人RANTES基因克隆及其体外表达

1995年,Cocchi等[1]发现RANTES、MIP-1α和MIP-1β等β-趋化因子具有抗HIV-1感染活性.1997年,Feng等[2]和Deng等[3]证实β-趋化因子受体CXCR4和CCR5分别是HIV-1侵染T淋巴细胞和巨噬细胞的辅助受体(co-receptor).T淋巴细胞嗜性(T-tropism)分离株被称为X4毒株,巨噬细胞嗜性(M-tropism)分离株则被称为R5毒株[4].RANTES与CCR5有着高度的亲和力,二者的结合可对HIV-1的细胞附着产生空间位阻效应,并下调CCR5在细胞表面的表达.这一结果使RANTES抗HIV-1感染机制在分子水平上得到合理的解释.最近,Garzino-Demo等[5]证明,β-趋化因子的诱导分泌与HIV-1感染后疾病进程的控制有着密切的关系,而且人群中β-趋化因子水平存在着显著的个体差异,表明β-趋化因子对艾滋病具有潜在的预防和治疗价值.为此,我们在克隆人RAN-TES基因的基础上,在体外转录与翻译系统中实现了该基因的表达,有利于今后进一步开展艾滋病的基因治疗.     

趋化因子基因对HIV-1外膜蛋白基因疫苗诱导的免疫应答的影响

研究趋化因子基因对HIV-1外膜蛋白基因疫苗诱导免疫应答的影响,以探求防治HIV的新策略.将pVAX1GP120联合RANTES、MIP-1α基因或者pVAX1GP120单独免疫Balb/c小鼠,采用ELISA检测免疫小鼠的特异性抗体和IFN-γ水平,用MTT比色法检测免疫小鼠脾淋巴细胞的增殖,用乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)试验检测小鼠特异性细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(CTL)的应答.与pVAX1GP120免疫组比较,pVAX1GP120联合RANTES、MIP-1d基因免疫组小鼠血清的抗HIV-1gp120抗体滴度升高,有显著性差异(p＜0.01);与pVAX1GP120免疫组比较,pVAX1GP120联合RANTES、MIP-1d基因免疫组小鼠血清的IFN-γ升高,有显著性差异(p＜0.01);pVAX1GP120联合RANTES、MIP-1α基因免疫组小鼠的脾淋巴细胞增殖实验刺激指数(SI)以及特异性CTL活性均高于pVAX1GP120免疫组,有显著性差异(p＜0.01).RANTES、MIP-1α基因联合HIV-1外膜蛋白基因疫苗免疫小鼠,可能增强HIV特异性Th1细胞和CTL反应,RANTES、MIP-1α基因对体液免疫有加强作用.因此,RANTES、MIP- 1α基因对于HIV-1外膜蛋白基因疫苗具有较好应用前景的免疫佐剂.     

趋化因子基因对HIV-1外膜蛋白基因疫苗诱导的免疫应答的影响

研究趋化因子基因对HIV-1外膜蛋白基因疫苗诱导免疫应答的影响,以探求防治HIV的新策略。将 pVAX1GP120联合RANTES、MIP-1α基因或者pVAX1GP120单独免疫Balb／c小鼠,采用ELISA检测免疫小鼠 的特异性抗体和IFN-γ水平,用MTT比色法检测免疫小鼠脾淋巴细胞的增殖,用乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)试验检测小 鼠特异性细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(CTL)的应答。与pVAX1GP120免疫组比较,pVAX1GP120联合RANTES、MIP- 1α基因免疫组小鼠血清的抗HIV-1gp120抗体滴度升高,有显著性差异(p<0．01);与pVAX1GP120免疫组比较, pVAX1GP120联合RANTES、MIP-1α基因免疫组小鼠血清的IFN-γ升高,有显著性差异(p<0．01); pVAX1GP120联合RANTES、MIP-1α基因免疫组小鼠的脾淋巴细胞增殖实验刺激指数(SI)以及特异性CTL活性 均高于pVAX1GP120免疫组,有显著性差异(p<0．01)。RANTES、MIP-1α基因联合HIV-1外膜蛋白基因疫苗免 疫小鼠,可能增强HIV特异性Th1细胞和CTL反应,RANTES、MIP-1α基因对体液免疫有加强作用。因此, RANTES、MIP-1α基因对于HIV-1外膜蛋白基因疫苗具有较好应用前景的免疫佐剂。     

