人体皮肤微生物群落研究进展

皮肤作为人体最大的器官,上面定居着各种各样的微生物,它们大部分是无害的,甚至对人体有益。皮肤表面的生态环境因不同的表面特征和外部因素而呈现不同的格局,使得分布于皮肤上的微生物群落出现差异。分子生物学技术的发展使研究皮肤表面微生物群落的高度多样性和多变性成为可能,而且可从生态系统角度去理解和认识皮肤微生物。本文就皮肤微生物群落的主要特点、微生物群落与疾病的联系及其具体应用等方面作一综述。     

油藏微生物群落结构解析

微生物采油(Microbial enhanced oil recovery,MEOR)以其费用低廉、无环境污染、施工简单、应用范围广等优点得到学者以及油田开发者的认同。油藏中的微生物类型多样且功能各异,可促进原油的开采,大幅度提高油气资源的利用率。因此分析油藏中微生物的类型和组成,了解土     

青年人肠道菌群分布及关键益生菌群落结构分析

以30例20～25岁中国青年人的肠道菌群为研究对象,采用纯培养方法和16S rDNA测序等分子生物学技术并结合代谢产物β_半乳糖苷酶和短链脂肪酸的测定,分析了此年龄段健康人群肠道菌群分布和益生菌群落结构。实验表明,高厌氧菌水平和高B/E值（175.66）反映出此年龄段人群良好的肠道环境;肠道关键益生菌群落结构分析表明,双歧杆菌由1～4种菌种组成,青春双歧杆菌(检出率93.3%,占总双歧杆菌数量百分比>85%)、长双歧杆菌(检出率86.7%,占总双歧杆菌数量百分比10%)为肠道优势双歧杆菌,其余菌种在不同人肠道中的差异数量只占不到5％,此年龄段青年人肠道具有呈现稳定的双歧杆菌群落结构,肠道双歧杆菌群落结构与膳食结构、生活环境等因素相关性不大,主要与人的生理年龄紧密相关;卷曲乳杆菌和唾液乳杆菌为青年人肠道优势乳杆菌(检出率分别为86.7%和93.3%,两者之和占总乳杆菌的数量百分比为60%～75%),但其余乳杆菌在不同人肠道中的之间的差异数量达到20%～30％,肠道乳杆菌群落结构与饮食结构、生活环境等因素紧密相关,不同个体具有各自独特的乳杆菌群落组成。     

微生物防治癌症研究

日本信州大学和东京药物大学研究人员利用转基因技术开发一种双歧杆菌(Bifidobacterium)其生命活动能断切癌细胞的营养供应,进而抑制肿瘤组织的生长,这项技术将可用于治疗癌症。双歧杆菌是人体肠道中的常见细菌,易在缺氧环境中生存,而乳房和胸部癌症组织的内部就属于缺氧状态,     

人体鼻咽部微生物群落多样性研究进展

定殖于鼻咽部的微生物与人体始终处于动态生态平衡,对于维持人体健康发挥着重要作用,也与多种上呼吸道疾病的发生发展有密切关系。鼻咽部微生物之间及其与宿主之间的相互作用是引发人体上呼吸道疾病的重要因素。微生物的培养方法与分子生物学技术的结合使人们越来越深入地了解人体鼻咽部微生物群落的组成和结构。定殖于人体鼻咽部的微生物以肺炎链球菌(Streptococcus pneumoniae)和流感嗜血杆菌(Haemophilus influenzae)等潜在致病菌为主。本文将分别从鼻咽部微生物与机体的平衡关系、鼻咽部微生物群落的研究方法以及鼻咽部微生物群落的组成及其相互关系三个方面,综述近年来鼻咽部微生物群落结构的相关研究进展,从而为指导实践提供可靠的理论依据。     

酒精性肝病与肠道微生物群落研究进展

酒精性肝病与肠道微生物群落密切相关。酒精性肝病会导致肠道微生物群落失调,而微生物群落失调又可进一步加重肝病进程。本文综述了酒精性肝病与肠道微生物群落间的关系及作用机制,以及益生菌、益生元、合生元、后生元和噬菌体等肠道微生物及其相关产物改善或治疗肝病的研究前景。     

双歧杆菌微生态调节剂的人体服用效果实验

双歧杆菌微生态调节剂的人体服用效果实验中德联合研究院江西南昌３３００４７魏华付金衡佘世望江西乳品厂梅国和徐书升１材料与方法１．１菌种双歧杆菌ＢＤ－２,中德联合研究院生物工程室分离。１．２材料双歧杆菌试液（含１０９个／ｍｌ）;实验动物：１８－２２ｇ昆明...     

