适应性细胞保护作用与胃粘液-碳酸氢盐屏障的关系

本文观察了由天然或外源性弱刺激引起的适应性细胞保护作用与胃粘液-HCO_3~-屏障的关系,并分析了它的可能机制。结果表明,胃蛋白酶150单位(溶于0.1 mol/L 盐酸)或20%酒精灌胃,均可引起胃壁结合粘液分泌明显增加,并呈现明显的量效关系,一次处理后,作用可持续60min。这一作用可被消炎痛所阻断;给予外源性 PGE_2又可重新恢复。用醋唑酰胺阻断胃粘膜 HCO_3~-分泌,则上述两种弱刺激的保护作用均明显减弱。说明天然或外源性弱刺激通过诱发内源性 PGs 的合成和释放,使胃粘膜-HCO_3~-屏障的机能加强。这可能是它产生适应性细胞保护作用的机制之一。     

胃蛋白酶的适应性细胞保护作用及其机制

胃蛋白酶是否具有适应性细胞保护作用,尚不清楚。本工作观察了胃蛋白酶对牛磺胆酸所致的胃粘膜损伤的影响。酸性牛磺胆酸80mM 给禁食大鼠灌胃,90min 后可引起严重的胃粘膜损伤。胃蛋白酶225单位(U)溶于水、150U 溶于0.1N HCl 或75U 溶于0.2N HGl,三者分别作为“弱刺激”提前15min 灌胃,均可防止由牛磺胆酸所致胃粘膜的损伤;这种保护作用呈明显的量效关系,并可持续约90min 之久。消炎痛(一种前列腺素合成酶的抑制剂) 提前60min 皮下注射,可阻断胃蛋白酶的适应性细胞保护作用,如果皮下给予外源性前列腺素 E_2(PGE_2),则能使这一作用重新恢复。这些结果说明,弱的胃蛋白酶刺激具有对胃粘膜的适应性细胞保护作用,其产生机制可能是通过诱发内源性 PG 的合成和释放而实现的。     

胃内PGE和PGF_(2α)介导胃蛋白酶的适应性细胞保护作用的观察

胃粘膜细胞不断合成和释放的前列腺素(PGs),具有很强的细胞保护作用。我们的前一工作表明,预先用胃蛋白酶灌胃,可防止牛磺胆酸所致的胃粘膜坏死的发生,这一保护作用可被消炎痛所阻断;间接提示这种适应性细胞保护的发生机制可能与内源性PGs有关。本文则用放射免疫方法,直接测定了胃粘膜组织PGE和PGF_(2α)含量在不同情况下的变化。结果表明,单纯胃蛋白酶225U,胃蛋白酶150U溶于 0.1N HCl或75单位溶于 0.2N HCl中,提前 15min灌胃,均可防止由0.2N NaOH、0.6N HCl 和无水乙醇所致的胃粘膜坏死的发生,这种保护作用呈明显的量效关系。上述三种配方的胃蛋白酶溶液灌胃后15min,胃粘膜组织PGE和PGF_(2α)含量明显升高,分别为对照组的2.7—2.9倍和1.9—2.5倍;且以PGE含量的上升占优势。进一步观察不同浓度胃蛋白酶溶于生理浓度盐酸中对胃粘膜PG含量的影响发现,胃蛋白酶与胃粘膜组织PGE和PGF_(2α)含量的增加呈现明显的量效关系。这些结果说明,胃蛋白酶作为弱刺激对强酸、强碱和无水乙醇所致的胃粘膜损伤均有保护作用,其作用机制则是通过诱发内源性PGs的合成和释放而实现的。     

