluxes and influencing the microbial food web through direct nutrient release and excretion of feces and pseudo‐feces at the water–sediment interface. We conducted laboratory experiments to investigate how the different functional traits of invasive quagga mussels (filtering activity and direct nutrient release) and native chironomid larvae (tube building and bioirrigation) interact with lake sediment of differing organic matter content to influence biogeochemical fluxes and water quality. Our results showed that sediment reworking and ventilation activities by chironomid larvae increased oxygen penetration in the sediment, affecting primarily pore water chemistry, whereas invasive mussels enhanced nutrient releases in the surface water. However, sediment organic matter modulated the effects of ecosystem engineers on system‐level processes; chironomids had a greater influence on sediment reworking and microbial‐mediated processes in organic‐rich sediments, whereas quagga mussels enhanced nutrient concentrations in the overlying water of organic‐poor sediments. These results have management implications, as the effects of invasive mussels on the biogeochemical functioning in the Great Lakes region and elsewhere can alter system bioenergetics and promote harmful algal blooms.     

生态系统服务研究进展

工业革命以来对地球进行的大范围开发 ,导致人类与自然的尖锐对立 ,全球气候在变暖、土地的生产力在下降、水资源的短缺日益突出、生态系统在大范围改变 (水生生态系统衰退、草原荒漠化、森林生态系统退化 )、生物多样性在减少、环境质量在下降。伴随着这些全球性和区域性的生态环境危机的发生 ,人类本身的生存与发展受到威胁 ,表现在 :自然生产的食物越来越少、可用于医疗保健的天然药物越来越少、许多相伴人类的动植物正濒临灭绝、灾难性的水旱灾害日益频繁、清洁的空气和清澈的河溪正变成奢侈品、人类活动产生的废物正在充斥和破坏着环境…     

Cross‐ecosystem effects of a large terrestrial herbivore on stream ecosystem functioning

Large terrestrial consumers have direct and indirect effects on forest ecosystem function, but few studies have investigated the impacts of terrestrial consumers on freshwater ecosystems. In the Cape Breton Highlands of Nova Scotia, browsing by hyper‐abundant moose following a spruce budworm outbreak has transformed boreal forest into grasslands. We conducted a field study to investigate the potential for cross‐ecosystem effects of hyper‐abundant moose following budworm outbreak on small boreal stream ecosystem structure and function. With our field study, we tested the prediction that watersheds with higher levels of moose‐mediated grasslands in their sub‐basin would have higher stream temperatures, total nitrogen, electrical conductivity, periphyton biomass and macroinvertebrate abundances. While our data supported several of our predictions pertaining to moose impacts on the abiotic variables (i.e. temperature range, total nitrogen, electrical conductivity) we found evidence of variable moose impacts on the benthic community. Specifically, we observed lower relative abundance of predatory invertebrates in streams with high moose impacts compared to streams with low moose impacts in their watersheds but no evidence of moose impacts on the relative abundance of shredders, filterers, gatherers, and grazers. This empirical study fills a key gap in our understanding of spatial ecosystem ecology by providing insight into the effects of large terrestrial consumers across ecosystem boundaries with potential implications for landscape‐scale management of hyper‐abundant ungulates. Given the broad availability and improvement in remote sensing technology, the novel integration of remote sensing and field studies employed here may provide a roadmap for future studies of meta‐ecosystem dynamics.     

生态系统核算研究进展

生态系统核算的本质是通过对生态系统服务、生态系统资产的实物量和价值量进行计算,将生态系统的数量信息纳入国民经济核算体系,将生态系统的保护目标融入经济社会决策,以更好地实现生态环境与经济社会协调发展的战略构想.本文对生态系统核算基本问题、生态系统核算账户设计、生态系统估价方法等方面展开综述.首先,通过对生态系统服务理解的阐述和归类,立足于最终生态系统服务观阐明了生态系统的运行过程,扩展了国民账户体系(SNA)的生产范围.其次,梳理并设计了生态系统资产账户、生产账户和供给使用账户,就生产范围扩展方法对生产账户的不同影响进行对比.再次,区分了基于交换价值的核算方法和基于福利经济理论的核算方法,并指出基于交换价值的核算方法与SNA理论基础更为匹配.最后,对当前研究存在的不足进行分析,并对未来研究予以展望.     

