A genome-wide association study on growth traits in orange-spotted grouper (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Epinephelus coioides</Emphasis>) with RAD-seq genotyping

The orange-spotted grouper, Epinephelus coioides, is one of the most popular fish in China and Southeast Asian countries because of its important economic value. However, molecular mechanism underlying the growth of orange-spotted grouper has never been fully understood. Herein, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on a natural population of 198 individuals aiming to screen the whole genome of orange-spotted grouper for identification of growth-related loci by restrictionsite associated DNA sequencing. In this research, 261,366 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were developed, in which 110 SNPs were identified to be correlated with growth and 20 SNPs were further confirmed to be associated with both body weight and total length. From these identified SNPs, we annotated a total of 34 genes, including adgrb2, csnkza1, cers5, col22a1, creb5, dnd1, dzank1, dnai1, npy2r, fat3, lrrk2, lrp5, map3k9, and so on. Among these candidate genes, npy2r (neuropeptide Y receptor Y2) was reported to play a critical role in growth of the orange-spotted grouper. In addition, population structure, principal component analysis, kinship matrix and linkage disequilibrium were examined to verify the accuracy and reliability of our GWAS results. Our data will also provide a valuable genetic resource for further marker-assisted selection program to improve growth quality in groupers.     

Genome-wide association study reveals the genetic basis of growth trait in yellow catfish with sexual size dimorphism

Sexual size dimorphism has been widely observed in a large number of animals including fish species. Genome-wide association study (GWAS) is a powerful tool to dissect the genetic basis of complex traits, whereas the sex-differences in the genomics of animal complex traits have been ignored in the GWAS analysis. Yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) is an important aquaculture fish in China with significant sexual size dimorphism. In this study, GWAS was conducted to identify candidate SNPs and genes related to body length (BL) and body weight (BW) in 125 female yellow catfish from a breeding population. In total, one BL-related SNP and three BW-related SNPs were identified to be significantly associated with the traits. Besides, one of these SNPs (Chr15:19195072) was shared in both the BW and BL traits in female yellow catfish, which was further validated in 185 male individuals and located on the exon of stat5b gene. Transgenic yellow catfish and zebrafish that expressed yellow catfish stat5b showed increased growth rate and reduction of sexual size dimorphism. These results not only reveal the genetic basis of growth trait and sexual size dimorphism in fish species, but also provide useful information for the marker-assisted breeding in yellow catfish.     

赤点石斑鱼两种芳香化酶cDNA的克隆及其表达的组织特异性

以赤点石斑鱼 (Epinephelusakaara)脑垂体中提取的RNA为模板 ,根据芳香化酶的保守序列设计引物 ,利用GeneRacerTM 技术 ,克隆出两种芳香化酶即脑芳香化酶 (P4 5 0aromB)和性腺芳香化酶 (P4 5 0aromA)的cDNA ,其全长分别为 190 1bp (编码 5 0 9aa)和 1833bp (编码 5 18aa)。序列分析结果表明 ,赤点石斑鱼两种芳香化酶cDNA序列的同源性为 5 1 6 % ,氨基酸序列之间同源性为 6 2 5 % ,与斜带石斑鱼两种芳香化酶氨基酸同源性分别为 94 7%和 97 9%。对 8个科的 10种鱼进行了分子系统进化树分析 ,结果与根据传统的形态学和生化特征分类进化地位基本一致。以特异性引物扩增雌、雄赤点石斑鱼各种组织 (垂体、嗅球、端脑、下丘脑、中脑、后脑、延脑、心脏、肾脏、肝脏、脾脏、性腺、鳃、胃、肠、皮肤、脂肪、肌肉、头肾、胸腺、鳔 ) ,以β actin作内标比较各组织芳香化酶基因表达量的差异 ,结果表明 ,赤点石斑鱼脑芳香化酶 (P4 5 0aromB)有广泛的组织分布 ,脑和垂体的表达量很高 ,各组织表达量有明显的雌、雄差异 ;而性腺芳香化酶 (P4 5 0aromA)表达主要集中于垂体和性腺 ,且不论雌雄 ,其性腺表达量均高于脑垂体 ,和P4 5 0aromB的表达模式明显不同 ,表现为在脑部 ,P4 5 0aromB表达量高于P4 5 0aromA ,而在性腺 ,     

