浙江省加拿大一枝黄花(Solidago canadensis)的空间分布格局及其与人类活动的关系

原产于北美的加拿大一枝黄花目前正在我国境内尤其是东部地区迅速扩散,对当地的社会经济、自然生态系统和生物多样性构成了严重威胁.应用GIS技术揭示了2005年浙江省加拿大一枝黄花发生面积和发生面积比例的空间分布格局,并结合回归统计方法,分析了该空间分布格局与人类活动的关系.结果表明:加拿大一枝黄花在浙江省的分布存在明显的空间异质性;进口货物总额与农业活动强度是解释加拿大一枝黄花发生面积变异的主要因子;境内公路里程是解释加拿大一枝黄花发生面积比例变异的主要因子.在大力发展经济的同时,不能忽视经济发展对生态环境产生的负面影响,如物种入侵.对于加拿大一枝黄花的防控,应加大对抛荒地和闲置地的复垦力度,从源头上控制其发生面积.     

加拿大一枝黄花对庐山自然保护区林地植物多样性及其季节动态的影响

为揭示加拿大一枝黄花(Solidago canadensis)在庐山自然保护区的扩散过程及其对林地的可能影响及规律,调查了庐山自然保护区周边加拿大一枝黄花的分布现状,并在庐山自然保护区加拿大一枝黄花入侵群落设置了长期监测样地,对7个1 m×1 m的样方进行了植物多样性季节变化的定点研究.结果发现,加拿大一枝黄花已在庐山自然保护区周边大量发生,尤其是在城镇周边和高速公路两侧.庐山自然保护区森林覆盖率较高,光弱、多雾天气不利于加拿大一枝黄花的生长与繁殖,因此,加拿大一枝黄花在样地内的扩散较慢.但是,加拿大一枝黄花在所处的植物群落草本层一直长期存在,并导致样地内部分本土草本植物多度下降,尤其在每年10月期间群落植物多样性下降到最低.研究结果表明,加拿大一枝黄花也有可能在郁闭度较好的林地实现种群更新,对自然保护区的潜在影响不容忽视.     

Effects of latitude and soil microbes on the resistance of invasive Solidago canadensis to its co-evolved insect herbivore Corythucha marmorata

纬度和土壤微生物对入侵植物加拿大一枝黄花对共同进化的专性食草昆虫抗性的影响在全球化的背景下,入侵植物再次暴露在来自其原产地的专性食草动物面前的可能性越来越大。然而,入侵植物对曾共同进化的专性食草动物的抗性是否存在纬度趋势以及土壤微生物如何影响入侵植物对这类食草动物的抗性还鲜有研究。我们假设入侵植物加拿大一枝黄花(Solidago canadensis)对其曾共 同进化的来自原产地的食草昆虫菊方翅网蝽(Corythucha marmorata)的抗性随纬度的增加而增加,而加拿 大一枝黄花的局部根际微生物可以促进加其对菊方翅网蝽的抗性。为了验证上述假设,我们首先通过野外调查和温室实验,研究了菊方翅网蝽在中国加拿大一枝黄花种群中的分布丰度,以及对加拿大一枝黄花造成的危害是否存在纬度分布规律。其次,我们通过温室实验,检测了加拿大一枝黄花的本地根际土壤微生物是否能促进加拿大一枝黄花对菊方翅网蝽的抗性。研究结果表明,菊方翅网蝽在加拿大一枝黄花中的分布密度和对加拿大一枝黄花的危害程度与纬度以及加拿大一枝黄花的生长呈现正相关,说明加拿大一枝黄花对菊方翅网蝽的抗性具有纬度趋势。然而,在温室实验中,来自不同纬度的加拿大一枝黄花受到菊方翅网蝽的伤害程度没有显著差异。此外,当根际土壤和加拿大一枝黄花的根状茎同时来自于野外被轻度危害的加拿大一枝黄花或同时来自于野外被重度危害的加拿大一枝黄花时,加拿大一枝黄花的抗性最强。这一结果表明,加拿大一枝黄花的局部根际土壤微生物促进了加拿大一枝黄花对菊方翅网蝽的抗性。     

