Optimal control mode of a biochemical feedback system

An optimal feedback system for constant-value control of biochemical reaction system was investigated by computer simulations. A feedback system containing a cyclic enzyme system where two enzyme types share a substrate in a cyclic manner, was found to be the most reliable one. This feedback system has a capability to keep the stationary value of the end product at a desired level against not only exogenous substrate supply but also endogenous parametric disturbances. The cyclic enzyme system installed as a control element of this feedback system played the role of comparator in this feedback system. The control mode of this feedback system was in good agreement with that of a system established by means of optimization technique based on the maximum principle. Also bang - bang control could be performed in this biochemical feedback system as well as in electrical one.     

农杆菌转化系统研究进展

农杆菌转化系统是一种优良的转化系统。作者综述了农杆菌转化系统的原理、菌株及载体系统的发展,并概括了植物农杆菌转化的发展历程及与转化效率有关的因素,最后指出了农杆菌转化系统的优点。     

Batch culture of Alcaligenes eutrophus ATCC 17697T using recycled gas closed circuit culture system

Batch culture of Alcaligenes eutrophus ATCC 17697^T using the recycled gas closed circuit culture system was done with the intention of developing a practical fermentation system for industrial culture of autotrophs. The gas phase of the culture system consisted of substrate gas so that gases in this culture system could be recycled forever as long as the amount of the gas consumed would be refilled. All gasses supplied into this system could be completely used without any loss as exhaust. Thus, this system assures high gas usage efficiency as well as operation safety. Studies on the effect of oxygen concentration showed the high oxygen concentration in substrate gas mixture suppressed the specific growth rate while a low oxygen concentration promoted the growth rate. This introduced the possibility of development of an explosion-free fermentation system with a high growth rate if appropriate system design and fermentation conditions were given. Since this system is closed, material balance and elementary analysis provide the ultimately accurate stoichiometry of the autotrophic culture of this bacterium.     

Probing the neuromodulatory gain control system in sports and exercise sciences

The monoaminergic bulbospinal pathways from the brainstem are central to motor functions by regulating the gains of spinal motoneurons and represent, in that respect, probably the primary control system for motoneuron excitability. Yet, the efficiency of this system is few, if not never, assessed in the fields of sports and exercise sciences. In this review paper, we propose a methodological approach intended to assess how this neuromodulatory system affects motoneuron excitability. This approach is based on the use of tendon vibration which can, in certain circumstances, induce the generation of the so-called tonic vibration reflex through the stimulation of muscle spindles. Force and EMG responses to tendon vibration are indeed indicative of how this descending system modulates the gain of the ionotropic inputs from Ia afferents and thus of the strength of the monoaminergic drive. After a brief presentation of the neuromodulatory system and of the mechanisms involved in the generation of the tonic vibration reflex, we address some important methodological considerations regarding the use of the TVR to probe this neuromodulatory gain control system. Hopefully, this paper will encourage sports and exercise scientists to investigate this system.     

对虾无公害高效防病养殖系统的建立

本文报道了一种不需要进行水交换的新型对虾养殖模式--对虾无公害高效防病养殖系统,这种养殖系统以新型底部增氧、微生物降解和饵料控制为技术核心。具有防病性、环保性和高效性等优点;简要介绍了这种养殖系统的原理、操作要点和主要特点,分析了这种养殖系统的意义和应用前景。     

食饵种群具有收获(存放)率的第Ⅱ类功能性反应模型的定性分析

本文研究了非密度制约的捕食与被捕食系统中被捕食者(食饵)种群具有常数收获(存放)率的第Ⅱ类功能性反应模型的定性性质:当该系统具有存放率时,证明了该系统在一定的条件下极限环的存在性、不存在性及唯一性;当该系统具有收获率时,证明了该系统若存在正平衡点,则它是全局不稳定性.     

植物酶系统对UV-B辐射的响应机制

紫外辐射作为一种自然界存在的环境因子,影响着植物的生长发育。在植物从太阳辐射中获得光照和热量的同时,不可避免地要受到UV-B辐射的胁迫。植物在长期对环境的适应中,在体内形成了防御系统,以保护自身的安全,酶系统是其中之一。植物酶系统在实施防护的同时也受到了UV-B辐射的影响,信号分子对调节酶响应UV-B胁迫起了关键作用。本文重点论述了UV-B辐射增强下,植物酶系统的变化、植物酶系统的响应机制以及酶系统与信号物质的关系,并对该领域未来的研究方向提出了展望。     

Meiosis and chromosome painting of sex chromosome systems in Ceboidea

The identity of the chromosomes involved in the multiple sex system of Alouatta caraya (Aca) and the possible distribution of this system among other Ceboidea were investigated by chromosome painting of mitotic cells from five species and by analysis of meiosis at pachytene in two species. The identity of the autosome #7 (X2) involved in the multiple system of Aca and its breakage points were demonstrated by both meiosis and chromosome painting. These features are identical to those described by Consigliere et al. [1996] in Alouatta seniculus sara (Assa) and Alouatta seniculus arctoidea (Asar). This multiple system was absent in the other four Ceboidea species studied here. However, data from the literature strongly suggest the presence of this multiple in other members of this genus. The presence of this multiple system among several species and subspecies that show high levels of chromosome rearrangements may suggest a special selective value of this multiple. The meiotic features of the sex systems of Aca and Cebus apella paraguayanus (Cap) are strikingly different at pachytene, as the latter system is similar to the sex pair of man and other primates. The relatively large genetic distances between species presently showing this multiple system suggest that its origin is not recent. Other members of the same genus should be investigated at meiosis and by chromosome painting in order to know the extent and distribution of this complex sex-chromosome system.     