A genome‐wide association study suggests several novel candidate genes for carcass traits in Chinese Simmental beef cattle

A genome‐wide association study (GWAS) was conducted for two carcass traits in Chinese Simmental beef cattle. The experimental population consisted of 1301 individuals genotyped with the Illumina BovineHD SNP BeadChip (770K). After quality control, 671 990 SNPs and 1217 individuals were retained for the GWAS. The phenotypic traits included carcass weight and bone weight, which were measured after the cattle were slaughtered at 16 to 18 months of age. Three statistical models—a fixed polygene model, a random polygene model and a composite interval mapping polygene model—were used for the GWAS. The genome‐wide significance threshold after Bonferroni correction was 7.44E‐08 (= 0.05/671 990). In this study, we detected eight and seven SNPs significantly associated with carcass weight and bone weight respectively. In total, 11 candidate genes were identified within or close to these significant SNPs. Of these, we found several novel candidate genes, including PBX1, GCNT4, ALDH1A2, LCORL and WDFY3, to be associated with carcass weight and bone weight in Chinese Simmental beef cattle, and their functional roles need to be verified in further studies.     

Exploration into natural variation for genes associated with fruit shape and size among Capsicum chinense collections

Phenotype diversity within cultivated Capsicum chinense is particularly evident for fruit shape and size. We used this diversity in C. chinense to further unravel the genetic mechanisms underlying fruit shape variation in pepper and related Solanaceous species. We identified candidate genes for C. chinense fruit shape, explored their contribution to population structure, and characterized their potential function in pepper fruit shape. Using genotyping by sequencing, we identified 43,081 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from diverse collections of C. chinense. Principal component, neighbor-joining tree, and population structure analyses resolved 3 phylogenetically robust clusters associated with fruit shapes. Genome-wide association study (GWAS) was used to identify associated genomic regions with various fruit shape traits obtained from image analysis with Tomato Analyzer software. In our GWAS, we selected 12 SNPs associated with locule number trait and 8 SNP markers associated with other fruit shape traits such as perimeter, area, obovoid, ellipsoid and morphometrics (5y, 6y and 7y). The SNPs in CLAVATA1, WD-40, Auxin receptor, AAA type ATPase family protein, and RNA polymerase III genes were the major markers identified for fruit locule number from our GWAS results. Furthermore, we found SNPs in tetratricopeptide-repeat thioredoxin-like 3, enhancer of ABA co-receptor 1, subunit of exocyst complex 8 and pleiotropic drug resistance proteins associated with various fruit shape traits. CLAVATA1, WD-40 and Auxin receptor genes are known genes that affect tomato fruit shape. In this study, we used Arabidopsis thaliana T-DNA insertion knockout mutants and expression profiles for functional characterization of newly identified genes and to understand their role in fruit shape.     

Genome-wide association mapping of QTLs implied in potato virus Y population sizes in pepper: evidence for widespread resistance QTL pyramiding

In this study, we looked for genetic factors in the pepper (Capsicum annuum) germplasm that control the number of potato virus Y (PVY) particles entering the plant (i.e. effective population size at inoculation) and the PVY accumulation at the systemic level (i.e. census population size). Using genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) in a core collection of 256 pepper accessions, we obtained 10 307 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) covering the whole genome. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) detected seven SNPs significantly associated with the virus population size at inoculation and/or systemic level on chromosomes 4, 6, 9 and 12. Two SNPs on chromosome 4 associated with both PVY population sizes map closely to the major resistance gene pvr2 encoding the eukaryotic initiation factor 4E. No obvious candidates for resistance were identified in the confidence intervals for the other chromosomes. SNPs detected on chromosomes 6 and 12 colocalized with resistance quantitative trait loci (QTLs) previously identified with a biparental population. These results show the efficiency of GBS and GWAS in C. annuum, indicate highly consistent results between GWAS and classical QTL mapping, and suggest that resistance QTLs identified with a biparental population are representative of a much larger collection of pepper accessions. Moreover, the resistance alleles at these different loci were more frequently combined than expected by chance in the core collection, indicating widespread pyramiding of resistance QTLs and widespread combination of resistance QTLs and major effect genes. Such pyramiding may increase resistance efficiency and/or durability.     

