共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Ryne A. Palombit 《International journal of primatology》1992,13(2):183-207
This study is a preliminary assessment of the potential of long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis) calls to operate in systems of within-group spacing. Covariation in the rate of occurrence of calls with party spread, size,
and activity among wild individuals of one group suggested that four classes of calls may function in intragroup spacing.
Two of them are “clear” calls of long duration and pronounced frequency modulation. Calling rate increased with party spread
for low- and high-frequency variants of these calls during resting and feeding respectively, suggesting possible utility in
maintenance of spatial relations over moderately long distances. A third “harsh” call was negatively correlated with party
spread during foraging and may thus function to increase dispersion among foraging individuals. Another harsh call with a
tonal onset was unique among all calls in the vocal repertoire in being more frequently performed by lone, isolated individuals
than by macaques accompanied by others, suggesting a possible function in reestablishing contact that has been severed. The
functional significance of these calls with respect to their acoustic structures is discussed. Macaques that use calls to
regulate intragroup spacing can control communication distance and direction by their choice of acoustically different vocalizations.
This choice may be affected not only by varying environmental constraints on sound transmission, but also by social and ecological
factors such as intragroup competition. 相似文献
2.
Unlike most other mammals, killer whales are capable of vocal learning and learn the dialect of their natal pod from their
mothers. The classical model of killer whale dialect development suggests that the repertoire of calls is learned only “vertically”
from mother to offspring, and calls evolve gradually with time by random drift caused by the accumulation of copying errors.
However, some observations suggest that not only “vertical” (from mother to offspring) vocal learning can occur in killer
whales, but also “horizontal” (between adult animals). In this study we analyzed the distribution of different call types
and similarity of calls from the same type in different pods of killer whales from Kamchatka waters to estimate the probability
of existence of interpod horizontal transmission of vocal traditions in killer whales. We found that the degree of similarity
of K1 calls and K5 calls in different pods can differ. This situation contradicts the classical hypothesis and is possible
in two cases: if different call types change with various speed in different pods, or if horizontal transmission of call features
takes place. The distribution of K4 and K10 call types across pods also suggests the existence of horizontal transmission:
K4 calls occur in the dialects of five of ten pods, and K10 calls, in six of ten pods, but only one pod has both K4 and K10
calls. Our results suggest that the real picture of the distribution of call features and call types in killer whale dialects
contradicts the classical hypothesis of killer whale dialect evolution through the accumulation of copying errors. 相似文献
3.
Shuichi Matsumura 《Primates; journal of primatology》1999,40(1):23-31
Recent studies of captive macaques have revealed considerable inter-species differences in dominance styles among females.
In “egalitarian” species such as stumptail (Macaca arctoides) or tonkean macaques (M. tonkeana), social interactions are more symmetrical and less kin-biased than in “despotic” species such as Japanese (M. fuscata) or rhesus macaques (M. mulatta). Field observations of moor macaques (M. maurus), close relatives of tonkean macaques, suggest that tolerance during feeding characterizes their egalitarian dominance style
in the natural habitat. Although it has been proposed that communal defense against other groups may be the main selective
force in the evolution of egalitarian dominance style among females, few field data support this prediction. A game theory
analysis showed that both an “egalitarian” strategy and a “despotic” strategy are possible evolutionarily stable strategies
(ESS) under certain conditions. The difference in dominance styles might reflect the difference in ESS. This means that an
egalitarian dominance style can emerge without strong between-group contest competition. A phylogenetic comparison among macaques
suggests that despotic dominance styles very likely evolved from egalitarian dominance styles. In the future, primate socioecological
studies should pay more attention to the evolutionary history of each species. 相似文献
4.
R. J. Grimm 《Journal of Zoology》1967,152(3):361-373
A catalogue of sounds from a laboratory population of Pigtailed macaques has been developed from spectograms. Sounds are divided into four general classes: clear, harsh and high-pitched calls, and miscellaneous sounds. It appears that all parameters of the vocal signal are independently manipulatable. A plot of selected spectral characteristics demonstrated the uniqueness of individual signals. In some instances, different sounds are developed by rearrangement of specific fragments, or by acoustical activities performed on similar sounds. This latter phenomenon, which will be termed mosaicism , parallels aspects of language design. Lastly, comparison of spectrograms for Pigtailed macaques with those published for Rhesus macaques ( Macaca mulatta ) reveals similarities in structure. 相似文献
5.