嵩草属植物硅酸体系统的研究

对国产狭义嵩草属 (K obresia,Cyperaceae) 3个组 2 7种植物进行了硅酸体系统分析研究 ,同时结合近缘的苔草属 (Carex) 2个组的植物硅酸体特征 ,深入探讨了植物硅酸体系统分析研究在莎草科苔草族 (Cariceae)中的系统分类学意义。认为 :(1 )嵩草属及其临近类群在属间、种间及种下水平的系统分类学比较研究都可以借助植物硅酸体系统研究的证据。 (2 )穗状嵩草组 (sect. Elyna)的硅酸体系统特征具有较高的一致性 ,除矮嵩草 (K.humilis)及其近缘种同其他穗状嵩草组的种类有所不同 ,它很可能有一个不同于穗状嵩草组其他类群的嵩草组(sect. K obresia)的亲缘。 (3 )从植物硅酸体系统特征的研究来看 ,拟苔草组 (sect. H emicarex)的一些种接近于穗状嵩草组 ,如高山嵩草 (K . pygmeae) ;而另一些种接近于嵩草组 ,如禾叶嵩草 (K . graminifolia) ;也有一些种类的硅酸体系统特征更接近苔草属 ,说明这个组很可能是多源的 ,即本组的单一花穗和果囊形态特征由不同类群的复合花序种类趋同演化而出。(4 )嵩草组的硅酸体系统特征具有较高的一致性 ,说明嵩草属原始类群在硅酸体系统特征方面与外部形态特征演化的某些相关性。     

蛋白质内含子介导的蛋白纯化系统在变性条件下的应用

由蛋白质内含子介导的亲和蛋白质纯化系统(IMPACT)已得到广泛应用,通过其纯化得到的目的蛋白不含蛋白纯化标签以及多余的氨基酸残基,且操作简单成本低廉。这些优点使得其相对于其他蛋白纯化系统有着无与伦比的优势。但是现有报道都局限于非变性条件下使用,这往往会限制其在一些包涵体蛋白变性条件下使用。以一已知表达形成包涵体形式的丝素蛋白为例,研究IMPACT系统在时变性条件下使用变性剂浓度、温度和诱导断裂还原剂浓度。实验表明,在4 M尿素,100 mM DTT室温作用下蛋白质内含子会获得最大断裂效率(80%)。柱上在线断裂实验表明,其最终蛋白得率超过65%。     

周质结合蛋白依赖的转运系统研究进展

周质结合蛋白依赖的转运系统是复杂的、多组分的透酶系统,具有广泛的生理功能。在从微生物到人类的所有物种中都可发现这种转运系统或与之相关的结构。本以细菌为例描述了这类系统的基本结构和功能以及转运机制。     

Characterization of a novel L-serine transport system in Escherichia coli.

A novel transport system for L-serine was found in Escherichia coli cells grown on medium containing amino acid mixture. This novel system is distinguishable from the known three transport systems for L-serine, namely, the serine-threonine system, one of the leucine-isoleucine-valine systems, and the glycine-alanine system. Uptake of L-serine via this novel system was inhibited by none of the amino acids tested, indicating that it is highly specific for L-serine. This system was induced by L-leucine, but not by L-serine. The Km for L-serine was 50 microM, and the Vmax was 23 nmol/min per mg of cell protein. Transport of L-serine via this system was strongly inhibited by KCN, an inhibitor of the respiratory chain, or by carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone, an H+ conductor. Uptake of H+ was induced by L-serine influx. These results indicate that an H+-serine cotransport mechanism is operative in this novel L-serine transport system.     

Mathematical modeling of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system activity

Mathematical modeling has proven to be valuable in understanding of the complex biological systems dynamics. In the present report we have developed an initial model of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system self-regulatory activity. A four-dimensional non-linear differential equation model of the hormone secretion was formulated and used to analyze plasma cortisol levels in humans. The aim of this work was to explore in greater detail the role of this system in normal, homeostatic, conditions, since it is the first and unavoidable step in further understanding of the role of this complex neuroendocrine system in pathophysiological conditions. Neither the underlying mechanisms nor the physiological significance of this system are fully understood yet.     