Single step genome-wide association studies based on genotyping by sequence data reveals novel loci for the litter traits of domestic pigs

In this study, data genotyping by sequence (GBS) was used to perform single step GWAS (ssGWAS) to identify SNPs associated with the litter traits in domestic pigs and search for candidate genes in the region of significant SNPs. After quality control, 167,355 high-quality SNPs from 532 pigs were obtained. Phenotypic traits on 2112 gilt litters from 532 pigs were recorded including total number born (TNB), number born alive (NBA), and litter weight born alive (LWB). A single-step genomic BLUP approach (ssGBLUP) was used to implement the genome-wide association analysis at a 5% genome-wide significance level. A total of 8, 23 and 20 significant SNPs were associated with TNB, NBA, and LWB, respectively, and these significant SNPs accounted for 62.78%, 79.75%, and 58.79% of genetic variance. Furthermore, 1 (SSC14: 16314857), 4 (SSC1: 81986236, SSC1: 66599775, SSC1: 161999013, and SSC1: 267883107), and 5 (SSC9: 29030061, SSC2: 32368561, SSC5: 110375350, SSC13: 45619882 and SSC13: 45647829) significant SNPs for TNB, NBA, and LWB were inferred to be novel loci. At SSC1, the AIM1 and FOXO3 genes were found to be associated with NBA; these genes increase ovarian reproductive capacity and follicle number and decrease gonadotropin levels. The genes SLC36A4 and INTU are involved in cell growth, cytogenesis and development were found to be associated with LWB. These significant SNPs can be used as an indication for regions in the Sus scrofa genome for variability in litter traits, but further studies are expected to confirm causative mutations.     

Alzheimer’s Disease Risk Polymorphisms Regulate Gene Expression in the ZCWPW1 and the CELF1 Loci

Late onset Alzheimer’s disease (LOAD) is a genetically complex and clinically heterogeneous disease. Recent large-scale genome wide association studies (GWAS) have identified more than twenty loci that modify risk for AD. Despite the identification of these loci, little progress has been made in identifying the functional variants that explain the association with AD risk. Thus, we sought to determine whether the novel LOAD GWAS single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) alter expression of LOAD GWAS genes and whether expression of these genes is altered in AD brains. The majority of LOAD GWAS SNPs occur in gene dense regions under large linkage disequilibrium (LD) blocks, making it unclear which gene(s) are modified by the SNP. Thus, we tested for brain expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) between LOAD GWAS SNPs and SNPs in high LD with the LOAD GWAS SNPs in all of the genes within the GWAS loci. We found a significant eQTL between rs1476679 and PILRB and GATS, which occurs within the ZCWPW1 locus. PILRB and GATS expression levels, within the ZCWPW1 locus, were also associated with AD status. Rs7120548 was associated with MTCH2 expression, which occurs within the CELF1 locus. Additionally, expression of several genes within the CELF1 locus, including MTCH2, were highly correlated with one another and were associated with AD status. We further demonstrate that PILRB, as well as other genes within the GWAS loci, are most highly expressed in microglia. These findings together with the function of PILRB as a DAP12 receptor supports the critical role of microglia and neuroinflammation in AD risk.     

Stimulatory effects of chitinase on growth and immune defense of orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides)

