Intensification of Microbial Degradation of Crude Oil and Oil Products in the Presence of Perfluorodecalin

The possibility of using perfluorinated organic compounds for growing microorganisms and degrading xenobiotics has been demonstrated for the first time with perfluorodecalin (PFD), a gas-transporting component of the blood substitute Perftoran. This is particularly promising for intensifying microbial degradation of oil and oil products and the production of biodegrader biomass in synthetic mineral media. The addition of PFD to a mineral medium with crude oil and masut increased by 4.5–10.2 times the maximum concentrations and growth rates of all bacterial strains under study (Pseudomonas, Rhodococcus, and Bacillus genera). The degree of oil product consumption was increased 8.7–12.7 times.     

A Study on the Triglyceride Composition in Apricot Kernel Oil,Peach Kernel Oil and Plum Kernel Oil

The triglyceride composition of kernel oils from apricot, peach and plum was separated and analysed by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). The results showed that their oils predominantly contained OOO and OLO among 11 triglycerides.     

甘蓝型油菜油体数量及面积之和与含油量的相关性

利用荧光染料尼罗红染色和激光扫描共聚焦显微观察技术, 建立了油菜油体观察或生物体内中性脂类物质定性鉴定的研究体系。对高油品种宁油14号、宁油18号、ZH-088和低油品种ZL-366、NjY008、Westar共6个甘蓝型油菜品种子叶 贮藏细胞内的油体进行了观察。研究发现: 油菜种子成熟过程中, 油体从着色不明显的小颗粒, 逐渐发育形成着色清晰的球状大油体。种子成熟干燥后, 油体间很少发生聚合。在成熟干燥的种子中, 油体集中分布于子叶贮藏细胞中央, 呈椭圆形或不规则形状, 较少为圆形。通过研究种子内油体与含油量的关系, 发现高油品种组与低油品种组之间在单个子叶贮藏细胞内油体数量和截面积之和存在明显差异, 而在高油品种组内或低油品种组内的差异不明显。结果显示, 油菜种子细胞中油体的数量和总面积与含油量之间存在正相关, 可作为高油分材料的选择依据。     

湖南壶瓶山油脂植物生态学特性及其含油量相关性研究

通过对油脂植物含油量、生态学特性及二者的相关性进行了分析.研究结果表明油脂植物(281种)中乔木、灌木在种、属的数量上均占优势,油脂植物脂肪酸主要分布在种子中,油脂植物含油部位主要在夏秋两季成熟.相关性分析表明含油部位在种、属水平均与含油量呈显著相关(x2=69.58,P＜0.05,n=28;x2=56.31,P＜0.05,n=28),而生活型(x2 =20.82,P＞0.05,n=12;x2=12.91,P＞0.05,n=12)、垂直分布(x2=6.69,P＞0.05,n=12;x2=7.65,P＞0.05,n=12)和采收季节(x2=16.92,P＞0.05,n=12;x2 =14.04,P＞0.05,n=12)在属、种水平均与含油量无明显相关性.壶瓶山油脂植物在生物柴油和医疗保健的应用中均具有广阔前景.     

甘蓝型油菜油体数量及面积之和与含油量的相关性

利用荧光染料尼罗红染色和激光扫描共聚焦显微观察技术,建立了油菜油体观察或生物体内中性脂类物质定性鉴定的研究体系。对高油品种宁油14号、宁油18号、ZH-088和低油品种ZL-366、NjY008、Westar共6个甘蓝型油菜品种子叶贮藏细胞内的油体进行了观察。研究发现：油菜种子成熟过程中,油体从着色不明显的小颗粒,逐渐发育形成着色清晰的球状大油体。种子成熟干燥后,油体间很少发生聚合。在成熟干燥的种子中,油体集中分布于子叶贮藏细胞中央,呈椭圆形或不规则形状,较少为圆形。通过研究种子内油体与含油量的关系,发现高油品种组与低油品种组之间在单个子叶贮藏细胞内油体数量和截面积之和存在明显差异,而在高油品种组内或低油品种组内的差异不明显。结果显示,油菜种子细胞中油体的数量和总面积与含油量之间存在正相关,可作为高油分材料的选择依据。     

Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase in Microsomes and Oil Bodies of Oil Palm Mesocarp

Specific acyltransferase activities were detected in microsomesand oil bodies from palm mesocarp in the presence of exogenouslysophosphatidic acid, diacylglycerol and glycerol-3-phosphate.These activities were 2–3 times higher per mg proteinin oil bodies than in microsomes. Diacylglycerol acyltransferasein both preparations required Mg²⁺, dithiothreitol, gelatineand fat free bovine serum albumin for maximum activity at pH8.5. The enzyme had an apparent Km of 0.18 mM for dipalmitin.In both preparations, the enzyme was active with myristoyl-CoA,palmitoyl-CoA, stearoyl-CoA and oleoyl-CoA. When presented witha mixture of two acyl- CoAs, microsomal enzyme showed no selectivitybut oil body enzyme had a preference for oleoyl-CoA over palmitoyl-CoA. (Received October 11, 1991; Accepted December 27, 1991)     

Assessment of the Integral Toxicity of Aquatic Medium Contamination with Oil and Oil Products Using Bacterial Tests

A biotest kit was used to assess the integral toxicity level of aquatic environment contamination with oil and oil products. The integral toxicity dynamics were also monitored during biodegradation of oil and oil products by an association of oil-degrading strains, including Acinetobacter sp., Mycobacterium flavescens, and Rhodococcussp. The following bacterial tests were used: the bioluminescence (BL) test based on Photobacterium leiognathi; electroorientation (EO), optoosmotic (OO), and growth tests; and the reducing activity (RA) test based on an Agrobacterium radiobacter culture. No significant increase in the integral toxicity level of the aquatic medium was observed when diesel fuel and kerosene contamination had been subjected to biodegradation. Although rapid biotests (EO, OO, RA, and BL) detected a pronounced increase in the integral toxicity of the aquatic environment, long-term growth biotests revealed no statistically significant increase in the toxicity level.     

The Apical Organization and Phyllotaxis of the Oil Palm

The oil palm apex is described, together with investigationsof its phyllotaxis as revealed by apical dissection and measurementson mature stems and axillary structures. The rate of growthof the apex is remarkably low, being correlated with both plastochroneand phyllotaxis height. This is discussed in relation to therates of dry-matter production determined for adult palms. Thephyllotaxis as determined in the apex is remarkably constant,irrespective of extremes of age and habitat, and the same patternis found almost unchanged in the leaf bases on mature stemsgrowing under plantation conditions. Modification of the characteristicphyllotaxis height occurs due to internal factors resultingin the basal swelling of the palm stem and the different phyllotaxisof branching systems, both vegetative and reproductive, andalso due to external factors which cause constrictions in thestem. These modifications result from different rates of longitudinaland radial growth during development, and cause considerablechange in phyllotaxis.     

油藏微生物的代谢特征与提高原油采收率技术

油藏是一个高温、高压、少氧、寡营养和封闭的极端环境,油田经过多年注水开发后,在油藏内部形成了相对稳定的微生物群落体系,这些微生物以石油烃分解为起始,形成了一个复杂的食物链,对油藏碳、硫和金属离子的元素地球化学循环起着非常重要的作用。微生物提高原油采收率技术(MEOR)是利用微生物及其代谢产物与油藏和原油发生作用来提高原油采收率的一种新技术,具有成本低、适应性强和环境友好等特点,因此有望成为未来化学驱后油藏和高含水油藏进一步提高采收率的重要手段。对油藏内源微生物及其介导的生化反应,微生物采油原理、发展历程和现场试验进行综述,并提出了未来的发展方向。     

转基因高γ-亚麻酸大豆油抗肿瘤作用的研究

γ-亚麻酸(GLA)是人体和动物饮食中具有营养作用的重要的多烯不饱和脂肪酸,在大多数油料作物种子中不含有GLA,而含有其前体物亚油酸。△⁶-脂肪酸脱氢酶可将亚油酸转化为γ-亚麻酸,为了能够在传统的油料作物大豆中产生GLA,将从深黄被孢霉中克隆的△⁶-脂肪酸脱氢酶基因,与植物表达载体pBIl21连接,构建了重组质粒pBIM16,采用农杆菌介导的大豆子叶节转化系统,成功地将该基因导入到栽培大豆吉林47品种中,获得一批转基因植株。经PCR检测和Southern杂交分析,证明外源基因已导入并整合到大豆的基因组中。通过气相色谱(GC)对大豆种子进行脂肪酸成分分析,结果表明,产生了GLA,其含量最高可达36．585％。将高GLA的转基因大豆油口服给药,结果表明,其对小鼠S180肉瘤、肝癌H22和Ehrlich癌实体型的抑瘤率分别为32．63％、31．91％和34．34％。其肿瘤抑制率均>30％,与对照组比较有显著差异(p<0．01),表现初步的抗肿瘤作用。     

