人体核磁共振成像

前言 1945年布洛赫(F.Bloch)等人和珀塞尔(E.M.Purcell)等人在各自的研究中发现了物质一般状态下的核磁共振现象。此后,为了用这种现象研究物质的结构,就出现了一门新学科——核磁共振波谱学。到目前为止的近40年中,核磁共振研究获得了惊人的进展。由于核磁共振技术具有深入物质内部而又不破坏样品,并且可精密、准确地进行定性、定量分析,因此核磁共振波谱仪的应用范围迅速扩大。从1966～1968年,试制出用于生物学和医学中     

核磁共振技术在生物物理学领域中的应用

核磁共振波谱法(NMR)是利用核磁共振波谱对纯化合物进行结构测定,并定性或定量分析其微结构的一种研究手段.随着脉冲傅立叶变换技术和超导磁体的发展和普及.15N和31P等核磁共振谱(以15N和31P原子为测定对象得出的图谱),以及诸如二维核磁共振谱等新技术和新方法不断涌现并完善,核磁共振波谱法在生物学领域的应用也越来越广泛.在调研大量国外文献基础上,介绍NMR方法在生命科学研究方面的应用研究成果.     

液相色谱/光谱(紫外、质谱及核磁共振)联用技术在中草药有效成分研究中的应用

本文综述了液相色谱／光谱(紫外、质谱及核磁共振)联用技术的最新进展及其在中草药有效成分研究中的应用。并对这一新技术在实际应用中的优缺点及应用前景进行了分析和展望。     

核磁共振技术及其在生命科学中的应用

核磁共振(NMR)是一种不破坏样品的无损伤分析技术,是分子结构分析不可或缺的手段。随着新技术、新方法的不断发展,其研究领域和应用范围已扩展到了几乎所有的自然科学领域。本文简要介绍了核磁共振波谱技术的基本原理、多维NMR以及在结构鉴定、构象分析、医学临床检测、蛋白质组学、代谢组学等方面的应用。同时,本文还就NMR技术的发展前景提出了一些看法。     

多核磁共振19F-MRI在分子影像学中的应用

随着杂核氟、钠、磷等探针和成像技术的发展以及磁共振成像设备和序列的优化,多核磁共振迅速崛起,尤其是其在分子影像方面的研究与应用使包括心血管、肿瘤等众多疾病从传统的形态学影像诊断模式转向早期分子影像精准诊治模式。其中,19F-MRI多核磁共振分子成像近年来备受瞩目。虽然19F-MRI的成像敏感度是1H-MRI的82%,但人体只有牙齿中含有少量的氟,因此无背底噪声的干扰。19F-MRI应用氟类探针,19F自然丰度100%,且无放射性。本文简述了多核磁共振在分子影像学中的应用,并重点介绍19F-MRI分子影像及其应用探针在精准诊治方面的应用。     

核磁共振波谱应用于结构生物学的研究进展

综述了核磁共振波谱在结构生物学研究中的进展。在溶液中测定生物大分子的结构,分子大小的限制正被减少,尽管新结构的测定仍然需要付出比较大的努力。核磁共振是一个有效的手段,可用于研究在许多细胞过程中存在的弱的或者瞬态的蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用。结构的柔性在蛋白质分子功能中起了中心作用。由于最近方法学的发展,使NMR可以表征蛋白质的动力学,从而可以对分子机制有新的认识。核磁共振波谱可以在原子分辨率下表征无序的蛋白质系统,可以研究折叠路径。跨膜蛋白在细胞中起了关键作用,这使它们成为药物的靶标。应用液体和固体核磁共振技术已经成功测定了跨膜蛋白质的结构。     

核磁共振技术及其在生命科学中的应用

核磁共振（NMR）是一种不破坏样品的无损伤分析技术,是分子结构分析不可或缺的手段。随着新技术、新方法的不断发展,其研究领域和应用范围已扩展到了几乎所有的自然科学领域。本文简要介绍了核磁共振波谱技术的基本原理、多维NMR以及在结构鉴定、构象分析、医学临床检测、蛋白质组学、代谢组学等方面的应用。同时,本文还就№技术的发展前景提出了一些看法。     

核磁共振技术在药物检测中的应用进展CSCD

核磁共振(nuclear magnetic resonance, NMR)技术已发展成为新化合物结构鉴定和天然产物药物分析不可缺少的工具。因其具有非破坏性和无侵入性等特点,广泛应用于药物领域,从合成产物的表征到生物系统分子结构和构象的测定以及分析分子间相互作用等研究都离不开这个工具。核磁共振能提供丰富且精确的结构信息,如拉莫尔频率、化学位移、自旋-自旋偶合、偶极偶合和弛豫时间等参数,成为结构解析的“金标准”。本文总结了核磁共振技术在药物发现、药物相互作用、药物代谢组学以及固态核磁共振技术在固态药物分析中的应用进展。     

磁学在乳腺癌诊治中应用进展

近年来生物技术、纳米技术、物理、化学研究等各领域多学科的交叉融合发展,磁学在乳腺癌诊治中应用日趋广泛,本文介绍了核磁共振,免疫磁珠技术,铁氧体微粉吸收剂,磁性药物在乳腺癌诊治中应用进展及其存在问题。     

磁学在乳腺癌诊治中应用进展

近年来生物技术、纳米技术、物理、化学研究等各领域多学科的交叉融合发展,磁学在乳腺癌诊治中应用日趋广泛,本介绍了核磁共振,免疫磁珠技术,铁氧体微粉吸收剂,磁性药物在乳腺癌诊治中应用进展及其存在问题。     

The current status of NMR imaging

A brief account is given of the current status of nuclear-magnetic-resonance (NMR) imaging for medical purposes. The procedures in present use for two- and three-dimensional NMR imaging are outlined and examples given. The quality of images approaches that of computerized tomography X-ray scans and demonstrates superior tissue discrimination and pathological discrimination. Guidelines for safe operation are discussed. Clinical trials of commercial NMR scanners at an advanced stage.     

