马尾松毛虫蛋白质、核酸酶和羧酸酯酶与耐药性的关系

马尾松毛虫(Dendrolimus punctatus Walker)幼虫蛋白质含量、羧酸酯酶和多酚氧化酶活力与虫龄大小成正相关;氰戊菊酯处理后,兴奋期的蛋白质含量和羧酸酯酶活力上升,到抑制期均降低到正常虫体的水平,而多酚氧化酶的变动不大。正常虫体中脱氧核糖核酸酶(DNase)和核糖核酸酶(RNase)的活力存在差异:DNase从3—5龄幼虫随虫体增大而上升,到6龄时明显降低;RNase与虫龄大小成负相关;氰戊菊酯处理后,DNase便开始下降并低于正常虫体的水平,而RNase在兴奋期上升,到抑制期下降亦低于正常虫体水平。结果说明,除多酚氧化酶外,蛋白质、核酸酶和羧酸酯酶均与耐药性存在一定的相关性,研制酶的抑制剂具有实用意义。根据毒力测定结果,马尾松毛虫幼虫随虫龄增大而耐药力增加,氰戊菊醋对5龄幼虫是3龄的2.8倍,6龄是4龄的2.3倍。因此,掌握在4龄前进行药物防治是合理的。     

马尾松毛虫蛋白质、核酸酶和羧酸酯酶与耐药性的关系

马尾松毛虫(Dendrolimus Punctatus Walder)幼虫蛋白质含量,羧酸酮酶和多酚氧化酶活力与虫龄大小成正相关;氰戊菊酯处理后,兴奋期的蛋白质含量和羧酸酯酶活力上升,到抑制期均降低到正常虫体的水平,而多酚氧化酶的变动不大。正常虫体中脱氧核糖核酸酶(Dnase)和核糖核酸酶(Rnase)的活力存在差异：Dnase从3-5龄幼虫随虫体增大而上升,到6龄时明显降低;Rnase与虫龄大小成负相关;氰戊菊酯处理后,Dnase便开始下降并低于正常虫体的水平,而Rnase在兴奋期上升,到抑制期下降亦低于正常虫体水平。结果说明,除多酚氧化酶外,蛋白质、核酸酶和羧酸酯酶均与耐药性存在一定的相关性,研制酶的抑制剂具有实用意义。根据毒力测定结果,马尾松毛虫幼虫随虫龄增大而耐药力增加,氰戊菊酯对5龄幼虫是3龄的2.8倍,6龄是4龄的2.3倍。因此,掌握在4龄前进行药物防治是合理的。     

磁处理水对小鼠血液过氧化氢酶及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活力的影响

将小鼠随机分为饮用磁处理水的实验组及饮用自来水的对照组，每组雌、雄鼠各半，饲养一个月，取血测定其过氧化氢酶(CAT)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)活力。结果雌、雄实验组CAT活性均显著高于对照组；雄鼠实验组GSH-PX活力明显高于对照组，雌鼠实验组GSH-PX活力与对照组无显著差异。显示饮用一定时间磁处理水的小鼠机体外理自由基能力有所提高。     

磁处理水对小鼠血液过氧化氢酶及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活力的影响

将小鼠随机分为饮用磁处理水的实验组及饮用自来水的对照组,每组雌、雄鼠各半,饲养一个月,取血测定其过氧化氢酶(CAT)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)活力。结果雌、雄实验组CAT活性均显著高于对照组;雄鼠实验组GSH-PX活力明显高于对照组,雌鼠实验组GSH-PX活力与对照组无显著差异。显示饮用一定时间磁处理水的小鼠机体外理自由基能力有所提高。     

GA3和BR对离体苎麻叶片中过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶的影响及其…

经１．０ｍｇ·Ｌ＾－１ＧＡ３和０．１ｍｇ·Ｌ＾－１ＢＲ分别处理后的离体苎麻叶圆片中,过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶活性都有明显增加。过氧化物酶的最大增加值出现在１２ｈ;过氧化氢酶与超氧物歧化酶同步,最大增加值出现时间都在处理后３６ｈ。０．２ｍｍｏｌ·Ｌ＾－１Ｈ２Ｏ２处理的过氧化氢酶和超氧物歧化酶活性都增加;３．０ｍｇ·Ｌ＾－１ＮａＮ３处理的超氧物歧化酶活性明显增加;１９．５ｍｇ·Ｌ＾－１ＫＣＮ处理的过氧化     