Chitinase, belonging to either family 18 or family 19 of the glycosylhydrolases, hydrolyze chitin into oligosaccharides. In the present study, the cDNA fragment encoding orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) chitinase1 was subcloned into pPIC3.5K vector and expressed in Pichia pastoris GS115. The results showed that a band with the size of about 53 kDa could be detected by SDS-PAGE and Western blot. The recombinant protein of grouper chitinase1 (rgChi1) was added into the fish diet containing shrimp shell chitin for feeding experiment lasting 8 weeks. The weight of orange-spotted grouper, fed with diets containing rgChi1 at 0, 5, 10 and 20 μg/g was calculated on the 2nd, 4th, 6th and 8th weeks, and difference in growth rates was first observed in the 6th week of the feeding period and it kept until the end of the feeding experiment. At the end of 8 weeks feeding trial, the percent weight gain (PWG), growth rate (GR) and specific growth rate (SGR) of fish fed with 10 and 20 μg rgChi1/g feed were significantly higher compared to the control group. The neuropeptide Y (NPY), growth-hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), growth-hormone (GH), interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), superoxide dismutase (SOD) (Cu/Zn) and SOD (Mn) mRNA expression of fish fed with diet containing 10 μg/g or/and 20 μg/g rgChi1 were obviously higher than the control group. The lysozyme (LZM) and total SOD activity of fish fed with diet containing rgChi1 at 10 and 20 μg/g were significantly higher than that of the control. The aspartate aminotransferase (AST)/glutamic oxalacetic transaminases (GOT) activity in 20 μg/g group decreased compared to the control group. These results indicated that the grouper chitinase1 was successfully produced using the P. pastoris expression system and the recombinant protein had obvious effects on growth and immune defense. The mRNA expression and protein secretion of grouper chitinase1 and chitinase2 were significantly stimulated in spleen in response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge, strongly suggesting the existence of an innate pathway for local defense against chitin-containing organisms. Moreover, the pathogen such as Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus could be inhibited by the recombinant protein of grouper chitinase1 to a certain extent.     

Targeted resequencing of GWAS loci reveals novel genetic variants for milk production traits

Background

Genome wide association study (GWAS) has been proven to be a powerful tool for detecting genomic variants associated with complex traits. However, the specific genes and causal variants underlying these traits remain unclear.

Results

Here, we used target-enrichment strategy coupled with next generation sequencing technique to study target regions which were found to be associated with milk production traits in dairy cattle in our previous GWAS. Among the large amount of novel variants detected by targeted resequencing, we selected 200 SNPs for further association study in a population consisting of 2634 cows. Sixty six SNPs distributed in 53 genes were identified to be associated significantly with on milk production traits. Of the 53 genes, 26 were consistent with our previous GWAS results. We further chose 20 significant genes to analyze their mRNA expression in different tissues of lactating cows, of which 15 were specificly highly expressed in mammary gland.

Conclusions

Our study illustrates the potential for identifying causal mutations for milk production traits using target-enrichment resequencing and extends the results of GWAS by discovering new and potentially functional mutations.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-1105) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Genome‐wide association study for semen traits of the bulls in Chinese Holstein

A genome‐wide association study (GWAS) was performed to identify markers and candidate genes for five semen traits in the Holstein bull population in China. The analyzed dataset consisted of records from 692 bulls from eight bull stations; each bull was genotyped using the Illumina BovineSNP50 BeadChip. Association tests between each trait and the 41 188 informative high‐quality SNPs were achieved with gapit software. In total, 19 suggestive significant SNPs, partly located within the reported QTL regions or within or close to the reported candidate genes, associated with five semen traits were detected. By combining our GWAS results with the biological functions of these genes, eight novel promising candidate genes, including ETNK1, PDE3A, PDGFRB, CSF1R, WT1, DSCAML1, SOD1 and RUNX2, were identified that potentially relate to semen traits. Our findings may provide a basis for further research on the genetic mechanism of semen traits and marker‐assisted selection of such traits in Holstein bulls.     

Genome-wide association study for soybean cyst nematode resistance in Chinese elite soybean cultivars

Soybean cyst nematode (SCN) (Heterodera glycines Ichinohe) is a highly recalcitrant endoparasite of soybean roots, causing more yield loss than any other pest. To identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) controlling resistance to SCN (HG type 2.5.7, race 1), a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed. The association panel, consisting of 120 Chinese soybean cultivars, was genotyped with 7189 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs). A total of 6204 SNPs with minor allele frequency >0.05 were used to estimate linkage disequilibrium (LD) and population structure. The mean level of LD measured by r ² declined very rapidly to half its maximum value (0.51) at 220 kb. The overall population structure was approximately coincident with geographic origin. The GWAS results identified 13 SNPs in 7 different genomic regions significantly associated with SCN resistance. Of these, three SNPs were localized in previously mapped QTL intervals, including rhg1 and Rhg4. The GWAS results also detected 10 SNPs in 5 different genomic regions associated with SCN resistance. The identified loci explained an average of 95.5% of the phenotypic variance. The proportion of phenotypic variance was due to additive genetic variance of the validated SNPs. The present study identified multiple new loci and refined chromosomal regions of known loci associated with SCN resistance. The loci and trait-associated SNPs identified in this study can be used for developing soybean cultivars with durable resistance against SCN.     