Recent applications of NMR spectroscopy in plant metabolomics

Recent research has established NMR as a key method for high-throughput comparative analysis of plant extracts. We discuss recent examples of the use of NMR to provide metabolomic data for various applications in plant science and look forward to the key role that NMR will play in data provision for plant systems biology.     

NMR and microbiology: from physiology to metabolomics

Recent advances in the application of NMR to microbiology are reviewed. Instrumental and methodological developments are described. The advantages and the constraints of NMR are illustrated with examples from the literature. Recent work from the authors' laboratories, taken as representative of current research in the field, is described in more detail.     

NMR spectra of fluorinated carbohydrates

Recent advances in structural and conformational analysis of fluorinated carbohydrates by NMR spectroscopy are reviewed. Characteristic 1H, 13C, and 19F NMR chemical shifts and coupling constants for selected examples are given and the spectral data of a series of fluorinated carbohydrates were collected in continuation of the review of Csuk and Gl?nzer [Adv. Carbohydr. Chem. Biochem., 46 (1988) 73-177].     

Synthesis and structural study of cyclic 5-aminovaleric acid-linked beta-Ala-beta-Ala dipeptides

5-Aminovaleric acid and ornithine were evaluated as linkers for the cyclization of beta-dipeptides. Two linked examples of beta-Ala-beta-Ala were prepared by standard coupling methods and their conformations probed by NMR, CD, and computational means. The data suggest that these non- or monosubstituted versions of the target compounds are flexible in solution.     

Phosphorus-31 NMR as a probe for phosphoproteins

Nuclear magnetic resonance methodology continues to advance such that phosphorus-31 NMR experiments can be profitably applied to elucidate some aspects of proteins which are covalently phosphorylated. This review introduces NMR spectral parameters pertinent to using phosphorus-31 NMR for investigation of structure and dynamics. The techniques of two-dimensional NMR, solid state NMR, and isotopic substitution are also introduced. Characteristics of phosphorylated amino acids and peptides, as revealed by phosphorus-31 NMR, are described. Studies of phosphorylated containing phosphomonoesters, phosphoramidates, acyl phosphates, and disubstituted phosphorus bridges are discussed. Among these phosphoproteins are several examples where phosphorus residues evidently play a role as polyelectrolytes, in enzyme catalysis, and in regulation of protein function.     

An introduction to biological nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is one of the most powerful analytical techniques available to biology. This review is an introduction to the potential of this method and is aimed at readers who have little or no experience in acquiring or analyzing NMR spectra. We focus on spectroscopic applications of the magnetic resonance effect, rather than imaging ones, and explain how various aspects of the NMR phenomenon make it a versatile tool with which to address a number of biological problems. Using detailed examples, we discuss the use of ¹H NMR spectroscopy in mixture analysis and metabolomics, the use of ¹³C NMR spectroscopy in tracking isotopomers and determining the flux through metabolic pathways (‘fluxomics’) and the use of ³¹P NMR spectroscopy in monitoring ATP generation and intracellular pH homeotasis in vivo. Further examples demonstrate how NMR spectroscopy can be used to probe the physical environment of a cell by measuring diffusion and the tumbling rates of individual metabolites and how it can determine macromolecular structures by measuring the bonds and distances which separate individual atoms. We finish by outlining some of the key challenges which remain in NMR spectroscopy and we highlight how recent advances—such as increased magnet field strengths, cryogenic cooling, microprobes and hyperpolarisation—are opening new avenues for today's biological NMR spectroscopists.     

Reweighted atomic densities to represent ensembles of NMR structures

A reweighted atomic probability density is introduced as a means of representing ensembles of NMR structures in a simple, concise and informative manner. This density is shown to give a better visual representation of molecular structure information than an unweighted density, and should provide a useful interactive graphics tool during the course of iterative NMR structure refinement. The approach is illustrated using several examples.     

The structural and topological analysis of membrane-associated polypeptides by oriented solid-state NMR spectroscopy: established concepts and novel developments

Solid-state NMR spectroscopy is a powerful technique for the investigation of membrane-associated peptides and proteins as well as their interactions with lipids, and a variety of conceptually different approaches have been developed for their study. The technique is unique in allowing for the high-resolution investigation of liquid disordered lipid bilayers representing well the characteristics of natural membranes. Whereas magic angle solid-state NMR spectroscopy follows approaches that are related to those developed for solution NMR spectroscopy the use of static uniaxially oriented samples results in angular constraints which also provide information for the detailed analysis of polypeptide structures. This review introduces this latter concept theoretically and provides a number of examples. Furthermore, ongoing developments combining solid-state NMR spectroscopy with information from solution NMR spectroscopy and molecular modelling as well as exploratory studies using dynamic nuclear polarization solid-state NMR will be presented.