大庆聚驱后油藏微生物群落结构分析

目的:进一步研究大庆聚驱后油藏微生物种类.方法:应用T-RFLP方法比较系统地分析比较了聚驱后油藏微生物多样性,分析了与采油功能相关的主要微生物组成,初步研究了聚驱后油藏微生物分布特点及规律.结果:利用聚驱后油藏细菌群落16S rDNA构建克隆文库,共挑取了49个阳性克隆,T-RFLP分型结果,共出现21个不同类型.所得的序列在Genbank中比对的结果表明细菌克隆可分为5个类群,分属于变形杆菌、拟杆菌、脱铁杆菌、厚壁菌以及未确定分类的类群;同时构建了聚驱后油藏古菌群落16S rDNA的克隆文库,共挑取了48个阳性克隆,根据T-RF分型结果共有5个类群,构建的古菌克隆文库的12个阳性克隆分属5个不同的类群,这些克隆和产甲烷菌亲缘关系很近.结论:该研究为大庆油田本源微生物采油技术的应用提供了可靠的理论依据.     

南京玄武湖底泥微生物群落结构研究

采用变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)的方法研究了南京玄武湖底泥中的微生物群落结构分布。此外,我们还采用了典范对应分析(CCA)的方法研究了底泥中一些环境因子对微生物群落结构的影响。在玄武湖三个不同湖区共选取八个采样点采集底泥样品,测定不同底泥样品中的总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、有机质(OM)、pH和氧化还原电位(Eh),发现不同采样点的环境参数存在差异。其中,采样点S2底泥样品的总氮和有机质含量最高,氧化还原电位水平最低。对DGGE分离的DNA条带进行测序,测序结果利用BLAST与GenBank数据库中的菌种进行对比,运用MEGA 3.0软件构建了系统进化树。结果表明:玄武湖底泥中分离出的微生物属于Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Verrucomicrobia 和 Nitrospira,它们都属于富营养化湖泊中常见的微生物类群。典范对应分析(CCA)的结果表明: 底泥样品的pH值和氧化还原电位水平对底泥当中的微生物群落结构有显著影响。     

浓香型白酒大曲微生物群落结构研究进展

大曲通常作为发酵剂用于酿造传统中国白酒,其提供各类微生物菌系和酶系启动白酒发酵,影响白酒风味和独特风格。近年来,对大曲微生物群落结构的研究成为研究热点,研究人员对大曲微生物群落结构、基因功能和功能微生物等进行了广泛而深入的研究,对大曲微生物组成、变迁规律和功能的认识逐渐清晰。本文综述了浓香型大曲微生物群落结构分析方法、主要微生物组成、重要功能微生物和微生物溯源,为研究大曲微生物群落结构、优化大曲生产工艺和改善白酒品质提供一定的理论依据。     

Human gut microbiota and bifidobacteria: from composition to functionality

The human gut is the home of an estimated 10(18) bacterial cells, many of which are uncharacterized or unculturable. Novel culture-independent approaches have revealed that the majority of the human gut microbiota consists of members of the phyla Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes. Nevertheless the role of bifidobacteria in gut ecology illustrates the importance of Actinomycetes and other Actinobacteria that may be underestimated. The human gut microbiota represents an extremely complex microbial community the collective genome of which, the microbiome, encodes functions that are believed to have a significant impact on human physiology. The microbiome is assumed to significantly enhance the metabolism of amino and glycan acids, the turnover of xenobiotics, methanogenesis and the biosynthesis of vitamins. Co-colonisation of the gut commensals Bifidobacterium longum and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron in a murine model system revealed that the presence of bifidobacteria induced an expansion in the diversity of polysaccharides targeted for degradation by Bacteroides and also induced host genes involved in innate immunity. In addition, comparative analysis of individual human gut microbiomes has revealed various strategies that the microbiota use to adapt to the intestinal environment while also pointing to the existence of a distinct infant and adult-type microbiota.     

Drastic changes in fecal and mucosa-associated microbiota in adult patients with short bowel syndrome

Short bowel syndrome (SBS) is observed in Humans after a large resection of gut. Since the remnant colon and its associated microbiota play a major role in the outcome of patients with SBS, we studied the overall qualitative and quantitative microbiota composition of SBS adult patients compared to controls. The population was composed of 11 SBS type II patients (with a jejuno-colonic anastomosis) and 8 controls without intestinal pathology. SBS patients had 38 ± 30 cm remnant small bowel length and 66 ± 19% of residual colon. The repartition of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and fibres was expressed as % of total oral intake in patients and controls. The microbiota was profiled from stool and biopsy samples with temporal temperature gradient gel electrophoresis and quantitative PCR. We show here that microbiota of SBS patients is unbalanced with a high prevalence of Lactobacillus along with a sub-dominant presence and poor diversity of Clostridium leptum, Clostridium coccoides and Bacteroidetes. In addition, Lactobacillus mucosae was detected within the fecal and mucosa-associated microbiota of SBS patients, whereas it remained undetectable in controls. Thus, in SBS the microbial composition was deeply altered in fecal and mucosal samples, with a shift between dominant and sub-dominant microbial groups and the prevalence of L. mucosae.     