医学检测设备中便携式图形显示系统的设计

本文介绍了一种基于液晶显示器的图形显示系统,适用于便携式医学信号监测设备。论述了该系统和软件的设计方案,并详细描述了两种动态显示算法。文章最后讨论了系统调试方案和结果。     

凤眼莲-根际微生物系统的降酚效应

 在自然水体中,由于风眼莲的存在,其根际的异养细菌的数量和种类均大量增加,从而可以提高降解水体中的有机物的能力;在实验室条件下,人工组建成风眼莲—根际细菌系统,系统的降酚效应要大于单独的细菌和风眼莲,证实这是一个具高效降酚能力的共生生物系统。本文从野外原位调查和实验室模拟试验两方面,讨论了凤眼莲—根际细菌共生系统的降酚效应,以及其中的机制和应用。     

Microfluidic models of the human circulatory system: versatile platforms for exploring mechanobiology and disease modeling

The human circulatory system is a marvelous fluidic system, which is very sensitive to biophysical and biochemical cues. The current animal and cell culture models do not recapitulate the functional properties of the human circulatory system, limiting our ability to fully understand the complex biological processes underlying the dysfunction of this multifaceted system. In this review, we discuss the unique ability of microfluidic systems to recapitulate the biophysical, biochemical, and functional properties of the human circulatory system. We also describe the remarkable capacity of microfluidic technologies for exploring the complex mechanobiology of the cardiovascular system, mechanistic studying of cardiovascular diseases, and screening cardiovascular drugs with the additional benefit of reducing the need for animal models. We also discuss opportunities for further advancement in this exciting field.     

A peripheral neural correlate of the human fungiform papillae salty, insipid sensations

Neurophysiological research in several different laboratorieshas revealed the existence of a Na-, Li-specific peripheraltaste system in mammalian herbivores and omnivores, but notcarnivores. The presence or absence of this system is readilydetectable in the behavior of the animals towards NaCl solutions.It is proposed that the human has an identical system, and thatactivity within this system is largely, but not entirely, responsiblefor the elicitation of the human sensations of salty and insipid.Under normal conditions, neurons in this system display highlevels of spontaneous activity due largely to salivary Na. Solutionswith Na exceeding the salivary Na level will excite the neuronsand be perceived as salty. Solutions with Na levels less thanthat of the saliva will inhibit the neurons and be perceivedas insipid. The existence of this system in humans is attestedby the fact that human behavior towards NaCl is similar to thatseen in the rat and sheep. The stimuli eliciting the human saltysensations are, in most respects, similar to those active inthe animal experiments with one exception: KCl, the chloridesalt most inactive on animals, elicits a fairly strong saltysensory component. To partially resolve this discordance, itis suggested that the human salty sensation is the result ofhigher order neural activity that involves another peripheraltaste system.     

Protease-dependent mechanisms of complement evasion by bacterial pathogens

Abstract The human immune system has evolved a variety of mechanisms for the primary task of neutralizing and eliminating microbial intruders. As the first line of defense, the complement system is responsible for rapid recognition and opsonization of bacteria, presentation to phagocytes and bacterial cell killing by direct lysis. All successful human pathogens have mechanisms of circumventing the antibacterial activity of the complement system and escaping this stage of the immune response. One of the ways in which pathogens achieve this is the deployment of proteases. Based on the increasing number of recent publications in this area, it appears that proteolytic inactivation of the antibacterial activities of the complement system is a common strategy of avoiding targeting by this arm of host innate immune defense. In this review, we focus on those bacteria that deploy proteases capable of degrading complement system components into non-functional fragments, thus impairing complement-dependent antibacterial activity and facilitating pathogen survival inside the host.     

酵母单杂交系统在植物抗渗透胁迫转录因子研究中的应用

酵母单杂交系统是由酵母双杂交系统衍生来的研究DNA与蛋白质之间相互作用的新型系统。该论文系统阐述了单杂交系统的基本原理和技术路线,详细综述了其在植物抗渗透胁迫转录因子各个研究领域的应用进展,即克隆抗渗透胁迫类转录因子基因,确定已知DNA-蛋白质的相互作用,定位已证实的具有相互作用的DNA结合结构域以及验证转录激活作用;并分析了当前该系统在植物抗渗透胁迫转录因子研究中存在的问题,进而结合自己的研究对解决问题的途径进行了探讨。     

The transport of L-alanine by the hamster kidney cell line BHK-21-C13.

The uptake of L-alanine into BHK21-C13 cells in culture has been studied. This amino acid appears to be transported essentially via a relatively low affinity, high capacity, sodium ion dependent transport system. Inhibition studies using other amino acids or their analogues provided information about the specificity of this system. This alanine transport system was shown to exhibit a broad substrate specificity and appeared to be capable of transporting most naturally occurring neutral alpha-amino acids. Kinetic studies of the inhibition of L-alanine uptake also indicated the presence of a second neutral amino acid transport system capable of transporting this amino acid. However, it is unlikely that this second uptake system contributes greatly to L-alanine uptake. Inhibition of the uptake of L-leucine indicated that this transport system has a similar specificity to the "L"-system initially described for Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells.