不同饲料对小峰熊蜂工蜂群发育的影响

糖和花粉对熊蜂的生长发育和繁殖起重要作用。本研究测定和分析了2种糖源（白砂糖、蜂蜜）和5种花粉（杏花粉、油菜花粉、向日葵花粉、玉米花粉、茶花粉）的饲料组合对小峰熊蜂Bombus hypocrita的无王工蜂群寿命、产卵前期时间、产卵量、幼虫拖出数、卵杯数、雄蜂出房时间和子代雄蜂数量的影响。结果表明： 只饲喂糖类食物时, 工蜂寿命显著短于有花粉的饲料组, 而且工蜂不产卵。含有花粉的各饲料组之间工蜂寿命存在显著差异, 饲喂玉米花粉的工蜂寿命小于其他4种花粉组。在工蜂产卵前期时间和卵杯数量方面, 10种含有花粉的饲料组之间差异不显著; 但在产卵量、幼虫拖出数、雄蜂出房时间和子代雄蜂数量等方面, 各饲料组之间差异较大。白砂糖和杏花粉组的产卵量最高; 杏花粉组和茶花粉组的幼虫拖出数量显著低于其他花粉组; 油菜花粉组和杏花粉组的雄蜂出房时间显著短于其他花粉组; 杏花粉组的子代雄蜂数量显著高于其他饲料组。结果显示不同饲料组合对小峰熊蜂工蜂群的发育影响很大。因此建议在熊蜂的人工繁育过程中, 在不同的发育阶段应给予不同的饲料配方。     

Asymmetric effects of adult nutrition on reproductive success of male and female Diaeretiella rapae (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae)

The role of diet supplements (honey, water or no supplements) on egg maturation, oviposition strategy and longevity of the parasitic wasp Diaeretiella rapae McIntosh (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) is investigated. Parasitoids feed as larvae on hosts to acquire nutrition for growth and development, and further gain additional resources during their adult stage by feeding on either host or nonhost resources. The additional resources acquired by adults can help them to increase their reproductive activity or life expectancy, or both. Diaeretiella rapae females emerge with some developed eggs and no additional resources are required for egg maturation or successful oviposition. Females are able to oviposit and produce viable offspring immediately after emergence, and the number of eggs left in the ovaries of females decreases with subsequent oviposition, suggesting that ovigeny index of D. rapae is inclined towards pro‐ovigenic status. When unmated males and females are offered honey solution, females are attracted to it, whereas males display courtship and make mating attempts but then feed on honey after mating. The oviposition efficiency of female D. rapae increases by 30% when they feed on honey compared with when starved. Honey‐fed D. rapae adults live significantly longer (almost twice as long) than starved adults. Honey‐fed females deprived of hosts live longer than those offered hosts regularly. The positive effects of honey‐feeding on longevity are greater in females than in males. Taken together, the results of the present study suggest that the provision of additional resources to adult D. rapae parasitoids could enhance their life expectancy and parasitism efficiency in biological control programmes.     

Effect of host egg viability on reproduction and development of Trichogramma cacoeciae and T. principium (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)

A combination of a sterile insect technique, resulting in infertile eggs, and of an egg parasitoid, should provide better control of codling moth than either alone. Non-choice laboratory experiments were conducted with infertile and fertile codling moth eggs to evaluate the potential parasitism and reproduction of Trichogramma cacoeciae Marchal and T. principium Sug. et Sor. The tendency of T. cacoeciae females to attack infertile eggs was similar to that for fertile eggs, whereas T. principium showed a greater preference for infertile eggs than fertile eggs. The fertility status of the host did not affect the number of eggs that were parasitized but fewer F₁ progeny emerged from infertile eggs when parasitized than from fertile eggs. When T. cacoeciae and T. principium parasitized infertile host eggs their mean developmental time was prolonged but the viability and quality of parasitoid progeny was not influenced by the fertility status of the host eggs. The study demonstrates the compatibility of use of T. cacoeciae and T. principium in an integrated program employing the sterile insect technique for codling moth management.     