The study of vocal communication of wild mandrills in Cameroon in relation to their social structure 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Hiroko Kudo 《Primates; journal of primatology》1987,28(3):289-308
The vocal repertoire of the mandrill (Mandrillus sphinx), a forest living baboon, is described, and their vocal communication analyzed quantitatively. Although the vocal repertoire
of mandrills corresponds well to that of savanna living baboons,Papio, some characteristics differed, such as the development of long-distance calls and differentiation of vocalizations between
age-sex classes. Vocal communication within a group was closely related to changes in the spatial distribution of group members,
and the two most common vocalizations, crowing and 2PG, appear to function as contact calls. Based on the wide dispersion
of food trees, a group of mandrills divided into several feeding groups (subgroups). The two types of contact call were given
in different and in some senses complementary contexts, and helped to facilitate and maintain group integration. According
to their acoustic structure, these calls are long distance calls. Influenced by the high-level of attenuation of vocalization
on the forest floor, the mandrill has developed them as contact calls, instead of using the contact “grunt,” which is common
to the savanna living baboons. Comparing the patterns of vocal exchanges of mandrills with those of gelada and hamadryas baboons
which have a multi-levelled society, the social structure of the mandrill is discussed. From the analysis of the spatial distribution
of vocal emission, a number of clusters of vocalizations were obtained. These clusters correspond to subgroups. The frequent
female-female and female-male vocal exchange between subgroups of mandrills suggest that the relationships between subgroups
are less closed than between the one-male units of gelada and hamadryas baboons. Furthermore some of these clusters include
more than two vocalizing adult males, while in other clusters there are no vocalizing adult males. Thus, the social structure
of mandrills is suggested to be multi-male rather than a multilevelled type. The absence of contact calls specific for short
distance and the functional replacement of the grunting of all group members by persistent emission of a loud call (2PG) by
usually just one adult male suggests that the social structure of mandrills is not exactly equivalent to that of the multimale
troop of savanna living baboons. Usually the use of 2PG is monopolized by one adult male travelling in the rear part of the
group. Such monopolization of 2PG emission and the pattern of 2PG-2PG or 2PG-roar exchanges by adult males in some cases indicate
the existence of strong dominance relationships among adult males, and especially the existence of a leader male within a
multi-male group of mandrills. 相似文献
6.
Diversity in sound pressure levels and estimated active space of resident killer whale vocalizations
Patrick J. O. Miller 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》2006,192(5):449-459
Signal source intensity and detection range, which integrates source intensity with propagation loss, background noise and receiver hearing abilities, are important characteristics of communication signals. Apparent source levels were calculated for 819 pulsed calls and 24 whistles produced by free-ranging resident killer whales by triangulating the angles-of-arrival of sounds on two beamforming arrays towed in series. Levels in the 1–20 kHz band ranged from 131 to 168 dB re 1 μPa at 1 m, with differences in the means of different sound classes (whistles: 140.2±4.1 dB; variable calls: 146.6±6.6 dB; stereotyped calls: 152.6±5.9 dB), and among stereotyped call types. Repertoire diversity carried through to estimates of active space, with “long-range” stereotyped calls all containing overlapping, independently-modulated high-frequency components (mean estimated active space of 10–16 km in sea state zero) and “short-range” sounds (5–9 km) included all stereotyped calls without a high-frequency component, whistles, and variable calls. Short-range sounds are reported to be more common during social and resting behaviors, while long-range stereotyped calls predominate in dispersed travel and foraging behaviors. These results suggest that variability in sound pressure levels may reflect diverse social and ecological functions of the acoustic repertoire of killer whales. 相似文献
7.
G. Hohmann 《Primates; journal of primatology》1989,30(3):325-345
Field observations and spectrographic analyses of sound recordings of South Indian bonnet macaques revealed a vocal repertoire
of at least 25 basic patterns. The repertoire consists of well separated sound classes and acoustic categories connected by
structural intergradation. Besides structural variations within and between different elements of the repertoire, the vocal
system ofMacaca radiata is characterized by regular combinations of particular basic patterns. These combinations occurred not only between calls
of similar structure and function but also between calls usually emitted in entirely different social contexts. According
to the qualitative analysis, sex-specific asymmetries of the vocal behaviour were less pronounced than age-dependent characteristics.
The comparison of clear call vocalizations ofMacaca radiata andM. fuscata revealed significant species-specific differences on the structural and the behavioural level. Evaluations of the structural
features of alarm calls of various macaque species imply marked differences between members of thefascicularis group andsinica group on one hand and thesilenus group andarctoides group on the other. 相似文献
8.
9.
Joseph H. Manson 《Primates; journal of primatology》1994,35(4):417-433
Birth season adult heterosexual nonkin relationships of 50 free-ranging female rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) in two social groups at Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico were examined using focal follow (289 hr) and ad lib data. Eighty-eight
percent of subjects had at least one relationship characterized by particularly high frequencies of spatial proximity, grooming,
or both. These were designated “friendships.” Males intervened in aggressive interactions more frequently on behalf of Friends
than non-Friends. Female aggressive support of males was extremely rare. Higher-ranking males experienced more friendships
than lower-ranking males. High-ranking females had higher-ranking Friends than low-ranking females. Older females had higher-ranking
Friends than younger females. Females groomed high-ranking Friends more than they were groomed by them, whereas they groomed
low-ranking Friends less than they were groomed by them. In one social group, high-ranking females were more likely than low-ranking
females to groom their Friends more than they were groomed by them. Males were more responsible than females for spatial proximity
maintenance in 9 of 14 Friend dyads for which sufficient data were available. Neither male nor female dominance rank affected
responsibility for proximity maintenance in Friend dyads.
Eight of 24 females had friendships with males with whom they had completed copulations during their conception peri-ovulatory
period of the preceding mating season. Two of 19 females completed peri-ovulatory copulations with Friends during the following
mating season. Friendship was not correlated with either of two demonstrated female mate choice indicators: (1) proximity
maintenance during estrus; or (2) cooperation with male “hip-grasp” courtship attempts. Males directed “muzzle-up” courtship
signals at lower rates toward Friends than toward non-Friends.
These and other investigators' results indicate that (1) protection from aggression is the primary benefit to female rhesus
macaques of birth season heterosexual relationships; (2) the most effective protectors are in greatest demand as Friends;
and (3) friendship has no effect or an inhibitory effect on mate choice in this species. Benefits to males of friendships
were not apparent from this study but may include coalitional support against lower-ranking males. 相似文献
10.
In 234 copulations, male and female behavioural patterns were collected, especially the vocal pattern for the female. Moreover
quantitative structural analysis was performed on 38 of these female copulatory vocalizations. A multifactorial analysis,
ANAFAC, was performed to seek relations between (1) utterance of female copulatory call and male and female copulatory behaviour
and (2) these patterns and the great variability of female calls. Utterance of female copulatory vocalizations is essentially
due to the female’s own copulatory behaviour in periods of intense sexual activity. Long female calls are related to male
ejaculation, and those “rich” in harmonics are related to visual and tactile communicatory signals exchanged by the male and
the female during a mount. This analysis strongly confirms the tied bond between quality of a call and internal state of the
emitter. Long calls, rich in harmonics, may serve as signals maintaining or strengthening the possibly temporary preferential
relation between male and sexually receptive female. 相似文献
11.
Male túngara frogs (Physalaemus pustulosus) produce complex calls consisting of two components, a ~350 ms FM sweep called the “whine” followed by up to seven ~40 ms
harmonic bursts called “chucks”. In order to choose and locate a calling male, females attending to choruses must group call
components into auditory streams to correctly assign calls to their sources. Previously we showed that spatial cues play a
limited role in grouping: calls with normal spectra and temporal structure are grouped over wide angular separations (≤135°).
In this study we again use phonotaxis to first test whether an alternative cue, the sequence of call components, plays a role
in auditory grouping and second, whether grouping is mediated by peripheral or central mechanisms. We found that while grouping
is not limited to the natural call sequence, it does vary with the relative onset times of the two calls. To test whether
overlapping stimulation in the periphery is required for grouping, the whine and chuck were filtered to restrict their spectra
to the sensitivity ranges of the amphibian and basilar papillae, respectively. For these dichotic-like stimuli, grouping still
occurred (albeit only to 45° separation), suggesting that stream formation is mediated by central mechanisms. 相似文献
12.
P. HANSEN 《Bioacoustics.》2013,22(3):241-248
ABSTRACT We examined vocalisations of a solitary subterranean rodent, the Silvery Mole-rat Heliophobius argenteocinereus (Bathyergidae). Seven true vocalisations and one mechanical vocalisation were identified. The main frequencies of the analysed sounds (0.34–13.17 kHz) match to a great extent the frequency range suitable for transmission in underground burrows. Due to the narrow frequency range of vocalisations, motivation is predominantly expressed by the rate of tonality rather than by frequency changes. The vocal repertoire of the Silvery Mole-rat perfectly matches to Morton's MS rules, i.e. that low-frequency and harsh vocalisations indicate hostility whereas high tonal calls signalise appeasement or fear. In comparison with social species, this solitary bathyergid produces fewer calls. It lacks contact and alarm calls, but has a rich repertoire of mating calls (mating ends with duet vocalization of male and female). Acoustic signals seem to play a major role in lowering natural aggressiveness during the mating period. 相似文献
13.
Bertrand Deputte Michel Goustard 《Ethology : formerly Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie》1978,48(3):225-250
The basic vocal repertoire of the Crested Gibbon (Hylobates concolor leucogenys) can be defined from qualitative and quantitative analysis of the vocalizations. From sonagraphic analysis of calls of 9 juveniles, one adult ♂, one sub-adult ♂ and one sub-adult ♀ arranged in three semi-free living groups, one can describe six vocal types on a morphological basis. The sound repertoire of juveniles is composed of graded signals which seem to become more discrete and fewer as the individual matures. These features are compared with other Cercopithecides and Pongides on the basis of eco-ethological and ontogenetic implications. 相似文献
14.
Giuseppe C. Zuccarello Alan T. Critchley Jennifer Smith Volker Sieber Genevieve Bleicher Lhonneur John A. West 《Journal of applied phycology》2006,18(3-5):643-651
The systematics and taxonomy of Kappaphycus and Eucheuma (Solieriaceae) is confused and difficult due to morphological plasticity, lack of adequate characters to identify species and commercial names of convenience. These taxa are geographically widely dispersed through cultivation. Commercial, wild and herbarium sources were analysed; molecular markers provided insights into taxonomy and genetic variation, and where sources of genetic variation may be located. The mitochondrial cox2-3 and plastidal RuBisCo spacers were sequenced. There is a clear genetic distinction between K. alvarezii (“cottonii”) and K. striatum (“sacol”) samples. Kappaphycus alvarezii from Hawaii and some samples from Africa are also genetically distinct. Our data also show that all currently cultivated K. alvarezii from all over the world have a similar mitochondrial haplotype. Within Eucheuma denticulatum (“spinosum”) most African samples are again genetically distinct. Our data also suggest that currently cultivated E. denticulatum may have been “domesticated” several times, whereas this is not evident for the cultivated K. alvarezii. The present markers used do not distinguish all the morpho-types known in cultivation (e.g. var. tambalang, “giant” type) but do suggest that these markers may be useful to assess introductions and species identification in samples. 相似文献
15.
G M Hohmann M O Herzog 《Folia primatologica; international journal of primatology》1985,45(3-4):148-178
Investigations of vocal communication in captive groups of lion-tailed macaques (Macaca silenus) revealed a repertoire of 17 basic patterns. Sixteen of them were recorded and their physical parameters analysed by sonagrams. During a field study these results were verified and complemented, and additional data on the vocal behaviour of this species were gathered. The vocal repertoire of lion-tailed macaques is characterized by discretely structured, mostly interaction- and situation-specific sound patterns. The fundamental characteristics of vocal communication seem to be adjusted to the acoustic conditions of the rain forest habitat as well as to the social organization in 1-male groups. In contrast to other species of the macaque genus, lion-tailed macaques are highly adapted to a strictly arboreal life in the rain forests of the Western Ghats (South India). Due to the dense vegetation in this habitat, propagation of visual signals is restricted to short distances. Vocal signals are therefore of great importance. The vocal repertoire of lion-tailed macaques differs from that of more terrestrial macaques insofar as the basic patterns show comparatively insignificant structural variations. Also, patterns were recorded which have not yet been found in any other member of the genus. 相似文献
16.
Vocal recordings of one semi-free-ranging group and one captive group of Tonkean macaques (Macaca tonkeana) were used to establish the vocal repertoire of the species. Only the alpha male of the groups uttered a very distinctive
loud call. Localization variants of coo calls were found. Alarm calls given by this species were acoustically similar to those
by Japanese, rhesus, and long-tailed macaques (M. fuscata, M. mulatta, andM. fascicularis). Adult females uttered a specific variant of vocalizations during sexual morphological changes. The repertoire of agonistic
vocalizations was more variable than that of any other macaque species investigated. These characteristics were discussed
with reference to previous studies on vocalizations of macaque species. 相似文献
17.
