正交设计优选五味子果实中总木脂素提取工艺

目的:比较不同方法对北五味子总木脂素提取的影响,优选最佳提取工艺方法。研究五味子木脂素抗微波辐射损伤作用。方法:以干燥北五味子果实为原料,分别采用传统加热回流法、超声提取法、微波提取法、微波—超声提取法提取北五味子总木脂素,对这四种提取方法分别进行正交试验分析,以确定最佳提取工艺。结果:通过结果比较分析,以微波提取工艺结果最佳,在微波提取功率为200W,乙醇体积分数为80%,提取时间为40min,料液比为1:12的提取条件下,北五味子总木脂素的产量达到了16.44mg/g,使得木脂素的提取产量较传统加热回流法、超声提取法、微波—超声提取法得到了显著的提高。     

响应面优化紫萍黄酮提取工艺及其抗氧化活性

采用响应面法优化微波提取紫萍黄酮的条件。在单因素实验的基础上,选取乙醇体积分数、微波功率、液料比为影响因子,应用Box-Behnken中心组合法进行三因素三水平的试验设计,以紫萍黄酮得率为响应值,进行响应面分析(RSM),结果表明:微波提取紫萍黄酮的最佳提取条件为乙醇体积分数62%、液料比17∶1(mL/g)、微波功率500 W、微波时间9 min;在优化工艺下,紫萍黄酮的得率达到4.14%。对微波提取的紫萍黄酮进行抗氧化性研究发现紫萍黄酮对DPPH.清除作用较好,其抗氧化活性要优于相同浓度的抗坏血酸(VC)和2,6-二叔丁基对甲酚(BHT)。     

微波法提取枸杞叶甜菜碱工艺的研究

研究微波法提取枸杞叶中甜菜碱的最佳工艺,考察工艺参数对枸杞叶中甜菜碱提取率的影响.以甜菜碱提取率为指标,通过L9(3(4))正交实验与方差分析优选出枸杞叶中甜菜碱最佳提取工艺条件.结果表明,最佳工艺为固液比为(g:ml)1:10,20 min,微波功率200 w.枸杞叶中甜菜碱最佳提取率平均值可高达4.48%.该工艺简...     

正交试验优化梓醇的微波辅助提取工艺

目的:通过正交实验优选了地黄中梓醇的微波提取工艺。方法:以地黄粗提液中梓醇含量为指标,HPLC为含量测定方法,采用正交实验法,选取乙醇浓度(A)、料液比(B)、提取时间(C)和提取次数(D)4个因素,每个因素选取3个水平进行实验,确定了最佳提取工艺。结果:研究结果表明乙醇浓度为60%,料液比为4,微波提取3次,每次3 min为梓醇的最佳提取工艺。结论:微波辅助提取地黄中梓醇效率高,提取完全,方法可行。     

茶皂素光波干法提取与产品开发

本文考察茶皂素的微波光波组合无溶剂提取方法,发现微波光波提取干法不用溶剂,仅用微量的DMF作为能量传递介质,提取速度是传统提取方法的1800倍以上,成本明显降低.利用高倍FM、IR等手段对微波提取机理进行初步研究,从微波对植物组织结构的影响上阐明次生代谢产物的微波提取机理.利用提取的茶皂素开发成洗发香波,对多个配方进行了多方面的性能评价,其中两个配方的多项指标达到或优于国家标准.     

黄芪多糖超声-微波协同提取研究

本论文采用超声-微波协同提取新工艺,通过单因素实验分别考察提取时间、微波功率、料液比等因素对黄芪多糖提取率及纯度的影响;通过正交实验得出最佳提取工艺参数;通过平行提取实验,与水提法、微波及超声波辅助提取进行比照。得出最佳提取条件为微波功率120 W,提取时间为150 s,料液比1∶25(g/mL)时,黄芪多糖的提取率最高达4.25%,并且证明了超声微波协同提取法的提取效率高于水提法、微波法及超声波法等传统的提取方法。     

淫羊藿生物碱的超声波-微波协同提取及其 对HeLa细胞的抑制作用

建立了药用植物心叶淫羊藿(Epimedium brevicornum)生物碱的超声波-微波协同提取工艺, 探讨了提取机理, 分析了生物碱的化学组成及其对人宫颈癌HeLa细胞增殖的抑制作用。采用正交试验法优化得到了淫羊藿生物碱的超声波-微波协同提取工艺: 浸泡时间为40分钟, 超声波-微波协同作用18分钟, 微波功率250 J∙s^-1, 液固比为30 mL∙g^-1, 乙醇溶液浓度为70%。超声波-微波协同提取法的提取率可达16.146 mg∙g^-1, 显著高于超声波提取法、微波提取法和加热提取法。扫描电子显微镜观察结果表明, 超声波-微波协同作用可使淫羊藿叶片样品表面出现大量裂隙。激光粒度分析显示, 超声波-微波协同提取后, 中、低粒度范围的样品量明显增多, 而高粒度范围的样品量明显减少。薄层色谱和高效液相色谱分析结果表明, 淫羊藿生物碱含有木兰花碱, 不含小檗碱或含量很低。淫羊藿生物碱对HeLa细胞的增殖具有明显的抑制作用, 并且呈现出剂量依赖性。研究结果为药用植物淫羊藿资源的开发利用提供理论依据。     