鄱阳湖湿地生态系统服务功能价值评估研究

鄱阳湖湿地是永久性淡水湖泊 ,湿地水位随季节性洪枯水位而变化 ,而周期性地显露或淹没 ,这种变化直接影响鄱阳湖湿地的效益 ,包括湿地用途、湿地生态功能、湿地属性。评估这些效益的方法有直接市场评价法 ,揭示偏好与替代品市场法 ,陈述偏好法。本文着重分析鄱阳湖湿地的主导服务功能 ,并对涵养水源功能、洪水调蓄功能、保护土壤功能、固定CO2 功能、释放O2 功能、污染物降解功能、生物栖息地功能进行了价值的货币化评价研究 ,得到鄱阳湖湿地主导服务功能的总价值为 3 6 2 7× 1 0 1 0 元。其中调蓄洪水功能最大 ,占总服务功能价值的4 3 98% ;其次是降解污染功能 ,占总服务功能价值的 38 4 9%。     

红树林生态系统服务功能研究综述

红树林湿地是热带亚热带地区陆地生态系统向海洋生态系统过渡的重要生态系统,具有重要的生态环境服务功能。由于其特殊的生态功能和较高的经济、社会价值,近年来成为湿地生态学研究的热点。本文对红树林生态系统在生产有机物、维持热带亚热带河口生态系统、降低风速以及海水流速、防治和减轻灾难、截留碎屑形成陆地、保护海堤、吸附污染物净化水体、提供多种生境、维护生物多样性,以及形成优美的环境开展生态旅游等几个方面的生态服务功能进行了综述,旨在为红树林资源的保护与合理利用提供参考。同时指出,对红树林的上述生态服务功能的内在生态学过程与效应及其价值评估尚需要开展更深入的研究。     

转基因作物对土壤生态系统的影响

综述了转基因作物对土壤生态系统影响的研究进展,包括转基因作物中的外源基因在土壤中的活性,转基因作物对土壤微生物区系有土壤酶活性的影响以及转基因作物对土壤动物区系的影响,转基因作物对土壤生态系统的影响与导入的外源基因特性和土壤类型相关,转基因产物进入土壤后引起的土壤生物变化的程度依赖于许多因素,最重要的决定因素是生态系统的复杂性和稳定性,评价不同转基因作物对土壤生态系统的影响具有重要的生态学意义,急需发展和完善以分子生物学为主的风险评价方法。     

海洋生态系统服务的研究进展

综合了国际和国内对海洋生态系统服务的研究成果,总结归纳了海洋生态系统服务在基础理论、价值评估和应用研究等3个方面的进展.在众多的定义中,Daily(1997)的定义得到了生态学家们的普遍认可,而MA(2003)的概念更倾向于管理中应用.目前对生态系统服务的分类并不一致,MA的分类体系更为实用和便于评估.对海洋生态系统服务还缺乏系统的基础理论研究和适用的分类体系.在价值评估方面,多位学者对生态系统服务的社会价值与生态价值进行了探讨.尽管有多种技术方法可以了解人们的支付意愿,但对于不具有市场的服务价值的评估方法还有待进一步完善.应用研究主要集中在人类活动与生态系统服务之间的关系,以指导生态系统服务的管理与可持续利用.对如何更好地将生态系统服务的理论应用于实际管理和政策制定作了探讨与展望.     

生态系统核算研究进展

生态系统核算的本质是通过对生态系统服务、生态系统资产的实物量和价值量进行计算,将生态系统的数量信息纳入国民经济核算体系,将生态系统的保护目标融入经济社会决策,以更好地实现生态环境与经济社会协调发展的战略构想.本文对生态系统核算基本问题、生态系统核算账户设计、生态系统估价方法等方面展开综述.首先,通过对生态系统服务理解的阐述和归类,立足于最终生态系统服务观阐明了生态系统的运行过程,扩展了国民账户体系(SNA)的生产范围.其次,梳理并设计了生态系统资产账户、生产账户和供给使用账户,就生产范围扩展方法对生产账户的不同影响进行对比.再次,区分了基于交换价值的核算方法和基于福利经济理论的核算方法,并指出基于交换价值的核算方法与SNA理论基础更为匹配.最后,对当前研究存在的不足进行分析,并对未来研究予以展望.     

水生态系统中宇宙发展现状

水生态系统中宇宙指人工构建的河流、湖泊、湿地、海洋等水生态系统近自然模拟装置,可以控制一定的物理、化学要素和生境条件,开展生物群落响应研究。中宇宙实验可以弥补传统实验室小型装置模拟要素过于简单,而野外现实系统复杂不可控制和难以开展对比实验的局限。本文列举了当前国际上多个科研机构长期运行的水生态系统中宇宙,将其归纳为流水型中宇宙、围隔装置、陆基模拟池、移动式水槽4类,各类中宇宙一般包括物理-生物模拟系统、自动调控系统、监测分析系统、中央控制系统。近年来,我国水生态系统的研究逐渐从单一环境要素向生态系统整体转变,对中宇宙模拟实验的需求愈加迫切。建议我国水生态系统中宇宙建设应提高结构复杂性,并与野外现场监测相结合,共同支撑更大尺度系统的整体模拟。     