乡土植物芦苇对外来入侵植物加拿大一枝黄花的抑制作用

在城市建筑荒地中设立实验样地,通过对样方植物进行实地观测,并结合实验室比叶重和生物量测算,了解和分析野外建筑荒地中自然混生条件下芦苇(Phragmites communis)和加拿大一枝黄花(Solidago canadensis)的竞争过程和结果。结果表明芦苇和加拿大一枝黄花混生群落中芦苇发展近似于单优群落,芦苇以较高的平均株高和密度抑制加拿大一枝黄花生长,混生群落逐渐趋向于芦苇单优群落。混生群落芦苇比叶重和平均每株生物量近似于单优群落,加拿大一枝黄花比叶重和平均每株生物量显著低于其单优群落,光合作用受到显著抑制。de Wit模型分析显示,混生群落中芦苇和加拿大一枝黄花相互竞争、拮抗,前者竞争攻击力高于后者,模型预测混生群落中芦苇最终将把加拿大一枝黄花从样地中排除出去。浸提液种子培养显示加拿大一枝黄花具有化感作用,在低浓度条件(12.5mg/mL)下,对自生种子发芽有促进作用,高浓度条件下出现强烈抑制,但各浓度下芦苇种子不受加拿大一枝黄花化感作用影响;芦苇种子繁殖能力相对较弱,混生样地中加拿大一枝黄花在芦苇竞争胁迫下,种子千粒重和发芽率显著上升,扩散能力增强。芦苇具有在一定区域生态控制加拿大一枝黄花的潜力。     

Atypical Helicobacter canadensis strains associated with swine

Forty-two Helicobacter isolates were isolated from swine feces in The Netherlands and Denmark. All 12 isolates sequenced (16S rRNA gene) formed a robust clade with Helicobacter canadensis ( approximately 99% similarity). Species-specific PCR indicated that all of the isolates were H. canadensis isolates. Although the appearance of the porcine isolates was similar to the appearance of H. canadensis, only one of these isolates was able to hydrolyze indoxyl acetate, a cardinal characteristic of this taxon. Examination of the 23S rRNA and hsp60 genes revealed high levels of similarity between the porcine isolates and H. canadensis. However, amplified fragment length polymorphism genomic typing showed that isolates recovered from swine feces were genetically distinct from H. canadensis strains obtained from humans and geese.     

入侵种加拿大一枝黄花对土壤特性的影响

生物入侵已给人类社会带来了巨大的环境和经济损失,但关于植物入侵对生态系统的影响后果还知之甚少。土壤是生态系统的重要组成部分,植物入侵对土壤特性的影响已引起了生态学家的普遍关注。我们将原产北美的入侵杂草加拿大一枝黄花(Solidagocanadensis)和同属土著植物一枝黄花(S.decurrens)种植在具有相同利用历史的土壤中,通过检测生长后期不同植物下土壤特性的差异来研究加拿大一枝黄花的入侵后果。测定的土壤特性包括pH值、总碳、总氮、土壤有机质、硝态氮、铵态氮、净铵化速率、净硝化速率和净矿化速率等。野外选取了加拿大一枝黄花的典型入侵地上海江湾绿地进行土壤特性调查作为辅证。移栽实验和野外调查得到了基本一致的结果:加拿大一枝黄花调节了土壤pH值,增加了总碳、氮库和有机质库,降低了铵氮库和硝氮库。加拿大一枝黄花还促进了微生物的矿化速率和铵化速率,这表明该物种提高了土壤无机氮和铵氮的供给。控制无机氮浓度和无机氮形式的独立实验表明,高氮供给和富铵氮条件有利于加拿大一枝黄花的生长。本研究不仅为外来植物入侵后果的评估提供实验证据,而且为植物成功入侵的机制探索提供思路。     

The development of clinical signs and the population significance of neurologic disease in a captive wapiti herd

Clinical signs attributable to meningeal worm (Parelaphostrongylus tenuis) were recorded in three male and three female wapiti (Cervus elaphus canadensis) ranging in age from 5 - 29 months. The study was conducted from September, 1976 to May, 1977 in a 2104-ha preserve. Some differences were noted in occurrence, time schedule and sequence of signs but the basic pattern was similar. The mean time between initial sign observed and death was 100 days. The effect of neurologic disease on population socialization, harvest and recruitment is discussed. A comparison of projected potential population numbers with sighting data in 1959-1977 revealed a trend of lower than expected numbers since 1968 related to suspected neo-natal mortality as well as known natural mortality in the younger age classes due to meningeal worm infection.     