响应面优化伏毛铁棒锤总生物碱微波辅助提取工艺

目的：优化微波辅助提取伏毛铁棒锤总生物碱工艺，并比较不同产地伏毛铁棒锤中总生物碱含量。方法：以单因素试验为基础，结合响应面法，以总生物碱的含量为评价指标，考察温度、料液比、时间和体积分数对提取得率的影响。结果：最佳微波辅助提取工艺参数（条件）为：温度48℃，料液比1∶19(g/mL)，时间12 min，甲醇体积分数39%。结论：该提取方法稳定可靠，操作简便，可用于优化伏毛铁棒锤总生物碱提取工艺。比较不同地区伏毛铁棒锤中总生物碱含量，贵南县伏毛铁棒锤总生物碱含量最高，为0.290%。     

石榴籽油的微波提取和体外抗氧化作用研究

比较常规回流提取与微波提取法对石榴籽油的提取率,并采用正交实验法优选微波提取最佳工艺条件。结果表明,出油率有显著性差异(P<0.01),微波提取出油率高,其提取最佳工艺条件为:物液比为1:5(g:mL),微波处理时间为50s×5(即每次处理50s,间歇处理5次),微波功率为480w。用Schaal烘箱法(60±1℃)比较了石榴籽油和维生素E抗猪油和色拉油氧化的作用,石榴籽油的体外抗氧化作用优于维生素E,具有很好的应用前景。     

响应面法优化微波辅助提取发酵虫草菌丝体多糖工艺

为优化发酵虫草菌粉多糖的微波辅助提取工艺,在单因素实验基础上,以液固比、微波功率以及提取时间为自变量,多糖提取率为响应值,采用中心组合设计的方法,研究各自变量及其交互作用对多糖提取率的影响。利用SAS软件和响应面分析相结合的方法对发酵虫草菌粉多糖的微波辅助提取工艺进行优化,确定了微波辅助提取多糖的最佳条件：液固比值12．2,微波功率650．5W,提取时间11．8min,在此条件下,多糖提取率达到6．41％。采用此法提取的虫草菌丝体多糖,当质量浓度为1mg／mL时,对二苯代苦味肼基自由基（DPPH）清除率达到76％。     

Microwave-assisted extraction of the Carrageenan from Hypnea musciformis (Cystocloniaceae,Rhodophyta)

Hypnea musciformis (Wulfen in Jacqu.) J. V. Lamour. (Rhodophyta) was investigated for its carrageenan production. Traditionally, the desulfation process for carrageenans has been promoted by an alkaline treatment of up to 3 h by conventional heating during carrageenan extraction. New extraction techniques based on microwave irradiation may accelerate this reaction with the advantages of reduced consumption of solvents, energy, and extraction time, suggesting the feasibility of this method as a “Green” technology. In this study, aqueous- and alkali-treated carrageenans from H. musciformis collected along Quintana Roo coast of Yucatan Peninsula (Mexico) were extracted by conventional method and by microwave-assisted extraction (MAE). Microwave irradiation in closed vessels was used to carry out the alkaline modification. The influence of temperature (85, 95, and 105 °C) and extraction time (10 and 20 min) in MAE was investigated in terms of yield, sulfate, and 3,6-anhydrogalactose contents, and Fourier transformed infrared spectra. Although lower carrageenan yields were obtained during MAE extraction, the κappa/iota hybrid carrageenan obtained by this novel method is comparable to that extracted by conventional technique. At the maximum temperature used for MAE (105 °C), an increase of 3,6-anhydrogalactose as well as an increase of the κappa-proportion was observed indicating that MAE could be an adequate procedure for carrageenan extraction of H. musciformis; however, further extraction parameters should be tested to optimize extraction.     