Adult feeding and lifetime reproductive success in the parasitoid Aphytis melinus

The diet of adult females of the parasitoid Aphytis melinus DeBach (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) includes host insects and sugar-rich foods such as nectar and honeydew. We compared the contributions of host feeding to longevity and fecundity in A. melinus females in the presence and in the absence of honey meals. First, we assessed the longevity of females that were not allowed to oviposit. While the longevity of females fed honey was significantly increased by host feeding (median ages were 30.5 days for host-fed females and 17 days for females not allowed to host feed), the lifespan of parasitoids not fed honey did not exceed 3 days for any individual and there was no effect of host feeding on longevity in this group. In the second set of experiments, we assessed the fecundity and longevity of females allowed to oviposit. We conducted two experiments, one in which honey was continuously available, and one in which honey was not available. In both experiments, daily observations were made of females that were either allowed to host feed or manually prevented from host feeding. In the presence of honey, host feeding significantly increased both fecundity and longevity, and in the absence of honey, parasitoids died within 2 days and host feeding had no significant effect on either fecundity or longevity. The lifetime fecundity of females fed honey but not hosts exceeded the initial egg complement by 60% on average. Approximately one host per day was used for host feeding whether honey was supplied or not, and each host-feeding meal contributed approximately 3.9 eggs to the lifetime fecundity of honey-fed females. In the last experiment, we compared the rate of egg resorption over a 36-h period in A. melinus females that were deprived of hosts and either fed honey or starved. While no egg resorption was detected in honey-fed females over this time period, starved females resorbed approximately 9 eggs. Thus, the availability of a sugar-rich food interacts strongly with host feeding in influencing longevity and fecundity and has a strong direct effect on egg resorption.     

The effect of adult feeding on the fecundity,weight loss and survival of the pine beauty moth,Panolis flammea (D&S)

Summary Adult females of the pine beauty moth, Panolis flammea, fed on a saturated honey solution, laid significantly more eggs than those individuals given water only or not fed at all.At 20°, the longevity of both male and female moths was significantly increased when they were supplied with a food source. At 10° fed male months were not significantly longer lived than unfed moths. Fed female moths at 10° were however, significantly longer lived than unfed individuals. At 20°, fed male moths lived longer than fed females (8.17 days as compared with 5.95 days). At 10°, fed female moths lived longer than fed males (16.00 days compared with 11.41 days).At 20°, weight loss in unfed females over the reproductive period was proportional to the number of eggs laid and the survival time of the individual. In fed females, no significant weight loss occurred over the reproductive period, irrespective of the number of eggs laid or the longevity of the individual.Egg production, even in fed females, over the life span of an individual was only a fifth of the total eggs present in the reproductive tract at eclosion.It is concluded that adult females of P. flammea are likely to require an extra external food source to achieve their full reproductive potential.     

Longevity and reproductive success of Aethina tumida (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) fed different natural diets

The longevity and reproductive success of newly emerged, unfed adult Aethina tumida Murray assigned different diets (control = unfed; honey-pollen; honey; pollen; empty brood comb; bee brood; fresh Kei apples; and rotten Kei apples) were determined. Longevity in honey-fed small hive beetle adults (average maximum: 167 d) was significantly higher than on other diets. Small hive beetles fed empty brood comb lived significantly longer (average maximum: 49.8 d) than unfed beetles (average maximum: 9.6 d). Small hive beetle offspring were produced on honey-pollen, pollen, bee brood, fresh Kei apples, and rotten Kei apples but not on honey alone, empty brood comb, or in control treatments. The highest reproductive success occurred in pollen fed adults (1773.8 +/- 294.4 larvae per three mating pairs of adults). The data also show that A. tumida can reproduce on fruits alone, indicating that they are facultative parasites. The pupation success and sex ratio of small hive beetle offspring were also analyzed. Larvae fed pollen, honey-pollen, or brood had significantly higher pupation success rates of 0.64, 0.73, and 0.65 respectively than on the other diets. Sex ratios of emerging adults fed diets of pollen or brood as larvae were significantly skewed toward females. Because small hive beetle longevity and overall reproductive success was highest on foodstuffs located in honey bee colonies, A. tumida are efficient at causing large-scale damage to colonies of honey bees resulting in economic injury for the beekeeper. Practical considerations for the control of A. tumida are briefly discussed.     