Interactions of ecosystem properties,ecosystem integrity and ecosystem service indicators—A theoretical matrix exercise

The ecosystem service concept is becoming more and more acknowledged in science and decision-making, resulting in several applications in different case studies and in environmental management, but still it is developing in terms of definitions, typologies and understanding its complexity. By examining the interrelations between ecosystem properties, ecosystem integrity, biodiversity, ecosystem services and human well-being qualitatively, the mutual influences on each constituent of the ‘ecosystem service cascade’ are illuminated, giving an impulse for further discussions and improvements for a better understanding of the complexity of human–environmental systems. Results of the theoretical interactions are among others the assumption that provisioning services exclude or compete with each other, while the role of biodiversity was found to be supporting for regulating services and cultural services. Ecosystem services meet the criteria of being adequate human–environmental system indicators and therefore, they are an appropriate instrument for decision-making and management.     

基于服务簇的东北地区生态系统服务权衡与协同

生态系统服务簇是多种生态系统服务的组合,能够表征生态系统服务间权衡与协同关系,可为制定有效的区域社会-生态系统管理方案提供科学依据。研究采用全局Moran′s I指数、主成分分析、聚类分析等方法,系统阐明了东北地区6种生态系统服务的组成、权衡与协同、作用机制和区域差异。结果表明:(1)6种生态系统服务均表现出显著的正空间自相关(Moran′s I0),即各生态系统服务存在空间聚类分布,而非随机分布;(2)聚类分析将东北地区划分为南部经济-生态协调区、东北部森林生态平衡区、西部防风固沙区和中部粮食生产区四个生态功能区;(3)水源涵养、固碳和土壤保持服务之间具有极显著的协同关系(r=0.73,r=0.70,r=0.80),而防风固沙和土壤保持服务之间存在极显著的权衡关系(r=-0.22);(4)东北部森林生态平衡区和南部经济-生态协调区的固碳能力显著高于西部防风固沙区和中部粮食生产区,中部粮食生产区的食物供给服务和生物多样性服务则较高。开展基于服务簇的生态系统服务权衡与协同的研究,有助于针对每种生态功能服务簇制定相应的管理方案,促进各个生态功能区经济、社会、资源与生态环境的全面协调可持续发展。     

Positive versus negative effects of an invasive ecosystem engineer on different components of a marine ecosystem

Habitat‐forming invasive species have complex impacts on native communities. Positive above ground and negative below ground impacts are reported, suggesting that habitat‐forming invasive species may affect community components differently. Furthermore, such effects may vary depending on the density of the invader. We determined the responses of community components to different densities of the invasive green alga Caulerpa taxifolia in southeastern Australia. Initially we investigated differences in soft‐sediment faunal communities (above and below ground) across a biomass gradient at two invaded sites. Caulerpa taxifolia biomass was positively associated with the composition and abundance of the epifaunal community, but negatively correlated with the abundance of infauna. To examine the response of common community members in more detail, we caged two species of mollusk (the infaunal bivalve, Anadara trapezia and the epifaunal gastropod, Batillaria australis) across the same biomass gradient to determine lethal and sublethal effects of C. taxifolia biomass on individuals. Survivorship of A. trapezia was low when C. taxifolia was above 300 g m^?2. Negative sublethal effects were also density‐dependent with A. trapezia tissue weight being lowest above this same C. taxifolia biomass. The proportion of B. australis surviving was unaffected by C. taxifolia biomass. However, the total number of live B. australis recovered in cages increased as C. taxifolia biomass increased, providing further evidence of positive density dependent effects (in line with the survey data) of C. taxifolia on epifauna. Finally, we removed C. taxifolia from plots of differing C. taxifolia biomass and followed community change for 5 months. Community change following C. taxifolia removal was also density dependent as recovery 5 months post‐removal depended on the initial biomass of C. taxifolia, suggesting a lag in the recovery of communities due to residual environmental effects post‐removal (i.e. hysteresis). We have shown that the effects of a habitat‐forming invasive species are biomass dependent and also affect community components differently, suggesting that, globally, the impact of these types of invaders may be context dependent.     

基于“参照系-现状-变化量”的生态系统评估方法

生态系统评估是开展生态系统管理的重要手段,其评估结果已成为衡量区域生态系统状况优劣的重要依据。由于没有充分考虑生态系统禀赋的区域差异性,缺乏有效区分气候变化和人类活动影响的手段,导致生态系统评估结果的实用性与区域可比性一直存有争议。在生态大数据背景下,基于生态完整性理论,结合长期地面监测数据、野外调查数据、遥感数据等海量数据,耦合生态系统过程模型,构建了基于“参照系-现状-变化量”(RSD)的生态系统评估体系,以受干扰较少接近原生、完整的地带性植被生态系统(完整的生态系统)作为参照系,其表现出来的组成、结构、功能等特征为参照条件,生态系统状况现状与参照条件的偏离程度作为评估生态系统优劣程度的依据,从而将现状评估转变为变化量评估,增强评估结果的时空可比性。并以生态系统过程模型为工具,利用RSD评估方法评估了中国陆地生态系统生产力功能,验证了该方法体系的可行性。评估结果显示,2000—2018年我国植被净初级生产力(NPP)参照值、现实值和变化量均表现为上升趋势,而NPP现实值与变化量的空间分布存在显著差异,基于RSD的评估方法较好地解决了评估结果区域不可比的问题。研究对完善我国生态系统评...     

Role of ecosystem components in Cd removal process of aquatic ecosystem

An experiment was conducted using 15 glass aquariums to ascertain the pathways of removal of cadmium through numerical and compositional manipulation of ecosystem components and their role in Cd removal in different aquatic ecosystems. Each aquarium was provided with surface sediment @ 2 kg, filled with 15 L tap water and randomly distributed into five treatments having three replicates in each. Cadmium chloride (CdCl₂) of analytical grade was added @ 2 mg/L to the water of each aquarium and mixed gently. Except for the first one, the other four systems received unio (Lamellidens marginalis, 55 ± 2.5 g) @ 6 pieces/aquarium. Tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus, 35 ± 3 g) was introduced @ 6 fish/aquarium in the third and fifth systems, whereas pistia (Pistia stratiotes) was introduced @ 50 g/aquarium in the fourth and fifth systems for a 28-day observation period. The samples of water, sediment, unio, fish and pistia were collected from different systems at 7-day intervals and analyzed. Results revealed that mean substantial reduction of Cd in water varied between 1.820 and 1.994 mg/L in different simulated ecosystems. Ecosystem efficiency of Cd removal varied in the different ecosystems and showed highest (11%) value in the ecosystem carrying five components, which suggested a cumulative effect of increasing number of components employed in different simulated aquatic ecosystems significantly facilitated the reduction of the level of Cd concentration in water column. Pistia exerted (12.88–547.5 times) higher rate of Cd accumulation over the other components employed in five simulated ecosystems of various component structures. Therefore, in the present study, it may be concluded that ecosystems carrying five components exhibited the best performance for optimum minimization of Cd removal from water column. It can also be concluded that ecosystem components showed a variable performance and pistia was the efficient component from the perspective of Cd removal.     

溢油对南海海洋生态系统的影响及珠江口溢油现状

详细介绍了溢油的化学组成及其进入水体后的变化过程,在此基础上简述了溢油对海洋中的初级生产力、鸟类、贝类和鱼类等生物的影响,以及对红树林和珊瑚礁等重要生态系统的破坏,并说明了溢油对生物和生态系统的破坏机制.统计了近年来在珠江口及其附近海域发生的溢油事件,综述了国内外有关的研究成果并科学阐明了溢油对南海海洋生态系统可能产生的影响,为相关部门研究相应的溢油应急对策及控制方法提供参考.     

藻－菌生态系统代谢功能的生态学研究

在室内模拟条件下,研究了一些生态因子对藻－菌（Ａ＋Ｂ）生态系统代谢有机碳（Ｃ６Ｈ１２Ｏ６）、ＮＨ３－Ｎ和无机磷（ＩＰ）的影响．研究结果表明,当藻－菌生态系统中藻（Ａ）或菌（Ｂ）的起始数量一定时,其代谢Ｃ６Ｈ１２Ｏ６的速率,随与之组合的Ｂ或Ａ的起始数量增加（数量比则相应降低）而增加．在光照和黑暗条件下,Ａ＋Ｂ系统代谢上述３种营养物质的速率均有一定的差异．黑暗下Ｃ６Ｈ１２Ｏ６的平均代谢速率较光照下高１２．３％（Ｐ＜０．０５）,ＩＰ和ＮＨ３－Ｎ的平均代谢速率则分别较光照下低１４．４％（Ｐ＜０．０５）和１６．２％（Ｐ＜０．００１）．在Ａ＋Ｂ系统和Ａ、Ｂ单培养物中,３种营养物质的代谢速率均随有机负荷量增加而增加,而且Ａ＋Ｂ系统的代谢速率分别高于单培养的Ａ和Ｂ,其中ＮＨ３－Ｎ代谢尤为显著．文章还就生态系统结构与功能的关系问题进行了讨论．