Akio Mori 《Primates; journal of primatology》1975,16(2):107-140
Signaling behaviors appearing in grooming interactions of wild Japanese monkeys were analysed. Vocal signals found in the
grooming interactions had the content of asking the objective animal “if the vocal signaler may groom the recipient animal.”
They could be divided into two categories of vocal sounds, VG-1 and VG-2. The former was uttered in common by all the troop
members. The latter was uttered just before grooming by the groomer and is considered to have deeper connection with grooming.
Each individual uttered mainly one kind of vocal sound out of VG-2, and the preferred vocal sounds for each individual differed.
Furthermore, VG-2 differed in different troops. Behavioral signals had the content of showing “the acceptance of grooming”
or showing “the request to be groomed.” The appearance of these signaling behaviors was closely related to the inter-individual
relationships of grooming partners, especially as to whether or not they had blood relationships. Basically the monkeys have
a system in which they must avoid each other, except in the case of mothers and their offspring, and if they had to approach
too closely against this basic system, as in grooming interactions, there appeared signaling behaviors as mentioned above. 相似文献
18.
Joseph H. Manson 《Human nature (Hawthorne, N.Y.)》1998,9(2):97-117
The human “environment of evolutionary adaptedness” can only be inferred indirectly. In contrast, the behavior of some nonhuman
animals can be compared among “natural” and various altered environments. As an example, male immigration tactics in unprovisioned
versus provisioned macaque (Macaca) populations are compared using Tooby and Cosmides’s (1992) framework for evolutionary functional analysis. In unprovisioned
populations, social groups contain few males, and immigrant male takeovers of alpha rank occur frequently. In provisioned
populations, groups contain many males, and males almost invariably enter social groups at very low rank and rise in rank
only as more dominant males emigrate or die. Male conformity to the “seniority rule” is hypothesized to represent the behavioral
output of an evolved decision-making algorithm (psychological mechanism) that takes into account (1) the net payoff of each
rank in the dominance hierarchy and (2) the power of male group size as a predictor of the likelihood of successful immigrant
takeover.
Joseph H. Manson is Assistant Professor of Anthropology at the University of California, Los Angeles. His research interests
are social relationships in nonhuman primates and humans, with particular emphases on mate choice, courtship tactics, intrasexual
competition, and (currently) mother-infant relationships and infant handling. He has conducted fieldwork on rhesus macaques
at Cayo Santiago and white-faced capuchins in Costa Rica. 相似文献
19.
Bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) produce individually distinctive vocalizations—referred to as “signature whistles”—that are thought to function as an individual
and conspecific recognition system for maintenance of consistent contact between individuals. Observations and playback experiments
were conducted at aquariums to study these whistle–vocal exchanges in bottlenose dolphins. Temporal patterns of vocalization
were examined by analyzing the intercall intervals between two consecutive whistles. When a second individual produced a call
that was different from the first individual’s vocalization, most of these calls were shorter than 1 s. However, when two
consecutive calls were produced by the same individual, the second call rarely occurred within 1 s of the first. These results
suggest that a second whistle may be produced by a different caller in response to the first whistle; however, in the case
of an absence of a response, the first caller is likely to give further whistles. The results of this acoustic analysis show
that the dolphins used in this study mostly used signature whistles during the recorded vocal exchanges. 相似文献
20.
ABSTRACT The problem of categorization arises in any classification system because classes should be discrete while the characteristics of most natural objects and aspects of nature are more or less gradual. In systematics, this problem usually is solved by creating several levels of categories, such as class, order, family, genus and species. In the existing killer whale discrete call classification, only two levels occur—call type and call subtype. In this paper we describe structural categories at a broader level than call type in the discrete sounds of killer whales and compare these categories between and within vocal clans in a community of resident killer whales from Southeast Kamchatka, Russian Far East, and also with killer whales outside this community. We found four main classes of discrete calls in the repertoire of resident killer whales from Southeast Kamchatka. The calls of Southeast Kamchatka transient killer whales and Sakhalin killer whales do not fall into these classes. This suggests that the resident killer whale community from Southeast Kamchatka has some rules defining the structure of calls which are typical for this community. Consequently, all resident killer whales from Southeast Kamchatka can be said to share the same vocal tradition. 相似文献