粉防已碱与红细胞膜ATPase相互作用的研究

粉防已碱是一种新的钙调蛋白拮抗剂,专一性抑制人红细胞膜上依赖CaM的Ca~(2+)-Mg~(2+)-ATPase。在较高浓度下,它也不同程度地抑制Ca~(2+)-Mg~(2+)-ATPase基本活性、Na~+-K~+-ATPase和Mg~(2+)-ATPase的活性。 除CaM外,不饱和脂肪酸和有限水解均导致膜Ca~(2+)-Mg~(2+)-ATPase的活化,所有这些活化作用被Tet在大约相同的浓度范围内抑制,表明Tet除与CaM结合外,也与膜Ca~(2+)-Mg~(2+)-ATPase结合。 Tet具有抗抵渗溶血的性能,反映了拮抗CaM与药物的膜稳定性间存在相关性。     

6-Keto-PGF_(1α)和TXB_2在胃粘膜适应性细胞保护中的作用

PGI_2和TXA_2均系前列腺酸的衍生物,胃粘膜细胞可不断合成和释放,具有很强的细胞保护作用。然而,关于它们与胃蛋白酶的适应性细胞保护作用的关系,尚未见报道。本文则采用放射免疫方法,测定了胃粘膜组织 PGI_2和TXA_2的代谢物 6-Keto-PGF_(1α)和TXB_2含量在不同情况下的变化。结果表明,单纯胃蛋白酶225U或胃蛋白酶150U溶于0.1NHCl或75U溶于0.2NHCl中,提前15min灌胃,均可防止由25％NaCl高渗溶液和沸水所致的胃粘膜坏死的发生,这种保护作用呈明显的量效关系。在上述三种配方灌胃后15min,胃粘膜组织PGI_2和TXA_2含量明显升高,约为对照组的2.0—2.15和1.7—2.0倍;且以PGI_2含量的增加占优势;胃蛋白酶浓度与两者含量呈现明显的量效关系。说明胃蛋白酶作为弱刺激对高渗和物理性烫伤所致的胃粘膜损伤均有保护作用,其作用机制是通过诱发内源性PG_s 的合成和释放而实现的,这一现象对解释胃粘膜的自身耐受机制,具有重要的生理意义。     

钒酸钠、叠氮钠对小麦根细胞K~+吸收和质膜K~+-Mg~(2+)-ATPase的作用

Neurospora细胞膜质子泵(H~+-ATPase)专一性抑制剂钒酸钠,抑制小麦离体根K~+的吸收与H~+分泌,并抑制小麦根细胞膜-K~+-Mg~(2+)-ATPase活力。它对K~+吸收的抑制效应,可能是抑制质膜K~+-Mg~(2+)-ATPase活力的结果。而且在起抑制作用的时间上有明显地不同,表明钒酸钠对K~+、H~+在细胞膜中的通道影响不同。叠氮钠解链小麦根的呼吸,降低根细胞的ATP水平,但从实验开始就完全抑制小麦根K~+的吸收,对质膜K~+-Mg~(2+)-ATP-ase的活力没有影响。可能叠氮钠只阻止“载体”对K~+接受的过程。应用~86R_b+示踪的K~+吸收试验表明,钒酸钠对小麦根K~+吸收的抑制%,不为增加外部溶液K~+浓度而减低。增加底物ATP浓度,也不能减低钒酸钠对质膜-ATPase的抑制%。钒酸钠的抑制作用是非竞争性抑制。~3H-亮氨酸渗入试验表明钒酸钠对“载体”的合成没有干扰作用。VO_4~(3-)离子明显促进小麦根的呼吸,并提高根细胞的ATP水平,这种ATP水平的提高,可能是质膜-ATPase受到抑制,主动运输过程减弱的结果。     

胃粘膜萎缩大鼠适应性细胞保护作用的变化及其与内源性PG_s等的关系

本文观察了由丙线照射所致胃粘膜萎缩后其适应性细胞保护作用的变化,及其与内源性PGE、PGI_2和 TXA_2的关系。结果表明,胃粘膜萎缩可明显地减弱由胃蛋白酶(150U 溶于0.1mol/L 盐酸)或20%酒精灌胃所引起的对牛磺胆酸所致的胃粘膜损伤的适应性细胞保护作用。在丙线照射后28 d 胃粘膜萎缩状态下,组织合成和释放 PGE 和 PGI_2的能力显著降低,而生成 TXA_2的能力则明显增强;给予上述两种弱刺激后15min,PGE 和 PGI_2含量的增加比无粘膜萎缩动物明显减少,PGI_2/TXA_2比值降低。预先5min 给予外源性 PGE_2,则可使丙线照射所抑制的适应性细胞保护作用重新恢复。这些结果说明,丙线照射可使大鼠胃粘膜的适应性细胞保护作用明显减弱,而胃组织 PGE 和 PGI_2合成和释放能力的降低以及 PGI_2/TXA_2比值下降,可能是产生这种现象的机制之一。     

竹红菌甲素对红细胞膜上几种酶光敏失活作用的研究

本文比较了竹红菌甲素对人红细胞膜AchE,GPDH,Na~ -K~ ATPase和Ca~(2 )-Mg~(2 )ATPase的光敏失活能力,结果表明甲素对Ca~(2 )-Mg~(2 )ATPase作用最强,Na~ -K~ ATPase次之,GPDH再次之,AchE最不敏感,甲素还引起膜蛋白巯基氧化,膜脂质过氧化。其中,巯基氧化可能是ATPase光敏失活的主要原因,而脂质过氧化对ATPase活力损伤作用不大。游离GPDH不如与膜结合的GPDH敏感。GSH,NAD分别对ATPase,GPDH有保护作用。膜蛋白的电泳及内源荧光证据表明:在GPDH活力受到严重损伤时,酶结构并未发生剧烈改变。     

胃粘膜适应性细胞保护作用及其可能机制

预先给以弱刺激,可防止发生随后给予坏死性物质所引致的胃粘膜损伤,这就是适应性细胞保护作用,它具有极重要的生理意义。这种现象是由于弱刺激可诱发内源性前列腺素合成以及其释放增加的结果。前列腺素具有促进胃粘液和HCO_3~-分泌、加强粘膜屏障、刺激胃粘膜细胞更新和改善粘膜血流量等功能,从而阻止了胃粘膜损伤     

竹红菌乙素对人红细胞Na~+-K~+ATPase和钠通透性光敏损伤的研究

本文用NMR和生化方法研究了竹红菌乙素对人红细胞膜Na~+-K~+ATPase和钠通透性的光敏损伤。结果表明:在通常情况下,可同时观察到乙素对Na~+-K~+ATPase和钠通透性的光敏损伤。比较乙素、甲素、原卟啉和胆红素对上述两项指标的光敏能力,发现乙素对Na~+-K~+ATPase损伤能力与甲素和原卟啉相当,比胆红素大,对钠通透性的损伤大于其它几种敏化剂。实验指出,Na~+-K~+ATPase活力下降比钠通透性增加敏感。在乙素光敏作用时,加入Vit E可基术上保持胞内钠离子浓度不变,但无法使Na~+-K~+ATPase活力不损伤,这表明膜磷脂的结构完整对保持胞内钠浓度比较重要。对照试验指出乙素可使Na~+-K~+ATPase暗失活,这可能是经乙素介导的,由膜还原物质向氧的电子传递生成活性氧自由基攻击靶分子所致。     

番茄碱对人红细胞膜Na+-K+-ATPase活性影响的研究

以低渗法从新鲜健康人红细胞中制得膜Na^ -K^ -ATPase,研究了番茄碱(tomatine)X~人红细胞膜Na^ -K^ -ATPase活性的影响。实验结果表明,反应体系中的tomatine浓度低于1mmol／L时,对不依赖钙调蛋白(CAM)激活的Na^ -K^ -ATPase(称之为基本酶活)影响不大,浓度达1mmol／L时,该酶活性仍保持在95％左右;而在此浓度范围内,tomatine对依赖CaM的Na^ -K^ -ATPase有明显的抑制作用,其IC50值为0．16mmol／L．说明tomatine对膜酶Na^ -K^ -ATPase活性的影响可能是通过阻断CaM激活的途径而起作用,从而为进一步研究番茄碱的作用机制奠定了基础。     