日本菟丝子（Cuscuta japonica）寄生对加拿大一枝黄花(Solidago canadensis)生理生态特性的影响

调查发现,野外有日本菟丝子(Cuscutajaponica)寄生于加拿大一枝黄花(Sotidago canadensis)植株的现象,被寄生的加拿大一枝黄花植株矮小,叶片枯黄,生长严重受阻.在实验控制条件下,观测了日本菟丝子寄生后加拿大一枝黄花生理生态特性的相关指标,并对寄主进行了解剖观察,探讨了应用日本菟丝子防除加拿大一枝黄花的可行性.结果表明:(1)日本菟丝子可以寄生于加拿大一枝黄花的茎及叶片,寄生根能够穿过加拿大一枝黄花表皮、皮层直至髓部,从寄主植株吸收水分和养分,使自身生物量得到增加,并严重影响了寄主的生长;(2)寄生50-60d后,被寄生植株最大光合速率只有对照的58.81%,而光合补偿点则为对照的153.39%;脯氨酸和丙二醛含量分别为对照的2.88和1.29倍,可溶性蛋白、可溶性总糖含量则分别下降了43.45%、44.47%;(3)金华地区,自然条件下生长的加拿大一枝黄花一般在9月中旬现蕾,10月中旬进入盛花期,而被寄生植株直到10月下旬才开始现蕾,花序长度不到正常植株的10%,当菟丝子生物量(干重)超过加拿大一枝黄花植株的13.14%时该植株不能开花结实.从实验结果看,日本菟丝子寄生可以严重影响加拿大一枝黄花的营养生长和开花结实.因此,利用日本菟丝子有望成为防治加拿大一枝黄花危害的一种辅助手段.     

Two-year interactions between invasive Solidago canadensis and soil decrease its subsequent growth and competitive ability

Aims Plant–soil interaction (PSI) has been implicated as a causative mechanism promoting plant invasions, and some mechanisms underlying PSI effects remain unclear. Here, we attempted to address how altered soil microbes and nutrients influence PSI effects.Methods Soil was cultured by an invasive forb Solidago canadensis for two years. We conducted an experiment, in which S. canadensis and Chinese natives were grown either alone or together in control and cultured soils, and determined the growth of S. canadensis and five natives and the competitive ability of S. canadensis. We analyzed the microbial community composition and nutrients of two types of soils.Important findings Compared to the control soil, the soil cultured by S. canadensis decreased the subsequent growth of S. canadensis and five Chinese natives, as well as the competitive ability of S. canadensis against Chinese natives. Soil microbial community composition was significantly altered due to soil culturing. Total fatty acids, bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria and Gram-positive bacteria had no responses to soil culturing; fungi, aerobic bacteria and fungi/bacteria ratio significantly decreased with soil culturing; anaerobes and Gram-negative/positive bacteria ratio greatly increased with soil culturing. Soil nitrogen (N) dramatically decreased with soil culturing, whereas soil phosphorus (P) was unchanged. These results suggest that negative PSI effects may be linked to decreases in soil fungi, aerobic bacteria and soil N and increases in soil anaerobic bacteria and the ratio of Gram-negative/positive bacteria. Our findings provide an initial indication that S. canadensis– soil interaction alone could exhibit limited contributions to its success in the early stage of invasion.     

Enhanced allelopathy and competitive ability of invasive plant Solidago canadensis in its introduced range

Aims Why invasive plants are more competitive in their introduced range than native range is still an unanswered question in plant invasion ecology. Here, we used the model invasive plant Solidago canadensis to test a hypothesis that enhanced production of allelopathic compounds results in greater competitive ability of invasive plants in the invaded range rather than in the native range. We also examined the degree to which the allelopathy contributes increased competitive ability of S. canadensis in the invaded range.Methods We compared allelochemical production by S. canadensis growing in its native area (the USA) and invaded area (China) and also by populations that were collected from the two countries and grown together in a 'common garden' greenhouse experiment. We also tested the allelopathic effects of S. canadensis collected from either the USA or China on the germination of Kummerowia striata (a native plant in China). Finally, we conducted a common garden, greenhouse experiment in which K. striata was grown in monoculture or with S. canadensis from the USA or China to test the effects of allelopathy on plant–plant competition with suitable controls such as adding activated carbon to the soil to absorb the allelochemicals and thereby eliminating any corresponding allopathic effects.Important findings Allelochemical contents (total phenolics, total flavones and total saponins) and allelopathic effects were greater in S. canadensis sampled from China than those from the USA as demonstrated in a field survey and a common garden experiment. Inhibition of K. striata germination using S. canadensis extracts or previously grown in soil was greater using samples from China than from the USA. The competitive ability of S. canadensis against K. striata was also greater for plants originating from China than those from the USA. Allelopathy could explain about 46% of the difference. These findings demonstrated that S. canadensis has evolved to be more allelopathic and competitive in the introduced range and that allelopathy significantly contributes to increased competitiveness for this invasive species.     

