Enantioselective Bioaccumulation of Diniconazole in Tenebrio Molitor Larvae

The enantioselective bioaccumulation of diniconazole in Tenebrio molitor Linne larva was investigated with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry based on the ChiralcelOD‐3R[cellulose tri‐(3,5‐dimethylphenyl carbamate)] column. In this study we documented the effects of dietary supplementation with wheat bran contaminated by racemic diniconazole at two dose levels of 20 mg kg^‐1 and 2 mg kg^‐1 (dry weight) in Tenebrio molitor. The results showed that both doses of diniconazole were taken up by Tenebrio molitor rapidly in the first few days, the concentrations of R‐enantiomer and S‐enantiomer at high doses reached the highest level of 0.55 mg kg^‐1 and 0.48 mg kg^‐1, respectively, on the 1^st d, and the concentrations of them obtained a maxima of 0.129 mg kg^‐1 and 0.128 mg kg^‐1 at low dose, respectively, on the 3^rd d, which means that the concentration of diniconazole was proportional to the time of achieving the highest accumulated level. It afterwards attained equilibrium after a sharp decline at both 20 mg kg^‐1 and 2 mg kg^‐1 of diniconazole. The determination results from the feces of Tenebrio molitor demonstrated that the extraction recovery (ER) values of the high dose group were higher than that of the low dose group and the values were all above 1; therefore, it could be inferred that enantiomerization existed in Tenebrio molitor. Additionally, the biota accumulation factor was used to evaluate the bioaccumulation of diniconazole enantiomers, showing that the bioaccumulation of diniconazole in Tenebrio molitor was enantioselective with preferential accumulation of S‐enantiomer. Chirality 25:917–922, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Die Sekretion des Mitteldarms von Tenebrio molitor L. und die Regulation des Wasserhaushaltes bei verschiedenen Temperaturen und Luftfeuchten

Ohne ZusammenfassungMit Unterstützung des Bundesministeriums für Ernährung, Landwirtschaft und Forsten.Herrn Prof. Dr. O. Kuhn zum 60. Geburtstag.     

Bau und funktionen der blutzellen des mehlkäfers Tenebrio molitor L.

Summary The morphology and the functions of the blood cells of the mealworm beetle Tenebrio molitor L. are investigated with various methods in histological preparations and in unharmed, living pupae under completely natural conditions with timelapse and slow-motion microcinematography. Thus it is possible to immediately observe their normal shape and funktions. It was found that conventional methods of obtaining haemolymph from live or dead insects extensively change the behaviour and shape of the blood cells. A method for gaining haemocytes of unaltered morphological appearance for histological investigations is described. The fine structure in light and electron microscopy, histochemistry of inclusions and some enzymes, behaviour in the pupa, locomotion, cell division, clotting, phagocytosis, histolysis, wound healing, encapsulation of foreign bodies, behaviour in tissue culture and death of the blood cells are studied in detail. Two main groups of blood cells with clear differences in shape, inclusions, and functions are distinguished. The first group consists of oval or disc-like blood cells with rounded outline. They contain many mucopolysaccharide granules, little RNA, and few mitochondria. In the haemocoel of the normal animal, they show no recognizable changes or activities, but remain ready in a state of high reactivity to explode in the process of clotting in fractions of seconds at injuries at contact with the outer atmosphere or with foreign bodies. The second group is chiefly concerned with functions within the body and comprises spindle-shaped cells with pointed processes, or polymorphous cells, containing much RNA, many mitochondria, some reserve material, but only few or no mucopolysaccharide granules. The polymorphous amoeboid forms; devoid of mucopolysaccharide granules and often loaded with reserve materials and cell fragments, are capable of active movement, phagocytosis; and secretion. They are engaged in several functions in the normal animal and undergo characteristic changes under pathological influences. Spindle-shaped cells are able to transform into polymorphous pseudopodial forms. The clotting of the haemolymph consists of three combined components, 1. formation of a meshwork of strands, 2. coagulation of the lymph, 3. formation of pseudopodial cells; it is an immediate activity of the blood cells and no sole reaction of the haemolymph. The single actions of the three components are demonstrated by inhibiting the other two ones respectively, and can be correlated to certain types of blood cells or inclusions: coagulation of the haemolymph to the cells with round outline, formation of strands to the mucopolysaccharide granules from which they arise, and transformation into amoeboid forms to the spindle-shaped cells. The haemocytes arise by mitosis and differentiation from small original forms. Comparison with the conditions in some other insect species reveales that the strict separation into two different haemocyte groups as in Tenebrio does not generally occur; however the basic functional patterns remain the same in alle observed cases. A new nomenclature is proposed and discussed which is not based on morphological but on physiological characteristics of blood cells.     