稀土离子(La~(3+)、Nd~(3+)、Ho~(3+)、Yb~(3+))对人红细胞膜Na~+/K~+ ATPase作用的初步研究

本文以低渗法从新鲜健康人红细胞中制得膜Na~+/K~+ ATPase,用于研究四种鑭系稀土离子(La~(3+)、Nd~(3+)、Ho~(3+)、Yb~(3+))对该酶的影响。结果表明,四种鑭系离子都对红细胞膜Na~+/K~+ ATPase的活性有抑制作用。当反应体系中的稀土离子浓度达50μmol/L时,Na~+/K~+ ATPase的活性所剩不多;低于50μmol/L鑭系离子时,以Nd~(3+)的抑制作用最强;金属离子螯合剂能阻止稀土离子对Na~+/K~+ ATPase的抑制作用。此项研究为稀土的生物效应的理论提供了一些新的证据。     

Inhibition of gastric (H+ + K+)-ATPase by unsaturated long-chain fatty acids

Arachidonic acid and unsaturated C18 fatty acids at concentrations near 10(-5) M markedly inhibited (H+ + K+)-ATPase in hog or rat gastric membranes. Arachidonic acid was a more potent inhibitor than unsaturated C18 fatty acids, but the involvement of the metabolites of arachidonic acid cascade was ruled out. Linolenic acid inhibited the formation of phosphoenzyme and the K+ -dependent p-nitrophenylphosphatase activity of the hog ATPase. Treatment with fatty acid-free bovine serum albumin abolished only the inhibitory effect of the fatty acid on the phosphatase activity without restoring the overall ATPase action. These data suggest the existence of at least two groups of hydrophobic binding sites in the gastric ATPase for unsaturated long-chain fatty acids which affect differentially the catalytic reactions of the ATPase. (H+ + K+)-ATPase in rat gastric membranes was found more susceptible to the fatty acid inhibition and also more unstable than the ATPase in hog gastric membranes. The presence of a millimolar level of lanthanum chloride or ethylene glycol bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N'-tetraacetic acid stabilized the rat ATPase probably via the inhibition of Ca2+ -dependent phospholipases in the gastric membranes.     

Effect of alloxan diabetes on (Na+ + K+)-activated ATPase in brush border membrane of the mucosal cell of rat small intestine]

In order to elucidate a possible relationship between (Na+ + K+)-activated ATPase and intestinal absorption of actively transported monosaccharides enzyme activity was measured in mucosal cells from alloxan diabetic rats. The general effect of increasing capacity of active, Na+-dependent transport processes in diabetes mellitus is associated with a significantly enhanced (Na+ +K+)-activated ATPase activity in mucosal homogenate from diabetic animals. To study the localization of these effects within the cell we isolated purified brush borders and their substructures. To enable a comparison to be made between preparation procedures of diabetic and control animals the fractions were controlled by electronmicroscopy and by measuring the sucrase activity. In the purified brush border fraction of alloxan treated rats there was no significant increase in (Na+ + K+)-activated ATPase activity. Based on these results we conclude that the (Na+ + K+)-activated ATPase in the basolateral membranes was increased in alloxan diabetes, and it seems very likely that this enzyme is involved in the regulation of Na+-dependent transport processes.     

Regulation of the gastric microsomal (H+ + K+)-transporting ATPase system by the endogenous activator. Effect of phospholipase A2 treatment.

Pig gastric microsomal (H+ + K+)-stimulated ATPase activity was nearly abolished within 10 min of digestion with phospholipase A2 at room temperature. The enzyme activity could be largely restored by a cytosolic activator protein partially purified from the gastric cells. The K+ sensitivity and turnover of 32P-labelled intermediates produced by the control and the activator-reconstituted microsomal (H+ + K+)-stimulated ATPase were closely similar but were widely different to those from treated membranes without activator reconstitution. The data suggest an essential requirement for the endogenous activator for gastric (H+ + K+)-stimulated ATPase function.     