马尾松毛虫感染绿僵菌后某些生化指标的变化

3～ 4龄马尾松毛虫Dendrolimuspunctatus幼虫被金龟子绿僵菌Metarhiziumanisopliae感染后 1～ 4d,血淋巴中血细胞总数和可溶性蛋白浓度均显著高于同期未感染的幼虫。利用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术 ,分析了感染后 3 ,4,6d幼虫体壁组织中可溶性蛋白和过氧化物酶 ,以及血淋巴中过氧化物酶的变化。结果显示 ,金龟子绿僵菌的侵染对马尾松毛虫幼虫体壁组织蛋白质代谢产生影响 ,过氧化物酶活性有减弱趋势     

粤西部分县马尾松毛虫发生与气候条件的关系

用相奖分析的方法,分析了粤西部分地区马尾松毛虫的发生与环境因子的关系.结果表明:最相关的环境因子是越冬期最低月平均温度.用比较生态学的方法分析了这几个县马尾松毛虫的发生与环境因子关系的生态差异和相似性.用趋势分析的方法给出各县马尾松毛虫发生的年增量.     

广东省马尾松毛虫发生规律的研究

马尾松毛虫在广东省北部地区每年发生3代,南部每年发生4代。根据历年不同地区马尾松毛虫的发生情况进行分析,中部地区发现面积小,年间波动小,其发生呈下降趋势,西南部则是发生面积大,年间波动很小,发生呈增长,趋势一种中间形式的类型区是一个狭长的带。分布于西部边缘地区和中部与东部、北部的过渡区。     

不同林相的松针对马尾松毛虫生长发育的影响

为探讨混交林中松树对害虫的生态调控作用机制,研究了不同林分类型下马尾松林和湿地松林对马尾松毛虫生长发育的影响。结果表明,取食马尾松针叶的马尾松毛虫与取食湿地松针叶的相比,其发育历期缩短,死亡率降低,幼虫及蛹（雌、雄）重增加,化蛹率、羽化率和产卵量均提高;且其幼虫的代谢量（取食量与排泄量）更大,对食物的利用与消耗的各项指标均高。取食不同林分类型下的同一种松树（马尾松或湿地松）针叶的马尾松毛虫,以取食纯林松针的幼虫生长发育更快,死亡率更低,化蛹率、羽化率和产卵量更高,对食物的利用、转化和消耗率更强。混交林中的松针不利于马尾松毛虫的生长发育和种群增长。     

豌豆过氧化氢酶在烟草叶绿体中的过量表达提高了植物的抗逆性

通过构建融合番茄RuBP羧化酶小亚基转运肽基因(rbcS-3)和CAT基因编码阅读框(ORF)的双元表达载体,采用农杆菌介导的叶圆盘转化法将融合基因转入烟草,使其能够定向导入叶绿体中发挥作用。在含有50mg/L潮霉素的培养基上筛选获得转CAT烟草30多个株系,并对其进行了分子生物学的验证和生理指标的检测。对获得的抗性植株用PCR、RT-PCR、植株总蛋白Western blot和叶绿体蛋白Western blot分析表明,目的基因已经整合到烟草基因组中,并能正常表达,且在叶绿体rbcS-3转运肽的作用下能定向进入叶绿体中。对转基因植株生理指标的检测发现,在20% PEG₆₀₀₀模拟干旱条件下,野生型烟草的相对电导率提高幅度为43.4%,而转CAT植株的相对电导率仅提高8.8%,表明在干旱胁迫下转CAT烟草的质膜透性小于野生型烟草;经20% PEG₆₀₀₀处理后,野生型和转CAT基因烟草的叶绿素含量都下降,下降幅度分别为68.0%和20.4%;另外,经20% PEG₆₀₀₀处理的野生型烟草叶片的Fv/Fm下降幅度为5.3%,而转CAT基因烟草叶片的Fv/Fm下降幅度0.9%,这些结果表明,在叶绿体中过量表达CAT对干旱胁迫下的细胞质膜、叶绿素和PSⅡ具有一定的保护作用。此外,经150 μmol/L百草枯处理后发现,处理3h后,野生型烟草和转CAT烟草的相对电导率分别比对照提高67.9%和13.5%,而野生型和转CAT烟草的Fv/Fm都下降,降幅分别为23.7%和3.9%,这表明在百草枯氧化胁迫下转CAT烟草的质膜和PSⅡ的损伤程度都小于野生型烟草。总之,豌豆CAT基因在烟草叶绿体中过量表达,提高了转基因烟草的抗旱性和抗氧化性。     