Microwave-assisted extraction of glycyrrhizic acid from licorice root

In the present study, a microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) technique has been developed for the extraction of glycyrrhizic acid (GA) from licorice root. Various experimental conditions, such as extraction time, different ethanol and ammonia concentration, liquid/solid ratios, pre-leaching time before MAE and material size for the MAE procedure were investigated to optimize the efficiency of the extraction. Under appropriate MAE conditions, such as extraction times of 4-5min, ethanol concentrations of 50-60% (v/v), ammonia concentrations of 1-2% (v/v) and liquid/solid ratios of 10:1(ml/g), the recovery of GA from licorice root with MAE was equivalent with conventional extraction methods. Those methods include extraction at room temperature (ERT), the traditional Soxhlet extraction, heat reflux extraction and ultrasonic extraction. Due to the considerable savings in time and solvent, MAE was more effective than the conventional methods. This novel method is suitable for fast extraction of GA from licorice root.     

Development and application of microwave-assisted extraction technique in biological sample preparation for small molecule analysis

Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) has emerged as an efficient extraction technique for various kinds of biological samples due to its low usage of extraction solvents and shorter extraction time. This review will focus on the recent developments and advantages of incorporating MAE in sample preparation protocols for the analysis of small molecules in plant, food and clinical samples in recent years. The operating principles of this technique and the key parameters influencing its extraction efficiency, including the nature of solvent, temperature, power and extraction time and their limitations are first mentioned. This is followed by a discussion on the advantages of applying MAE to extract organic contaminants in food for routine food safety analysis and active ingredients recovery. The successful application of MAE technique to recover bioactive compounds from plants in drug discovery studies and quality control purposes is then described. Additionally, the feasibility of using green solvents such as water, micelle and ionic liquids with MAE for plant metabolite profiling studies is evaluated and the associated challenges discussed. Finally, the application of MAE in clinical samples is highlighted. The use of MAE in this field is currently limited to the targeted detection of small molecules in human samples, due to a lack of knowledge of its effects on thermally labile metabolites. Consequently, the need for additional studies on how MAE impacts the recoveries of different metabolite classes in mammalian samples is discussed. The outcome of these studies can potentially broaden MAE applications in the clinical field.     

Microwave-assisted extraction of the main phenolic compounds in flaxseed

A microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) method has been applied for the first time to the extraction of the main lignan, secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG), and the two most concentrated hydroxycinnamic acid glucosides in flaxseed. The effects of microwave power, extraction time and alkaline treatment were investigated. It was shown that a 3 min MAE resulted in an SDG content of 16.1+/-0.4 mg/g, a p-coumaric acid glucoside content of 3.7+/-0.2 mg/g and a ferulic acid glucoside content of 4.1+/-0.2 mg/g. These values were compared with those obtained using conventional extraction methods and the results demonstrated that MAE was more effective in terms of both yield and time consumption.     

Optimization of a rapid microwave-assisted extraction method for the simultaneous determination of opiates,cocaine and their metabolites in human hair

A rapid and cleanup-free microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) method is proposed for the simultaneous extraction of six illegal drugs of abuse – cocaine, benzoylecgonine (BZE), cocaethylene (CCE), morphine, 6-monoacethylmorphine (6AM) and codeine – from human hair samples. The analytes were determined using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with photodiode array UV detection. The influence of several variables on the efficiency of the MAE procedure was investigated in detail by a multi-objective optimization approach based on a hybrid experimental design (17 experiments) and desirability functions. Six drugs were successfully extracted from human hair with recoveries close to 100% and good reproducibility (<3.6% RSD) under the optimal MAE conditions: 11 mL dichloromethane (DCM) extraction solvent, 60 °C extraction temperature, 9 min extraction time and 0.5 mL of methanol (MeOH) added to 50 mg of the hair sample in the extraction vessels. Limits of quantification of 0.2 ng mg^?1 were found for the studied compounds. A comparison of sample preparation procedures, including MAE, enzymatic digestion and digestion by aqueous acids, was also conducted. The results indicated that the global behaviour of sample procedures provided similar satisfactory recoveries ranging from 86 to 100%. Indeed, the MAE procedure resulted in a reduction of extraction time by 100-fold and the elimination of cleanup steps. Slightly higher recoveries of morphine, 6AM, BZE and CCE, at 1 ng mg^?1 concentration level and cocaine at 40 ng mg^?1 concentration level, were achieved using MAE. Lastly, the proposed MAE method was applied to several human hair samples from multidrug abusers.     