Partial purification of (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-dependent ATPase from pig smooth muscle and reconstitution of an ATP-dependent Ca2+-transport system.

(CaMg)ATPase [(Ca2+ + Mg2+)-dependent ATPase] was partially purified from a microsomal fraction of the smooth muscle of the pig stomach (antrum). Membranes were solubilized with deoxycholate, followed by removal of the detergent by dialysis. The purified (CaMg)ATPase has a specific activity (at 37 degrees C) of 157 +/- 12.1 (7)nmol.min-1.mg-1 of protein, and it is stimulated by calmodulin to 255 +/- 20.9 (7)nmol.min.mg-1. This purification of the (CaMg)ATPase resulted in an increase of the specific activity by approx. 18-fold and in a recovery of the total enzyme activity of 55% compared with the microsomal fraction. The partially purified (CaMg)ATPase still contains some Mg2+-and (Na+ + K+)-dependent ATPase activities, but their specific activities are increased relatively less than that of the (CaMg)ATPase. The ratios of the (CaMg)ATPase to Mg2+- and (Na+ + K+)-dependent ATPase activities increase from respectively 0.14 and 0.81 in the crude microsomal fraction to 1.39 and 9.07 in the purified preparation. During removal of the deoxycholate by dialysis, vesicles were reconstituted which were capable of ATP-dependent Ca2+ transport.     

Detection of a Na+-activated, furosemide-inhibited ATPase activity in rat intestinal mucosa

An ouabain-insensitive, Mg++-dependent, Na+-stimulated ATPase activity which is inhibited by furosemide was found in mucosal homogenate of rat small intestine. The subcellular localization of this ATPase activity was studied by means of isolated purified brush borders and basolateral plasma membranes. The results suggest a nearly identical distribution of Na+-activated and (Na+K+)-activated ATPase within the epithelial cells. Under conditions of alloxan and streptozotocin diabetes an increase of both ATPase activities can be found only in the basolateral plasma membranes. These observations agree well with the convective model of intestinal absorption.     

Melittin inhibition of the gastric (H+ + K+) ATPase and photoaffinity labeling with [125I]azidosalicylyl melittin

Melittin is a 26-amino acid amphipathic polypeptide toxin from bee venom which forms anion-selective ion channels in bilayers and biological membranes under the influence of membrane potential. Melittin has been shown to interact with a number of membrane proteins. We found that melittin inhibited K+-stimulated ATP hydrolysis by the (H+ + K+) ATPase in parietal cell apical membrane vesicles derived from histamine-stimulated rabbit gastric mucosa with a KIapp of 0.5 micron. Melittin also inhibited K+-stimulated p-nitrophenyl hydrolysis activity which is associated with the gastric (H+ + K+) ATPase in a dose-dependent manner with a KIapp of 0.95 micron. ATP-driven, K+-dependent H+ transport was inhibited over this same concentration range, even in the absence of a membrane potential. Melittin did not appear to increase the H+ leak from vesicle with preformed H+ gradients when the H+ pump was arrested by Mg2+ chelation, but all possible membrane perturbation effects were difficult to rule out. However, the data suggest that melittin exerts its inhibitory effect through interaction with the (H+ + K+) ATPase. In order to determine whether direct interactions between the (H+ + K+) ATPase and melittin occurred, a radioactive derivative of melittin, [125I]azidosalicylyl melittin, was prepared and photoreacted with sealed rabbit gastric membranes and highly purified hog gastric membrane containing the (H+ + K+) ATPase. In the purified hog preparation only a 95,000-Da band, the (H+ + K+) ATPase was labeled, while in the rabbit preparation a 95,000-Da band and one other membrane protein of 70,000 Da were labeled with this reagent. Label incorporation into the (H+ + K+) ATPase and the 70,000-Da band was greatly reduced by addition of excess unlabeled melittin, suggesting specificity of the interaction. Label incorporation occurred in the absence of ATP or added salts and was not reduced by SCH28080 (a K+ site inhibitor) suggesting that the melittin binding site was distinct from the luminal K+ site of action of SCH28080.