Double antisense plants lacking ascorbate peroxidase and catalase are less sensitive to oxidative stress than single antisense plants lacking ascorbate peroxidase or catalase

The plant genome is a highly redundant and dynamic genome. Here, we show that double antisense plants lacking the two major hydrogen peroxide-detoxifying enzymes, ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and catalase (CAT), activate an alternative/redundant defense mechanism that compensates for the lack of APX and CAT. A similar mechanism was not activated in single antisense plants that lacked APX or CAT, paradoxically rendering these plants more sensitive to oxidative stress compared to double antisense plants. The reduced susceptibility of double antisense plants to oxidative stress correlated with suppressed photosynthetic activity, the induction of metabolic genes belonging to the pentose phosphate pathway, the induction of monodehydroascorbate reductase, and the induction of IMMUTANS, a chloroplastic homologue of mitochondrial alternative oxidase. Our results suggest that a co-ordinated induction of metabolic and defense genes, coupled with the suppression of photosynthetic activity, can compensate for the lack of APX and CAT. In addition, our findings demonstrate that the plant genome has a high degree of plasticity and will respond differently to different stressful conditions, namely, lack of APX, lack of CAT, or lack of both APX and CAT.     

应用球孢白僵菌防治马尾松毛虫的策略及其生物多样性基础的研究

对３种不同方式应用球孢白僵菌防治马尾松毛虫的结果表明,３个林场的虫口在连续４年内均被抑制在低水平,但松毛虫种群动态不同：以淹没式施放白僵菌为主,但有时也淹没式施放化学杀虫剂的麻姑山林场平均虫口密度为３．１６±４．９４条·株－１,波动最大;长期接种式应用白僵菌的戴公山林场平均虫口密度只有０．０９±０．１４条·株－１,一直处于低密度状态;以化学农药处理小面积虫源地结合不频繁地淹没式施放白僵菌的金寺山林场平均虫口密度为１．４５±２．２９条·株－１,偶可达防治指标．对群落组成的调查结果表明,从麻姑山、金寺山到戴公山,动物和虫生真菌群落各物种的总个体数递减,而总物种数、总物种数与总个体数的比值,天敌与害虫种数和个体数的比值以及群落多样性指数皆递增,表明群落多样性渐趋丰富,食物链网渐趋复杂,群落稳定性和对害虫的自然控制能力逐渐增强．对群落动态的主成分分析进一步表明,从麻姑山、金寺山到戴公山,动物和虫生真菌群落的演化时序分明,趋于稳定,自我调节力强．     

Overexpression of bacterial catalase in tomato leaf chloroplasts enhances photo-oxidative stress tolerance

The Escherichia coli gene katE, which is driven by the promoter of the Rubisco small subunit gene of tomato, rbcS3C, was introduced into a tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) by Agrobacterium tumefaciens‐mediated transformation. Catalase activity in progeny from transgenic plants was approximately three‐fold higher than that in wild‐type plants. Leaf discs from transgenic plants remained green at 24 h after treatment with 1 µm paraquat under moderate light intensity, whereas leaf discs from wild‐type plants showed severe bleaching after the same treatment. Moreover, ion leakage from transgenic leaf discs was significantly less than that from wild‐type leaf discs at 24 h after treatment with 1 µm paraquat and 10 mm H₂O₂, respectively, under moderate light intensity. To evaluate the efficiency of the E. coli catalase to protect the whole transgenic plant from the oxidative stress, transgenic and wild‐type plants were sprayed with 100 µm paraquat and exposed to high light illumination (800 µmol m^?2 s^?1). After 24 h, the leaves of the transgenic plants were less damaged than the leaves of the wild‐type plants. The catalase activity and the photosynthesis activity (indicated by the F_v/F_m ratio) were less affected by paraquat treatment in leaves of transgenic plants, whereas the activities of the chloroplastic ascorbate peroxidase isoenzymes and the ascorbate content decreased in both lines. In addition, the transgenic plants showed increased tolerance to the oxidative damage (decrease of the CO₂ fixation and photosystem II activity and increase of the lipid peroxidation) caused by drought stress or chilling stress (4 °C) under high light intensity (1000 µmol m^?2 s^?1). These results indicate that the expression of the catalase in chloroplasts has a positive effect on the protection of the transgenic plants from the photo‐oxidative stress invoked by paraquat treatment, drought stress and chilling stress.     