Reducing the interval of a growth QTL on chromosome 4 in laying hens

In our previous research, we identified a QTL with an interval of 3.4 Mb for growth on chicken chromosome (GGA) 4 in an advanced intercross population of an initial cross between the New Hampshire inbred line (NHI) and the White Leghorn inbred line (WL77). In the current study, an association analysis was performed in a population of purebred white layers (WLA) with White Leghorn origin. Genotypic data of 130 SNPs within the previously identified 3.4‐Mb region were obtained using a 60K SNP chip. In total, 24 significant SNPs (LOD ≥ 4.44) on GGA4 were detected for daily weigh gain from 8 to 14 weeks and two SNPs (LOD ≥ 4.80) for body weight at 14 weeks. The QTL interval was reduced by 1.9 Mb to an interval of 1.5 Mb (74.6–76.1 Mb) that harbors 15 genes. Furthermore, to identify additional loci for chicken growth, a genome‐wide association study (GWAS) was carried out in a WLA population. The GWAS identified an additional QTL on GGA6 for body weight at six weeks (19.8–21.2 Mb). Our findings showed that by using a WLA population we were able to further reduce the QTL confidence interval previously detected using a NHI × WL77 advanced intercross population.     

QTL mapping and GWAS reveal candidate genes controlling capsaicinoid content in Capsicum

Capsaicinoids are unique compounds produced only in peppers (Capsicum spp.). Several studies using classical quantitative trait loci (QTLs) mapping and genomewide association studies (GWAS) have identified QTLs controlling capsaicinoid content in peppers; however, neither the QTLs common to each population nor the candidate genes underlying them have been identified due to the limitations of each approach used. Here, we performed QTL mapping and GWAS for capsaicinoid content in peppers using two recombinant inbred line (RIL) populations and one GWAS population. Whole‐genome resequencing and genotyping by sequencing (GBS) were used to construct high‐density single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) maps. Five QTL regions on chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 4 and 10 were commonly identified in both RIL populations over multiple locations and years. Furthermore, a total of 109 610 SNPs derived from two GBS libraries were used to analyse the GWAS population consisting of 208 C. annuum‐clade accessions. A total of 69 QTL regions were identified from the GWAS, 10 of which were co‐located with the QTLs identified from the two biparental populations. Within these regions, we were able to identify five candidate genes known to be involved in capsaicinoid biosynthesis. Our results demonstrate that QTL mapping and GBS‐GWAS represent a powerful combined approach for the identification of loci controlling complex traits.     

利用紧缩线性模型和贝叶斯模型对猪总产仔数和产活仔数性状的全基因组关联研究

全基因组关联分析策略已逐渐成为家畜重要经济性状研究的强有力工具。文章使用猪60K SNP芯片对一个具多胎繁殖性状记录的商业母猪群(n=820)进行分型检测,共计57 814个SNP通过设定质控标准。主成分分析显示群体内不存在显著的群体分层现象,而后分别运用两种统计模型Compressed Mixed Linear Model(GAPIT程序包)、Bayes CPi(GenSel软件)进行第1和第2胎次总产仔数和产活仔数性状的全基因组关联分析。从两种分析方法所得结果中各取最显著的50个SNP位点进行比较:对于第1胎次总产仔数,两种方法分析结果存在31个重合SNP位点,对于第1胎次产活仔数,有20个重合SNP位点;且两种统计分析结果中最显著的SNP位点都在另一方法中得到验证。与第1胎次总产仔数显著关联的SNP位于1、2、3、7、13、16和18号染色体,与第1胎次产活仔数显著关联的SNP位于1、3、4、13和16号染色体上的11个区域内。在1、3、13和16染色体上共有5个区域同时与这两个性状显著关联。与第2胎次总产仔数和产活仔数显著关联的区域主要位于7、10、12、13、14和16号染色体的6个重叠区域内。     

A new method for post Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) analysis of colorectal cancer in Taiwan

Recently, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located in specific loci or genes have been identified associated with susceptibility to colorectal cancer (CRC) in Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS). However, in different ethnicities and regions, the genetic variations and the environmental factors can widely vary. Therefore, here we propose a post-GWAS analysis method to investigate the CRC susceptibility SNPs in Taiwan by conducting a replication analysis and bioinformatics analysis. One hundred and forty-four significant SNPs from published GWAS results were collected by a literature survey, and two hundred and eighteen CRC samples and 385 normal samples were collected for post-GWAS analysis. Finally, twenty-six significant SNPs were identified and reported as associated with susceptibility to colorectal cancer, other cancers, obesity, and celiac disease in a previous GWAS study. Functional analysis results of 26 SNPs indicate that most biological processes identified are involved in regulating immune responses and apoptosis. In addition, an efficient prediction model was constructed by applying Jackknife feature selection and ANOVA testing. As compared to another risk prediction model of CRC for European Caucasians population, which performs 0.616 of AUC by using 54 SNPs, the proposed model shows good performance in predicting CRC risk within the Taiwanese population, i.e., 0.724 AUC by using 16 SNPs. We believe that the proposed risk prediction model is highly promising for predicting CRC risk within the Taiwanese population. In addition, the functional analysis results could be helpful to explore the potential associated regulatory mechanisms that may be involved in CRC development.     

Genetics of sputum gene expression in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Previous expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) studies have performed genetic association studies for gene expression, but most of these studies examined lymphoblastoid cell lines from non-diseased individuals. We examined the genetics of gene expression in a relevant disease tissue from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients to identify functional effects of known susceptibility genes and to find novel disease genes. By combining gene expression profiling on induced sputum samples from 131 COPD cases from the ECLIPSE Study with genomewide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data, we found 4315 significant cis-eQTL SNP-probe set associations (3309 unique SNPs). The 3309 SNPs were tested for association with COPD in a genomewide association study (GWAS) dataset, which included 2940 COPD cases and 1380 controls. Adjusting for 3309 tests (p<1.5e-5), the two SNPs which were significantly associated with COPD were located in two separate genes in a known COPD locus on chromosome 15: CHRNA5 and IREB2. Detailed analysis of chromosome 15 demonstrated additional eQTLs for IREB2 mapping to that gene. eQTL SNPs for CHRNA5 mapped to multiple linkage disequilibrium (LD) bins. The eQTLs for IREB2 and CHRNA5 were not in LD. Seventy-four additional eQTL SNPs were associated with COPD at p<0.01. These were genotyped in two COPD populations, finding replicated associations with a SNP in PSORS1C1, in the HLA-C region on chromosome 6. Integrative analysis of GWAS and gene expression data from relevant tissue from diseased subjects has located potential functional variants in two known COPD genes and has identified a novel COPD susceptibility locus.     

Unifying candidate gene and GWAS Approaches in Asthma

The first genome wide association study (GWAS) for childhood asthma identified a novel major susceptibility locus on chromosome 17q21 harboring the ORMDL3 gene, but the role of previous asthma candidate genes was not specifically analyzed in this GWAS. We systematically identified 89 SNPs in 14 candidate genes previously associated with asthma in >3 independent study populations. We re-genotyped 39 SNPs in these genes not covered by GWAS performed in 703 asthmatics and 658 reference children. Genotyping data were compared to imputation data derived from Illumina HumanHap300 chip genotyping. Results were combined to analyze 566 SNPs covering all 14 candidate gene loci. Genotyped polymorphisms in ADAM33, GSTP1 and VDR showed effects with p-values <0.0035 (corrected for multiple testing). Combining genotyping and imputation, polymorphisms in DPP10, EDN1, IL12B, IL13, IL4, IL4R and TNF showed associations at a significance level between p = 0.05 and p = 0.0035. These data indicate that (a) GWAS coverage is insufficient for many asthma candidate genes, (b) imputation based on these data is reliable but incomplete, and (c) SNPs in three previously identified asthma candidate genes replicate in our GWAS population with significance after correction for multiple testing in 14 genes.