Bacterial interspecies quorum sensing in the mammalian gut microbiota

The mammalian gastrointestinal tract harbors a diverse and complex resident bacterial community, which interacts with the host in many beneficial processes required for optimal host health. We are studying the importance of bacterial cell-cell communication mediated by the interspecies quorum-sensing signal autoinducer-2 (AI-2) in the beneficial properties of the gut microbiota. Our recent work provided the first evidence that AI-2 produced by Escherichia coli can influence the species composition of this community in the mouse gut. We showed that, under conditions of microbiota imbalances induced by antibiotic treatments, E. coli, which increases intestinal AI-2 levels, not only had an effect on the overall structure of the microbiota community, but specifically favored the expansion of the Firmicutes phylum. Because the Firmicutes are very important for many gut functions and were the group of bacteria most severely affected by antibiotic treatment with streptomycin, we are addressing the possibility that AI-2 can influence the balance of the major bacterial groups in the gut and promote recovery of gut homeostasis. Overall, we want to understand how bacterial chemical signaling shapes the multi-species bacterial communities in the mammalian gut and how these communities affect host physiology.     

人体肠道细菌群落与疾病

肠道定植有100万亿细菌,这占到了人体细菌总量的绝大多数。一旦肠道菌群失调,就会产生一系列疾病。本文介绍了人体肠道细菌群落异常与5种肠道疾病和5种肠道外疾病的关系,并推荐用益生菌和益生素来治疗人体肠道细菌群落异常。为了解人体肠道细菌群落和人体健康的关系,美国国立卫生研究院已启动了人类微生物组计划,欧洲委员会也正在资助人类肠道宏基因组学项目,而中国在此项目中亦取得了可喜进步。基于肠道宏基因组的个体化医疗时代已不再遥远。     

强直性脊柱炎患者咽部菌群变化

目的 探讨强直性脊柱炎患者的咽部菌群变化。方法 筛选入组7例强直性脊柱炎患者和7例健康者咽拭子样本,提取咽部DNA,扩增16S rRNA基因,在Illumina平台测序,对测序结果进行生物信息学分析。结果 从ACE指数、Chao1指数、Shannon指数和Simpson指数综合来看强直性脊柱炎患者的咽部菌群Alpha多样性差异不大。Beta多样性分析显示两组研究对象咽部菌群样本可被区分。强直性脊柱炎患者咽部菌群组成和含量发生显著改变,主要变化包括：拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）和放线菌门（Actinobacteria）显著降低。拟杆菌门中普雷沃杆菌属（Prevotella）相关的纲目科属水平都显著降低。放线菌门变化落实到属水平,放线菌属（Actinomyces）显著降低,丙酸杆菌属（Propionibacterium）和棒状杆菌属（Corynebacterium）显著增高。厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）中,芽胞杆菌纲（Bacilli）所属的与链球菌属（Streptococcus）相关的纲目科属水平显著增加,而梭状芽胞杆菌纲（Clostridia）包含的韦荣球菌属（Veillonella）、消化球菌属（Peptococcus）显著下降。此外,变形菌门中出现弧菌属（Vibrio）的增加和弯曲菌属（Campylobacter）的降低等变化。结论 强直性脊柱炎患者（本次研究样本）的咽部菌群出现紊乱,以普雷沃杆菌属、放线菌属、韦荣球菌属、消化球菌属和弯曲菌属等显著降低,丙酸杆菌属、棒状杆菌属、链球菌属和弧菌属等显著增加为主要特征。     

Removal of adult cyathostomins alters faecal microbiota and promotes an inflammatory phenotype in horses