Polyamines and ”scavenging system”: influence of exogenous spermidine on catalase and guaiacol peroxidase activities,and free polyamine level in barley leaves under water deficit

Barley (Hordeum vulgare) seedlings were treated with spermidine prior to water deficit treatment to determine whether this polyamine is able to influence the activity of catalase (EC 1.11.1.6) and guaiacol peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7). The content of endogenous polyamines was determined as well. This stress caused a visible increase of catalase activity and a much higher increase of guaiacol peroxidase activity. Treatment with exogenous spermidine induced a significant decrease in the activity of the both enzymes, whereas the polyamine level was enhanced, suggesting that polyamines are able to influence the activity of hydrogen peroxide scavenging enzymes and to moderate in that way this signal molecule level.     

Subcellular distribution and activities of superoxide dismutase,catalase, glutathione peroxidase,and glutathione reductase in the southern armyworm,Spodoptera eridania

In mid-fifth-instar larvae of the southern armyworm, Spodoptera eridania, the subcellular distribution of four antioxidant enzymes—superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPOX), and glutathione reductase (GR)—were examined. Two-thirds (4.26 units ·mg protein^?1) of the SOD activity was found in the cytosol, and one-thirds (2.13 units ·mg protein^?1) in the mitochondria. CAT activity was unusually high and not restricted to the microsomal fraction where peroxisomes are usually isolated. The activity was distributed as follows: cytosol (163 units) mitochondria (125 units) and microsomes (119 units). Similar to CAT, the subcellular compartmentalization of both GPOX and GR was unusual. No activity was detected in the cytosol, but in mitochondria and microsomes, GR levels were 5.49 and 3.09 units. Although GPOX activity exhibited 14–16-fold enrichment in mitochondria and microsomes, respectively, over the 850g crude homogenate, the level was negligible (mitochondria = 1.4 × 10^?3 units; microsomes = 1.6 × 10^?3 units), indicating that this enzyme is absent. The unusual distribution of CAT has apparently evolved as an evolutionary answer to the absence of GR from the cytosol, and the lack of GPOX activity.     

Effect of pine foliage damage on the incidence of larval diapause in the pine caterpillar Dendrolimus punctatus (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae)

The pine caterpillar Dendrolimus punctatus (Walker) with a larval facultative diapause is one of the most destructive insect pests of the pine tree Pinus massoniana in China. The larvae feeding on pine trees with different damage levels were studied to determine the induction of diapause under both laboratory and field conditions. Developmental duration of larvae before the third instar was the longest when fed with 75%–90% damaged needles, followed by 25%–40% damaged needles and intact pine needles, whereas mortalities did not differ among different treatments under the conditions of 25° and critical photoperiod 13.5:10.5 L:D. At 25°, no diapause was induced under 15:9 L:D, whereas 100% diapause occurred under 12:12 L:D regardless of the levels of needle damage. Incidences of larvae entering diapause when they were fed with intact, 25%–40% and 75%–90% damaged pine needles were 51.7%, 70.8% and 81% under 13.5:10.5 L:D, respectively. Similar results were obtained in the field experiment. Incidence of diapause was significantly different among the pine needle damage levels of pine trees when the photoperiod was close to the critical day length, indicating that the effect of host plants on diapause induction was dependent on the range of photoperiod. The content of amino acid and sugar decreased and tannin increased in pine needles after feeding by the pine caterpillars, suggesting that changed levels of nutrients in damaged needles or a particular substance emitted by damaged pine trees was perhaps involved in the diapause induction of the pine caterpillar.