趋化因子受体 CCR5 亲合短肽的筛选

趋化因子受体 5 (CCR5) 是 HIV-1 与宿主细胞结合的辅助因子之一,其功能缺失或被 CCR5 拮抗剂封闭则会阻止 HIV-1 感染细胞 . 为得到与 CCR5 特异结合的肽类拮抗剂,采用噬菌体展示技术,以稳定表达 CCR5 的 CHO 细胞 (CHO/CCR5) 作为靶标,通过噬菌体随机 12 肽库筛选与 CCR5 特异结合的多肽;经过四轮筛选后,挑选 20 个阳性噬菌体克隆进行测序,从中得到 11 个含有 AFDWTFVPSLIL 序列的小分子肽 . 含该序列的噬菌体能与抗人 CCR5 单抗 (2D7) 竞争性结合 CCR5 ,且合成肽 AFDWTFVPSLIL 对趋化因子 RANTES 与 CHO/CCR5 的结合具有明显的抑制作用,初步证明该小肽与 CCR5 具有特异性结合作用 .     

细胞内表达CCR5Delta32蛋白对HIV-1感染抑制作用的研究

人CCR5Delta32突变个体能有效抵制HIV-1感染,主要是由于该个体淋巴细胞内表达的CCR5Delta32突变蛋白能通过反式显性失活效应(TDN)抑制细胞表面HIV-1辅受体CCR5和CXCR4的产生．通过构建CCR5Delta32慢病毒载体,体外转染人外周血单个核细胞(PBMCs),研究细胞内表达CCR5Delta32蛋白对HIV-1感染的抑制作用．结果表明,表达CCR5Delta32蛋白的人PBMCs对HIV-1 R5、X4及R5X4毒株感染均具有显著的抑制作用．这些工作为后续的AIDS基因治疗研究奠定了基础．     

CCR5及其拮抗剂的研究进展

趋化因子CCR5,作为G蛋白偶联因子超家族(GPCR)成员的细胞膜蛋白,是HIV-1入侵机体细胞的主要辅助受体之一。以CCR5为靶点的HIV-1受体拮抗剂越来越受关注,主要有趋化因子衍生物、非肽类小分子化合物、单克隆抗体、肽类化合物等四类。这些抗病毒活性强、高亲和力的CCR5拮抗剂,已有一部分进入了临床试验阶段。本文对近年来CCR5拮抗剂的相关研究进展进行综述。     

RANTES的多聚化及其意义

RANTES可以单体,双体和多聚体等形式存在,单体和双体形式的RANTES受体为CCR1,CCR3,CCR4和CCR5,而多聚体GAG。Glu26和Glu66在RANTES的多聚化过程中起着重要的作用。多聚体的RANTES与Jak2,Jak3和Src kinase p56(lck)等酪氨酸磷酸化有关,活化T细胞,单个核细胞及巨噬细胞,并可增强HIV的复制。     

脑微血管内皮细胞条件培养液对MIP-1β诱导大鼠小胶质细胞迁移影响的机制

目的:研究经通络方药作用后的脑微血管内皮细胞条件培养液对MIP-1β诱导的大鼠小胶质细胞迁移的影响,以及由MIP-1β在小胶质细胞上的受体-CCR5介导细胞信号转导通路的调控作用.方法:将通络方药作用后的大鼠脑微血管内皮细胞条件培养液加入到由5nM MIP-1β刺激6h后的原代大鼠小胶质细胞中,利用Transwell细胞迁移系统来观察小胶质细胞迁移,用Western blot法检测小胶质细胞CCR5,p-p38,P-JNK表达情况.结果:脑微血管内皮细胞条件培养液能够显著减少小胶质细胞迁移到Transwell下层的细胞数量(P<0.01),降低小胶质细胞上MIP-1β的受体CCR5表达,同时抑制了其下游信号蛋白p38和JNK的磷酸化.结论:通络方药作用后的脑微血管内皮细胞务件培养液可抑制由MIP-1β诱导的大鼠小胶质细胞迁移,其作用发挥可能是通过抑制MIP-1β的受体CCR5表达,降低了其下游通路上p38和JNK蛋白磷酸化程度实现.     

TALENs介导的CCR5△32/△32突变赋予CD4+ U87细胞抵抗HIV-1感染的能力

CCR5Δ32/Δ32(C C chemokine receptor type 5,CCR5)基因型的骨髓干细胞移植,可以治愈感染人免疫缺陷病毒-1（HIV-1）的患者。本研究运用TALENs结合同源重组技术产生纯合子的CCR5△32/△32突变,并赋予CD4+ U87 细胞抵抗HIV-1感染的能力。首先,采用重叠延伸PCR合成 CCR5△32 donor DNA。构建CCR5-TALENs 和CCR5△1-TALENs质粒,将CCR5-TALENs 及CCR5△1-TALENs质粒分别结合CCR5△32 donor DNA,共转染野生型CD4+ U87 细胞。其次,用T7E1酶切分析转染后的TALENs和CCR5△1-TALENs打靶效率。通过单克隆培养筛选CCR5△32/△32突变的单克隆细胞。最后,将CCR5△32/△32 CD4+ U87 细胞和野生型CD4+ U87细胞进行Bal HIV-1病毒攻击实验,采用ELISA方法检测上清中P24抗原含量。测序结果表明,通过重叠延伸PCR成功获得1 602 bp CCR5△32 donor DNA;CCR5-TALENs 质粒第1轮、第2轮和第3轮转染,打靶效率分别为14.80%, 38.20%和50.40%;从29个单个细胞培养的克隆中成功筛选出1个CCR5△32/△1基因型CD4+ U87细胞,CCR5与CCR5△32 donor DNA之间同源重组效率为1.7%; CCR5△1-TALEN质粒第2轮转染,打靶效率为23.5%,从34个单细胞培养的克隆中筛选出3个CCR5△32/△32 基因型CD4+ U87细胞,CCR5与CCR5△32 donor DNA之间同源重组效率达到8.8%。Bal HIV-1攻击实验表明,野生型CD4+ U87细胞培养上清第2、4、6、8、10、12 d,平均P24抗原含量分别为58.47±2.35、162.23±4.78、458.78±27.34、613.35±26.78、580.35±24.73、483.34±30.85 pg/mL。而CCR5△32/△32基因型CD4+ U87细胞的培养上清平均P24抗原含量分别为11.30±1.76、5.13±0.88、3.43±0.44、3.84±0.69、3.21±0.44、4.24±0.46 pg/mL。本研究表明,TALENs 结合同源重组技术无缝隙地介导了CCR5△32/△32突变,并赋予了CD4+ U87细胞抵抗HIV-1感染的能力。     

Enhancement of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection by the CC-Chemokine RANTES Is Independent of the Mechanism of Virus-Cell Fusion

We have studied the effects of CC-chemokines on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection, focusing on the infectivity enhancement caused by RANTES. High RANTES concentrations increase the infectivity of HIV-1 isolates that use CXC-chemokine receptor 4 for entry. However, RANTES can have a similar enhancing effect on macrophagetropic viruses that enter via CC-chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5), despite binding to the same receptor as the virus. Furthermore, RANTES enhances the infectivity of HIV-1 pseudotyped with the envelope glycoprotein of murine leukemia virus or vesicular stomatitis virus, showing that the mechanism of enhancement is independent of the route of virus-cell fusion. The enhancing effects of RANTES are not mediated via CCR5 or other known chemokine receptors and are not mimicked by MIP-1α or MIP-1β. The N-terminally modified derivative aminooxypentane RANTES (AOP-RANTES) efficiently inhibits HIV-1 infection via CCR5 but otherwise mimics RANTES by enhancing viral infectivity. There are two mechanisms of enhancement: one apparent when target cells are pretreated with RANTES (or AOP-RANTES) for several hours, and the other apparent when RANTES (or AOP-RANTES) is added during virus-cell absorption. We believe that the first mechanism is related to cellular activation by RANTES, whereas the second is an increase in virion attachment to target cells.     

LD78beta, a non-allelic variant of human MIP-1alpha (LD78alpha), has enhanced receptor interactions and potent HIV suppressive activity.

Chemokines play diverse roles in inflammatory and non-inflammatory situations via activation of heptahelical G-protein-coupled receptors. Also, many chemokine receptors can act as cofactors for cellular entry of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in vitro. CCR5, a receptor for chemokines MIP-1alpha (LD78alpha), MIP-1beta, RANTES, and MCP2, is of particular importance in vivo as polymorphisms in this gene affect HIV infection and rate of progression to AIDS. Moreover, the CCR5 ligands can prevent HIV entry through this receptor and likely contribute to the control of HIV infection. Here we show that a non-allelic isoform of human MIP-1alpha (LD78alpha), termed LD78beta or MIP-1alphaP, has enhanced receptor binding affinities to CCR5 (approximately 6-fold) and the promiscuous beta-chemokine receptor, D6 (approximately 15-20-fold). We demonstrate that a proline residue at position 2 of MIP-1alphaP is responsible for this enhanced activity. Moreover, MIP-1alphaP is by far the most potent natural CCR5 agonist described to date, and importantly, displays markedly higher HIV1 suppressive activity than all other human MIP-1alpha isoforms examined. In addition, while RANTES has been described as the most potent inhibitor of CCR5-mediated HIV entry, MIP-1alphaP was as potent as, if not more potent than, RANTES in HIV-1 suppressive assays. This property suggests that MIP-1alphaP may be of importance in controlling viral spread in HIV-infected individuals.     

Soluble CD40 ligand induces beta-chemokine production by macrophages and resistance to HIV-1 entry

CD40 ligand (CD40L) is a cell surface molecule of CD4(+)T cells that interacts with its receptor CD40 on antigen presenting cells to mediate thymus-dependent humoral immunity and inflammatory reactions. We report here that treating monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) with a trimeric soluble form of CD40L (CD40LT) induced them to secrete high levels of the beta-chemokines RANTES, MIP-1alpha and MIP-1beta that are ligands for CCR5 and able to inhibit HIV-1 entry. CD40LT inhibited the entry of M-tropic HIV-1 reporter viruses. Furthermore, supernatants obtained from CD40LT-stimulated macrophages protected CEMx174-CCR5 cells from infection by HIV-1(JRFL)reporter virus. The inhibitory activity appeared to be due to beta-chemokines present in the supernatant, since pretreating them with a cocktail of antibodies to RANTES, MIP-1alpha and MIP-1beta neutralized the inhibitory activity of the supernatants. In addition, treating monocytes with CD40LT caused CCR5 and CD4 to be downregulated from the cell surface. In vivo, macrophages activated through CD40 could interfere with HIV replication.     

Highly potent RANTES analogues either prevent CCR5-using human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in vivo or rapidly select for CXCR4-using variants

The natural ligands for the CCR5 chemokine receptor, macrophage inflammatory protein 1alpha (MIP-1alpha), MIP-1beta, and RANTES (regulated on T-cell activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted), are known to inhibit human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) entry, and N-terminally modified RANTES analogues are more potent than native RANTES in blocking infection. However, potent CCR5 blocking agents may select for HIV-1 variants that use alternative coreceptors at less than fully inhibitory concentrations. In this study, two N-terminal chemical modifications of RANTES produced by total synthesis, aminooxypentane (AOP)-RANTES[2-68] and N-nonanoyl (NNY)-RANTES[2-68], were tested for their ability to prevent HIV-1 infection and to select for coreceptor switch variants in the human peripheral blood lymphocyte-SCID mouse model. Mice were infected with a CCR5-using HIV-1 isolate that requires only one or two amino acid substitutions to use CXCR4 as a coreceptor. Even though it achieved lower circulating concentrations than AOP-RANTES (75 to 96 pM as opposed to 460 pM under our experimental conditions), NNY-RANTES was more effective in preventing HIV-1 infection. However, in a subset of treated mice, these levels of NNY-RANTES rapidly selected viruses with mutations in the V3 loop of envelope that altered coreceptor usage. These results reinforce the case for using agents that block all significant HIV-1 coreceptors for effective therapy.     

Genetic Subtype-Independent Inhibition of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Replication by CC and CXC Chemokines

We have studied the breadth and potency of the inhibitory actions of the CC chemokines macrophage inhibitory protein 1α (MIP-1α), MIP-1β, and RANTES against macrophage-tropic (M-tropic) primary isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and of the CXC chemokine stromal cell-derived factor 1α against T-cell-tropic (T-tropic) isolates, using mitogen-stimulated primary CD4⁺ T cells as targets. There was considerable interisolate variation in the sensitivity of HIV-1 to chemokine inhibition, which was especially pronounced for the CC chemokines and M-tropic strains. However, this variation was not obviously dependent on the genetic subtype (A through F) of the virus isolates. Peripheral blood mononuclear cell donor-dependent variation in chemokine inhibition potency was also observed. Among the CC chemokines, the rank order for potency (from most to least potent) was RANTES, MIP-1β, MIP-1α. Some M-tropic isolates, unexpectedly, were much more sensitive to RANTES than to MIP-1β, whereas other isolates showed sensitivities comparable to those of these two chemokines. Down-regulation of the CCR5 and CXCR4 receptors occurred in cells treated with the cognate chemokines and probably contributes to anti-HIV-1 activity. Thus, for CCR5, the rank order for down-regulation was also RANTES, MIP-1β, MIP-1α.     

Macrophage inflammatory protein 1alpha inhibits postentry steps of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection via suppression of intracellular cyclic AMP

Primary isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) predominantly use chemokine receptor CCR5 to enter target cells. The natural ligands of CCR5, the beta-chemokines macrophage inflammatory protein 1alpha (MIP-1alpha), MIP-1beta, and RANTES, interfere with HIV-1 binding to CCR5 receptors and decrease the amount of virions entering cells. Although the inhibition of HIV-1 entry by beta-chemokines is well documented, their effects on postentry steps of the viral life cycle and on host cell components that control the outcome of infection after viral entry are not well defined. Here, we show that all three beta-chemokines, and MIP-1alpha in particular, inhibit postentry steps of the HIV-1 life cycle in primary lymphocytes, presumably via suppression of intracellular levels of cyclic AMP (cAMP). Productive HIV-1 infection of primary lymphocytes requires cellular activation. Cell activation increases intracellular cAMP, which is required for efficient synthesis of proviral DNA during early steps of viral infection. Binding of MIP-1alpha to cognate receptors decreases activation-induced intracellular cAMP levels through the activation of inhibitory G proteins. Furthermore, inhibition of one of the downstream targets of cAMP, cAMP-dependent PKA, significantly inhibits synthesis of HIV-1-specific DNA without affecting virus entry. These data reveal that beta-chemokine-mediated inhibition of virus replication in primary lymphocytes combines inhibitory effects at the entry and postentry levels and imply the involvement of beta-chemokine-induced signaling in postentry inhibition of HIV-1 infection.     

Molecular anatomy of CCR5 engagement by physiologic and viral chemokines and HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins: differences in primary structural requirements for RANTES, MIP-1 alpha, and vMIP-II Binding.

Molecular analysis of CCR5, the cardinal coreceptor for HIV-1 infection, has implicated the N-terminal extracellular domain (N-ter) and regions vicinal to the second extracellular loop (ECL2) in this activity. It was shown that residues in the N-ter are necessary for binding of the physiologic ligands, RANTES (CCL5) and MIP-1 alpha (CCL3). vMIP-II, encoded by the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, is a high affinity CCR5 antagonist, but lacks efficacy as a coreceptor inhibitor. Therefore, we compared the mechanism for engagement by vMIP-II of CCR5 to its interaction with physiologic ligands. RANTES, MIP-1 alpha, and vMIP-II bound CCR5 at high affinity, but demonstrated partial cross-competition. Characterization of 15 CCR5 alanine scanning mutants of charged extracellular amino acids revealed that alteration of acidic residues in the distal N-ter abrogated binding of RANTES, MIP-1 alpha, and vMIP-II. Whereas mutation of residues in ECL2 of CCR5 dramatically reduced the binding of RANTES and MIP-1 alpha and their ability to induce signaling, interaction with vMIP-II was not altered by any mutation in the exoloops of the receptor. Paradoxically, monoclonal antibodies to N-ter epitopes did not block chemokine binding, but those mapped to ECL2 were effective inhibitors. A CCR5 chimera with the distal N-ter residues of CXCR2 bound MIP-1 alpha and vMIP-II with an affinity similar to that of the wild-type receptor. Engagement of CCR5 by vMIP-II, but not RANTES or MIP-1 alpha blocked the binding of monoclonal antibodies to the receptor, providing additional evidence for a distinct mechanism for viral chemokine binding. Analysis of the coreceptor activity of randomly generated mouse-human CCR5 chimeras implicated residues in ECL2 between H173 and V197 in this function. RANTES, but not vMIP-II blocked CCR5 M-tropic coreceptor activity in the fusion assay. The insensitivity of vMIP-II binding to mutations in ECL2 provides a potential rationale to its inefficiency as an antagonist of CCR5 coreceptor activity. These findings suggest that the molecular anatomy of CCR5 binding plays a critical role in antagonism of coreceptor activity.     

Study of the role of CCR5 in a mouse model of intranasal challenge with Yersinia pestis

CCR5 is a chemokine receptor used by HIV-1 to enter cells and has recently been found to act as a pathogen associated molecule pattern receptor. Current positive selection for the high frequency of a CCR5-Delta32 allele in humans has been attributed to resistance to HIV, smallpox, and plague infections. Using an intranasal mouse model of Y. pestis infection, we have found that lack of CCR5 does not enhance host resistance to Y. pestis infection and that CCR5-mediated responses might have a protective role. CCR5-/- mice exhibited higher levels of circulating RANTES and MIP-1alpha than those exhibited by wild-type mice at the baseline and throughout the course of Y. pestis infection. High levels of RANTES and MIP-1alpha, which are CCR5 ligands that mediate Natural Killer cell migration, may reflect compensation for the absence of CCR5 signaling.     

CCR5 Mutations Distinguish N-Terminal Modifications of RANTES (CCL5) with Agonist versus Antagonist Activity

CCR5 is the major HIV-1 entry coreceptor. RANTES/CCL5 analogs are more potent inhibitors of infection than native chemokines; one class activates and internalizes CCR5, one neither activates nor internalizes, and a third partially internalizes without activation. Here we show that mutations in CCR5 transmembrane domains differentially impact the activity of these three inhibitor classes, suggesting that the transmembrane region of CCR5, a key interaction site for inhibitors, is a sensitive molecular switch, modulating receptor activity.