Temperaturoptimum und relative Luftfeuchtigkeit bei Formica rufa L.

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Die atypische Spermatogenese bei Buccinum undatum L. und Purpura lapillus L.

Cell and Tissue Research -     

Laceration,knospung und heteromorphose bei Actinia equina L.

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Fine structure and histochemistry of the spermathecal gland in the mealworm beetle, Tenebrio Molitor

The spermathecal accessory gland of female Tenebrio molitor is examined by histochemicai and electron microscopical techniques. Immediately after ecdysis of the female, neither Golgi regions nor the endoplasmic reticulum of the secretory cells are well developed. In two days' time, the cytoplasm is rich in rough endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi areas are expanded. Membrane-bound droplets of secretion move from the Golgi zone to a central cavity, formed by the invaginated plasma membrane of this cell. As the secretion accumulates this cavity swells until the fourth day after ecdysis when the females first mate. An efferent cuticular ductule, ensheathed in a ductulecarrying cell, carries the product to the main axial duct of the tubular gland. By histochemical criteria, the product is a glycoprotein.     

Melanisierungsverlauf und Melanisierungshemmung bei der KohlweißlingspuppePieris brassicae L.

Zusammenfassung Die Melanisierung der Kohlweißlingspuppen variiert in Abhängigkeit von den Lichtbedingungen. Die Steuerung arbeitet offensichtlich im Sinne einer abgestuften Hemmung; denn durch eine Ligatur isolierte Körperstücke werden stark melanisiert.Bei den hellen Puppen sind die Melaninflecken nicht blasser als bei den dunklen, sondern kleiner. Demnach besteht ein Gefälle der Hemmbarkeit vom Fleckenrand zum Zentrum. Die Flecken unterscheiden sich auch untereinander in dem Ausmaß der Hemmung.Die Flecken entstehen während der ersten 6 Std nach der Puppenhäutung in einer bestimmten Reihenfolge. Diejenigen, welche als erste und als letzte erscheinen, reagieren am empfindlichsten auf die Hemmung. Auf hellen Tieren sind sie völlig unterdrückt.Eine Klassifizierung des Melanisierungsgrades aufgrund leicht erkennbarer Formunterschiede der abdominalen Mittelflecken läßt sich auch bei operierten Tieren und isolierten Körperstücken anwenden.Die gleiche starke Melanisierung wie durch eine Ligatur wird auch von einer Durchtrennung der Schlundkonnektive hervorgerufen. Etwas schwächer wirkt die Durchtrennung des Bauchmarks hinter dem Unterschlundganglion.Die melanisierungsfördernde Wirkung von Ligatur und Nervendurchschneidung erlischt in einer kritischen Periode, welche 12 Stunden nach dem Spinnen des Gürtelfadens abgeschlossen ist.Es wird angenommen, daß während dieser kritischen Periode ein melanisierungshemmender Faktor von einem thorakalen Zentrum abgegeben wird, welches dazu seinerseits über die Nervenverbindungen vom Gehirn her veranlaßt wird.

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The course of melanization and its inhibition in pupae of the cabbage whitePieris brassicae L.

Summary The melanization of the Cabbage White pupae varies in response to light conditions. As abdomina, which are isolated by a ligature, become strongly melanized, the control evidently works in the way of gradual inhibition.The melanine patches of light pupae are not paler than those of dark pupae, but they are smaller. Apparently there is a gradient of reactivity to inhibition from the margin of the patches towards their center. Different patches are affected by the inhibition to a different extent.The black patches appear during the first 6 hours after pupation, not simultaneously but in a certain sequence. The first and the last patches of this sequence are most reactive to inhibition. On light pupae they may be entirely absent.A classification of pupal melanization is based on differences in the shape of certain patches, which can easily be recognized even on operated pupae and isolated parts of the body.Equally strong melanization as from ligating results from nerve section between brain an suboesophageal ganglion, somewhat weaker melanization results from section between suboesophageal and prothoracic ganglia.The melanizing effects of ligatures and nerve sections decrease during a critical period. They are entirely lost 12 hours after the prepupa has fastened itself to the ground by spinning the girdle-thread.It is suggested that during this critical period a melanization inhibiting factor is secreted by a thoracic center, which itself is under nervous control of the brain.

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Mit Unterstützung der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft.     

Untersuchungen zur Biologie der endotrophen Mycorrhiza bei Zea mays L. und Avena sativa L.

Ohne ZusammenfassungGekürzte Fassung einer Dissertation an der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität zu Köln.