Combined microwave-assisted extraction and high-speed counter-current chromatography for separation and purification of xanthones from Garcinia mangostana

A microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) method is presented for the extraction of xanthones, α-mangostin and γ-mangostin from Garcinia mangostana. The MAE conditions including extraction temperature, liquid/solid ratio, extraction time and concentration of ethanol were optimized with an orthogonal test, and 5 g sample was extracted with the optimized conditions. The crude extraction of MAE was successfully isolated and purified by high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) with a two-phase solvent system composed of petroleum ether-ethyl acetate-methanol-water (0.8:0.8:1:0.6, v/v) in one-step separation. The separation yielded 75 mg of α-mangostin at 98.5% purity, and 16 mg of γ-mangostin at 98.1% purity from 360 mg crude extract of G. mangostana in less than 7h. The purity of the two xanthones was determined by HPLC. Their structures were further identified by ESI-MS, (1)H NMR and (13)C NMR.     

The study on the chromatographic fingerprint of Fructus xanthii by microwave assisted extraction coupled with GC-MS

The chromatographic fingerprint of Fructus xanthii, a kind of Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCMs), was studied by microwave assisted extraction (MAE) coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The optimized conditions of MAE were examined. The method of MAE was evaluated in contrast to heat reflux extraction (HRE) method and by the validation tests of precision and repeatability. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) of retention time and peak area of each component were less than 0.2% and 6%, respectively. Twenty-five different batches of samples collected from different producing areas and the toasting process of F. xanthii were studied. The characteristic differences in the producing areas and the chemical variances in the toasting process were obtained and studied by principal components analysis (PCA) and similarity analysis. The trends of main varying components were attempted to be described in order to specify the related pharmacology and toxicology in crude and toasted samples. The results suggest that the chromatographic fingerprint developed by MAE coupled with GC-MS provides useful information to reveal the quality of F. xanthii and evaluate the quality changes in the producing process.     

Microwave-assisted extraction of cyclotides from Viola ignobilis

Cyclotides are an interesting family of circular plant peptides. Their unique three-dimensional structure, comprising a head-to-tail circular backbone chain and three disulfide bonds, confers them stability against thermal, chemical, and enzymatic degradation. Their unique stability under extreme conditions creates an idea about the possibility of using harsh extraction methods such as microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) without affecting their structures. MAE has been introduced as a potent extraction method for extraction of natural compounds, but it is seldom used for peptide and protein extraction. In this work, microwave irradiation was applied to the extraction of cyclotides. The procedure was performed in various steps using a microwave instrument under different conditions. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI–TOF) results show stability of cyclotide structures on microwave radiation. The influential parameters, including time, temperature, and the ratio of solvents that are affecting the MAE potency, were optimized. Optimal conditions were obtained at 20 min of irradiation time, 1200 W of system power in 60 °C, and methanol/water at the ratio of 90:10 (v/v) as solvent. The comparison of MAE results with maceration extraction shows that there are similarities between cyclotide sequences and extraction yields.     

亚麻木酚素的微波辅助提取工艺研究

采用微波辅助提取法从脱脂亚麻籽壳中提取亚麻木酚素,以磷钼酸显色的方法定量测定亚麻木酚素,通过单因素试验、中心组合试验及响应面分析,确定微波辅助提取的最优工艺条件为:乙醇浓度40.9%(v/v)、液固比21.9:1(mL/g)、超声处理5 min进行预浸、辐照时间90.5 s、微波功率为130 W。与常规溶剂提取法和索氏提取方法相比,微波辅助提取法显著提高了亚麻木酚素的得率,大大缩短了提取时间,并节省了能耗。     

A comparative exploration of the phytochemical profiles and bio-pharmaceutical potential of Helichrysum stoechas subsp. barrelieri extracts obtained via five extraction techniques

We endeavoured to probe into and compare the possible effect(s) of different extraction techniques (accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasonication-assisted extraction (UAE), maceration, and Soxhlet extraction (SE)) on the bioactivity (antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities) of the aerial parts of Helichrysum stoechas subsp. barrelieri (Ten.) Nyman. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the extracts obtained by different extraction methods followed the order of ASE > MAE > UAE > maceration > SE. Extract obtained by ASE was the most potent radical scavenger (219.92 and 313.12 mg Trolox equivalent [TE]/g, against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS), respectively) and reducing agent (927.39 and 662.87 mg TE/g, for cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), respectively). Helichrysum stoechas extract obtained by UAE (18.67 mg ethylenediaminetetraacetic equivalent [EDTAE]/g) was the most active metal chelator and inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (4.23 mg galantamine equivalent [GALAE]/g) and butyrylcholinesterase (6.05 mg GALAE/g) cholinesterase. Extract from maceration (183.32 mg kojic acid equivalent [KAE]/g) was most active against tyrosinase while ASE extract (1.66 mmol acarbose equivalent [ACAE]/g) effectively inhibited α-glucosidase. In conclusion, data amassed herein tend to advocate for the use of non-conventional extraction techniques, namely ASE and UAE, for the extraction of bioactive secondary metabolites from H. stoechas aerial parts.