The interactions between parasitic helminths and gut microbiota are considered to be an important, although as yet incompletely understood, factor in the regulation of immunity, inflammation and a range of diseases. Infection with intestinal helminths is ubiquitous in grazing horses, with cyathostomins (about 50 species of which are recorded) predominating. Consequences of infection include both chronic effects, and an acute inflammatory syndrome, acute larval cyathostominosis, which sometimes follows removal of adult helminths by administration of anthelmintic drugs. The presence of cyathostomins as a resident helminth population of the equine gut (the “helminthome”) provides an opportunity to investigate the effect helminth infection, and its perturbation, has on both the immune system and bacterial microbiome of the gut, as well as to determine the specific mechanisms of pathophysiology involved in equine acute larval cyathostominosis. We studied changes in the faecal microbiota of two groups of horses following treatment with anthelmintics (fenbendazole or moxidectin). We found decreases in both alpha diversity and beta diversity of the faecal microbiota at Day 7 post-treatment, which were reversed by Day 14. These changes were accompanied by increases in inflammatory biomarkers. The general pattern of faecal microbiota detected was similar to that seen in the relatively few equine gut microbiome studies reported to date. We conclude that interplay between resident cyathostomin populations and the bacterial microbiota of the equine large intestine is important in maintaining homeostasis and that disturbance of this ecology can lead to gut dysbiosis and play a role in the aetiology of inflammatory conditions in the horse, including acute larval cyathostominosis.     

The reproductive tract microbiota in pregnancy

The reproductive tract microbiota plays a crucial role in maintenance of normal pregnancy and influences reproductive outcomes. Microbe–host interactions in pregnancy remain poorly understood and their role in shaping immune modulation is still being uncovered. In this review, we describe the composition of vaginal microbial communities in the reproductive tract and their association with reproductive outcomes. We also consider strategies for manipulating microbiota composition by using live biotherapeutics, selective eradication of pathogenic bacteria with antibiotics and vaginal microbiota transplantation. Finally, future developments in this field and the need for mechanistic studies to explore the functional significance of reproductive tract microbial communities are highlighted.     

肠易激综合征患者肠道灌洗液菌群特点

目的 探讨肠易激综合征(IBS)患者肠道灌洗液菌群特点及其临床意义.方法 选择2018年10月至2019年10月我院收治的87例肠易激综合征患者为病例组,选择同期我院健康体检者87例为对照组,比较两组对象肠道灌洗液菌群分布,比较不同类型及不同严重程度肠易激综合征患者肠道灌洗液菌群失调情况.采用Spearman相关分析肠...     

葛根芩连汤对肠道湿热证泄泻小鼠肠道微生物的影响

目的探讨葛根芩连汤对肠道湿热证泄泻小鼠肠道微生物的影响。方法造模:10只KM雄性小鼠随机分为正常组5只和模型组5只,采用"高糖高脂+高温高湿+白酒复合灌胃冰水"的方法制备肠道湿热证泄泻小鼠模型。治疗:15只KM雄性小鼠随机分为正常组5只和模型组10只,造模成功后将模型组小鼠分为自愈组和治疗组,治疗组小鼠运用葛根芩连汤进行治疗,分别在造模和治疗后无菌采集小鼠肠道内容物进行微生物培养。结果造模后,小鼠出现懒动、肛温升高、体重增长缓慢、黄褐色稀便、肛门污秽等湿热泄泻症状,肠道乳杆菌数高于正常组,而细菌总数、肠杆菌、双歧杆菌、B/E值降低,其中细菌总数以及双歧杆菌数与正常组相比差异有统计学意义(t=14.182,P0.001;t=2.797,P=0.049)。经葛根芩连汤治疗后,小鼠肠道乳杆菌和双歧杆菌数高于正常组,而细菌总数、肠杆菌数低于正常组,且乳杆菌数和肠杆菌数与正常组相比差异有统计学意义(t=-5.210,P=0.033;t=-11.160,P=0.008),B/E值与正常组差异无统计学意义(t=-1.427,P=0.227)。结论造模使小鼠肠道双歧杆菌数显著降低,B/E值下降;葛根芩连汤可促进肠道湿热证泄泻小鼠肠道乳杆菌和双歧杆菌的增生,提高B/E值。     

肠道菌群与腹泻型肠易激综合征相关性的研究进展

肠易激综合征（IBS）是一种常见的功能性胃肠道疾病,其特征是反复发作的腹痛,伴随排便频率与大便性状的改变。腹泻为主的肠易激综合征（IBS-D）是其主要亚型,主要表现是腹痛和腹泻。目前IBS-D的发病机制尚不完全明确,但大量的研究提示可能与胃肠道动力紊乱、黏膜通透性和肠上皮屏障功能改变、内脏高敏感性增加、“脑‒肠‒菌”轴失调、肠道感染与炎症反应激活、精神心理因素异常等有关。随着研究的不断深入,发现肠道菌群与IBS-D的关系密切,调节肠道菌群的益生菌干预成为缓解IBS-D相关症状的手段之一。本研究就近十余年来肠道菌群情况与IBS-D关系的研究现状作一综述。