加拿大一枝黄花和一枝黄花化感作用比较研究

比较研究了入侵物种加拿大一枝黄花（Solidago canadensisL.）与本地物种一枝黄花（S.decurrens Lour.）开花期水浸提溶液对6种受试植物的种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明：两种一枝黄花的水浸提溶液对受试植物均有化感作用,但是加拿大一枝黄花地下部分的化感作用比其地上部分强,而本地一枝黄花则相反。两种植物相比较,加拿大一枝黄花地下部分的化感作用比一枝黄花强,而地上部分则相反。本研究表明,加拿大一枝黄花地下部分具有较强的化感作用,通过化感作用对本地植物产生较强的抑制作用,从而形成单一优势群落。化感作用是其成功入侵的重要机制之一。豆科植物对加拿大一枝黄花的化感作用不敏感,因此它们可以作为生物替代控制中优先选择的物种。     

Seedling regeneration and vegetative resprouting after fires in Pinus densiflora forests

Modes of recruitment of each regenerated species after fire were investigated quantitatively in a Pinus densiflora forest in central Japan. There was a continuum of regeneration modes from species with abundant seedling populations (more than one individual m^–2) to sprouters. The former included Erigeron canadensis, Eupatorium chinense var. simplicifolium, Rubus crataegifolius, Lespedeza bicolor forma acutifolia, Mallotus japonicus, Rhus javanica, Eurya japonica, Aralia elata and Weigela decora, whose seedlings accounted for 70% of total recruitment on the forest floor. Sprouts from stem bases which comprised much of the canopy prior to fire (e.g. Quercus serrata, Castanea crenata, Fraxinus sieboldiana and Prunus spp.), were vigorous and grew rapidly. Plants on both ends of the continuum dominated post-fire vegetation in the study sites.     

外来入侵植物加拿大一枝黄花繁殖生物学研究

加拿大一枝黄花(S olid ag o canad ensis)原产北美,自然条件下既能结实,同时又能以地下茎出芽的方式克隆繁殖,是目前我国东部地区危害严重的外来入侵杂草之一,对我国部分省市的农业生产和生态环境构成了严重威胁。连续3a定点观测其种群扩张规律,从生境因子、种子性状及萌发特性、残体无性克隆生长,地下部分形态特征和各器官热值能量的季节动态变化等方面对加拿大一枝黄花的繁殖生物学作了研究,同时比较了加拿大一枝黄花和其他4种菊科外来杂草的地下部分形态特征。研究结果表明:(1)自然条件下,加拿大一枝黄花种子在3~10月期间均可萌发,4~5月份气候适宜,雨水充沛,是种子萌发的高峰期。夏季的6~8月份是其营养生长和克隆增殖的旺盛期,9月份开始献蕾,花果期为10月至翌年1月份。加拿大一枝黄花的结实量高达20000粒/株,种子(瘦果)千粒重为0.045~0.050g,含水量在60%~80%之间;(2)加拿大一枝黄花自然条件下种子萌发率约为30%,在不同pH值、盐浓度和湿度环境条件下种子萌发的耐受性较强。不同环境胁迫下的种子萌发率和沪浙地区加拿大一枝黄花土壤生境因子的调查结果均表明,该种比较适应干燥、透气性良好的酸性低盐砂壤土,对Zn、Cu、Pb等重金属耐性较高;(3)加拿大一枝黄花地下茎和植株基部节处能萌生克隆分株。在机械除草等人为干扰条件下加拿大一枝黄花采用应激繁殖对策,容易产生更多的克隆分株。植株残体的无性繁殖能力为地下部分>基部茎>茎秆,20cm基部茎>30cm基部茎>45cm基部茎,从小到大的机械破坏程度使地下部分残体出芽数依次减少,但累计出芽数反而增加;(4)与其他菊科外来杂草相比,加拿大一枝黄花地下部分的长度、表面积、体积等指标最大,说明其在地下部分形态上具有广泛逸生的结构基础;(5)加拿大一枝黄花地上部分生长速率以及多数地下部分形态指标在9月份达到最大值。8月份过于高温干旱的气候使茎、叶中的部分能量转向地下部分,增加须根以吸收更多的水分。加拿大一枝黄花生长周期内地下部分形态指标和各器官热值能量的动态变化与其兼备有性繁殖和克隆生长的繁殖对策相适应。     

Hemorrhagic disease in bighorn sheep in Arizona

Two bighorn sheep from Arizona (USA) were submitted for necropsy. One was a Rocky Mountain bighorn (Ovis canadensis canadensis) and the other was a desert bighorn (Ovis canadensis mexicana). Both had lesions consistent with those of hemorrhagic disease (HD). Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) type-2 and bluetongue virus (BTV) type-17, respectively, were isolated from the sheep tissues. To our knowledge, HD caused by either EHDV or BTV infection has not been documented previously in Arizona bighorn sheep.     

Enumeration of Flexibacter canadensis in environmental samples by using a bacteriophage isolated from soil.

The denitrifier Flexibacter canadensis, in the presence of sulfide, can reduce N2O in the presence of concentrations of C2H2 which normally inhibit N2O reduction. Most-probable-number estimates of naturally occurring F. canadensis populations in various soils and sediments were made with a bacteriophage which is active against and specific for a strain of denitrifying F. canadensis (Is-11). Our survey suggests that F. canadensis is common in the natural environment.     

加拿大披碱草、老芒麦及其杂种F1代的RAPD分析

加拿大披碱草和老芒麦是披碱草属地理性远缘的2个种。采用RAPD技术,筛选了16个随机引物对这2个种及其F1代进行遗传多态性检测。在获得的186个位点中,114个为多念性位点,占61．29％。从种群内的遗传多态性来看,加拿大披碱草的多态性位点百分率最高(242．04%),其次是老芒麦(9．14%),杂种F1(1．61％)。从种群间的遗传关系来看,加拿大披碱草和老芒麦的遗传距离为0．4979,杂种F1与母本加拿大披碱草的遗传距离(0．2720)较近,而与父本老芒麦的遗传距离(0.4074)相对较远。     

Enumeration of Flexibacter canadensis in environmental samples by using a bacteriophage isolated from soil.

The denitrifier Flexibacter canadensis, in the presence of sulfide, can reduce N2O in the presence of concentrations of C2H2 which normally inhibit N2O reduction. Most-probable-number estimates of naturally occurring F. canadensis populations in various soils and sediments were made with a bacteriophage which is active against and specific for a strain of denitrifying F. canadensis (Is-11). Our survey suggests that F. canadensis is common in the natural environment.     

Reproductive biology in an invasive plant Solidago canadensis

Solidago canadensis,a perennial Compositae plant originating from North America,was introduced into China as a horticultural plant in 1935.Under natural conditions,S.canadensis allocates large amounts of energy to sexual reproduction and produces many seeds,which reflects an r-strategy with high seed number and small seed size.In addition,naturalized populations have a great capacity to grow clonally with underground stems.S.canadensis has become an invasive weed in eastern China,and has caused serious damages to agricultural production and ecosystems in several provinces in China.In order to understand the reproductive characteristics of S.canadensis and effectively control its spread,we examined soil conditions,seed characteristics,seed germination and the capacity for asexual reproduction in different plant parts.We investigated the population dispersion of S.canadensis in fixed sites for three years,and analyzed the seasonal dynamics of the morphological parameters of the underground parts and the caloric values of different organs of S.canadensis.We also compared differences in the root systems of S.canadensis and composite exotic weeds.The following results were obtained:1)Under natural conditions,the germination season of S.canadensis lasts from March to October,with a peak from April to May.Vegetative growth and asexual reproduction are especially vigorous during summer due to high temperatures and soil drought stress.On the other hand,the rainy season proves suitable for seed germination.Most S.canadensis flower between September and January,and fruit in late October.A mature plant can produce about 20000 seeds.The mean weight of 1000 seeds ranges from 0.045 g to 0.050 g,and the mean seed moisture content ranges from 60% to 80%.The light-winged seeds disperse readily by air,water,vehicles,human activity or through livestock.2)S.canadensis seeds have a wide tolerance for different values of pH,salinity and soil moisture.The mean percent germination of seeds is 30% under suitable conditions.The results of seed germination under various environmental stresses and investigation of soil conditions indicate that well-aerated,slightly acidic soils with low salinity are suitable for the growth of S.canadensis.Additionally,S.canadensis has a high tolerance for contamination by heavy metal elements including Zn,Cu and Pb,but has low accumulation coefficients for these elements.3)S.canadensis reproduces asexually via underground rhizomes and nodes on the stem base to recruit new individuals,and in plants that experience mechanical damage,this reproductive strategy is used to produce clonal shoots.The capacity for asexual reproduction among different plant parts rank as follows:underground parts＞stem-base (20 cm)＞stem-base (30 cm)＞stem-base (45 cm)＞stem.Further,with increasing mechanical damage,the quantity of shoots produced by the plant decreases.4)The morphological parameters of the root system of S.canadensis including length,surface area,volume,and average diameter are greater than for composite exotic weeds.These parameters indicate that S.canadensis has the physiological potential to widely invade China.5)The aboveground growth rate and most of the underground morphological parameters vary remarkably among the seasons,with a peak normally occurring in September.In August,a fraction of the energy in leaves and stems is allocated underground to increase fine root growth and water uptake during hot weather.Additionally,the seasonal dynamics of the underground morphological parameters and the caloric values of different organs of S.canadensis enhance its reproductive ability.Based on the results above,we conclude that S.canadensis has great invasive potential in China.We suggest that urgent measures should be taken to control its further spread,and to minimize its impact on local plant diversity.     

Allelopathic interactions between invasive plant Solidago canadensis and native plant Phragmites australis

Taking the seeds of invasive plant Solidago canadensis and native plant Phragmites australis from their mono- and co-dominant communities as allelopathic acceptors, this paper analyzed the differences in the seed germination rate and sprout length after treated with five level (12.5, 25, 50, 100, and 200 mg x mL(-1)) S. canadensis and P. australis extracts, aimed to understand the allelopathic interactions between the two species. The 1000-grain weight and seed germination rate under distilled water treatment of the two species in co-dominated community were greater than those in mono-dominant community. Low level (12.5 and 25 mg x mL(-1)) S. canadensi extracts slightly promoted the seed germination rates of S. canadensis in both mono- and co-dominant communities, but high level (50, 100, and 200 mg x mL(-1)) S. canadensi extracts had strong inhibition effect, especially for the S. canadensis in co-dominated community. No significant patterns were observed about the effects of P. australis extract on S. canadensis seed germination. The sprout length of S. canadensis seeds in both mono- and co-dominant communities decreased with increasing level of S. canadensis extract, but decreased in a fluctuation way with increasing level of P. australis extract. After treated with the extracts of P. australis or S. canadensis, the seed germination rate of P. australis in mono-dominant community was significantly greater than that in co-dominant community (P < 0.05), but there was no significant difference between these two extracts.     

不同温度对七种外来杂草生理指标的影响及其适应意义

加拿大一枝黄花(Solidagocanadensis)、小飞蓬(Conyzacanadensis)、野塘蒿(Conyzabonarinsis)、钻形紫菀(Astersublatus)、一年蓬(Erigeronannuus)、马缨丹(Lantanacamara)和金鸡菊(Coreopsislanceolata)是我国东南地区有分布的7种外来杂草。测定了38°C、25°C和5°C处理下它们的可溶性糖、脯氨酸、丙二醛含量和过氧化物酶活性。结果表明,7种杂草对高温的耐受能力,由大到小分别为野塘蒿、小飞蓬、钻形紫菀、加拿大一枝黄花、马缨丹、一年蓬和金鸡菊,对低温的耐受能力,由大到小则分别为野塘蒿、小飞蓬、马缨丹、一年蓬、钻形紫菀、加拿大一枝黄花和金鸡菊。分析了四种生理指标变化的生态适应意义。