Plant Biotests for Soil and Water Contaminated with Oil and Oil Products

Reactions of higher plants (mustard, oat, rye, lettuce, dill and barley) and microalgae (Euglena gracilis) to the contamination of soil and water with oil and oil products was studied. The germination of seeds was analyzed. The length of sprouts, dry biomass and length of plant roots, as well as the optical density of microalgal broth culture were determined. Negative effects of soil and water contamination with oil and oil products on plant and microalgal parameters examined was shown. After biological destruction of contaminants by an association of destructor strains (Acinetobactersp., Mycobacterium flavescens andRhodoccocussp.), the toxicity of contaminated mediums decreased. The data suggest that the integral toxicity of soil and water contaminated with oil and oil products and toxicity changes during biodestruction of these pollutants can be analyzed by using plant test organisms.     

油脂下脚料降解菌的选育

从油污土样等样品分离获得两种高产蛋白酶的菌株,命名为M1、DB2,其酶活力分别213.04,206.95 U/mL.利用该两株菌分别对大豆粕,芝麻粕,菜籽粕作为发酵基质进行了初步的降解蛋白能力比较研究,结果表明M1、DB2均能很好的降解三种粕中的粗蛋白.M1、DB2的最适生长温度分别为30、35 ℃,最适生长pH分别为7、8,最佳生长时间分别为12、32 h.初步鉴定M1、DB2为芽孢杆菌属.     

Co-treatment with Origanum Oil and Thyme Oil Vapours Synergistically Limits the Growth of Soil-borne Pathogens Causing Strawberry Diseases

Vapours from origanum oil (O) and thyme oil (T) were applied to the four soil-borne strawberry pathogens Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fragariae, Colletotrichum fructicola, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, and Phytophthora cactorum, causing Fusarium wilt, anthracnose, dieback, and Phytophthora rot, respectively. Increasing T vapour doses in the presence of O vapour strongly inhibited mycelial growths of the four pathogens and vice versa. When mycelia of F. oxysporum f. sp. fragariae and P. cactorum exposed to the combined O + T vapours were transferred to the fresh media, mycelial growth was restored, indicating fungistasis by vapours. However, the mycelial growth of C. fructicola and L. theobromae exposed to the combined O + T vapours have been slightly retarded in the fresh media. Prolonged exposure of strawberry pathogens to O + T vapours in soil environments may be suggested as an alternative method for eco-friendly disease management.     

Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch and Sugarcane Bagasse Enhance the Bioremediation of Soil Artificially Polluted by Crude Oil

Contamination of soil by petroleum hydrocarbons is becoming prevalent in Malaysia. Infiltration of soil contamination into groundwater poses a great threat to the ecosystem and human health. Bioremediation can occur naturally or can be enhanced with supplementation of microorganisms and fertilizers. However, fertilizers are expensive and therefore alternative nutrient-rich biomaterials are required. In this study, two organic wastes from agricultural industry (i.e., sugarcane bagasse and oil palm empty fruit bunch) were investigated for possible enhanced bioremediation of soil contaminated with Tapis crude oil. Two bacterial strains isolated and characterized previously (i.e., Pseudomonas aeruginosa UKMP-14T and Acinetobacter baumannii UKMP-12T) were used in this study. Sugarcane bagasse (5% and 15%, w/w) and oil palm empty fruit bunch (20%, w/w) were mixed with soil (500 g) spiked with Tapis crude oil (3%, v/w). The treated soils as well as controls were incubated for 20 days under controlled conditions. Sampling was carried out every four days to measure the number of bacterial colonies (CFU/g) and to determine the percentage of oil degradation by gas chromatography. The two biostimulating agents were able to maintain the soil moisture holding capacity, pH, and temperature at 38-40% volumetric moisture content (VMC), 7.0, and 29–30°C; respectively. The growth of bacteria consortium after 20 days in the treatment with sugarcane bagasse and oil palm empty fruit bunch had increased to 10.3 CFU/g and 9.5 CFU/g, respectively. The percentage of hydrocarbon degradation was higher in the soil amended with sugarcane bagasse (100%) when compared to that of oil palm empty fruit bunch (97%) after 20 days. Our results demonstrated the potential of sugarcane bagasse and oil palm empty fruit bunch as good substrates for enhanced bioremediation of soil contaminated with petroleum crude oil.