Changes in Biological Characteristics of Trichogramma pretiosum (Hym.: Trichogrammatidae) Reared on Eggs of Anagasta kuehniella (Lep.: Pyralidae) for 23 Generations

Possible changes in biological characteristics of Trichogramma pretiosum (Riley) (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) were monitored during 23 generations reared on eggs of Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), to determine quality control parameters in rearing procedures of this parasitoid. Parasitism rates (percent of eggs parasitized) of T. pretiosum varied from 10 to 76%, with lower values for the first four generations. From the 17th generation, the variability in the parasitism rate was lower. Viability (percent adult emergence rate) of T. pretiosum in eggs of A. kuehniella varied from 22 to 100%, again with lower values in earlier generations. Adult longevity of T. pretiosum varied from 5.3 to 15.9 days, and showed a reduced longevity with increasing number of generations. Sex ratio of the offspring of this parasitoid was not affected by the timing of parasitism on eggs of A. kuehniella.     

食物对棉铃虫生长发育及繁殖的影响

用棉花、花生、玉米及人工饲料作为食料,模拟幼虫田间取食习性,同时为雌蛾设立补充和无补充营养两个处理,研究了食物对棉铃虫 Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) 生长发育及繁殖的影响。4种食料组幼虫历期之间有显著差异;雌、雄蛹重花生组显著小于其余三组。雌蛾腹部干重及其脂肪百分含量与雌蛹体重的排列顺序一样,雌蛾腹部干重人工饲料组显著大于棉花组和花生组。雌蛾寿命和繁殖受幼虫食料和成虫食物的双重影响。喂10%蜂蜜时,雌蛾寿命、交配率和产卵量在四个幼虫食料组之间没有显著差异。但喂以清水时,花生组雌蛾均未交配,寿命和产卵量显著小于其余三组。从同种幼虫食料来看,除人工饲料组外,其余3组雌蛾喂清水时的产卵量和寿命均比喂10%蜂蜜溶液时的显著下降。基于这些结果,作者认为棉花、玉米比花生更适合于棉铃虫的生长发育和繁殖。在田间自然栽培状态下,不同食料植物的糖分含量对棉铃虫生长发育和繁殖影响较大,含氮量的变化影响小。     

Suitability of pollen sources for the development and reproduction of Coleomegilla maculata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) under simulated drought conditions

Laboratory experiments compared the nutritive value of various pollen sources for the development of Coleomegilla maculata DeGeer under conditions of continuous water availability and simulated drought. When water was continuously available, larval survival was not different from 100% on diets of frozen eggs of Ephestia kuehniella Zeller, corn pollen, sorghum pollen, or pulverized bee pollen, whereas survival of larvae was significantly reduced on the latter three diets in the simulated drought treatment. Pollen of cultivated sunflower, Helianthus annus L., proved fatal to both larvae and adults; its surface structure caused clumping and accumulation on the insect cuticle that led to death from exhaustion/desiccation in petri dishes. The Ephestia egg diet yielded shorter developmental times and heavier adult weights than any pollen diet in both treatments. The drought treatment increased developmental time on all diets with a significant treatment–diet interaction. Drought reduced the adult weight of females on the sorghum pollen diet, and that of both sexes on the bee pollen diet, again with a significant treatment–diet interaction. Initial water content was highest in corn pollen (36.8%), followed by Ephestia eggs (29.2%), sorghum pollen (25.3%), sunflower pollen (8.7%), and bee pollen (4.6%), but did not appear correlated with C. maculata larval survival on pollen sources under drought conditions. Reproductive adult females that received corn or sorghum pollen as a supplement to Ephestia eggs did not differ in fecundity or fertility from those fed only Ephestia eggs.     

取食不同糖分对卵育型寄生蜂潜蝇姬小蜂雌蜂寿命和卵子发生的影响

取食糖类物质有利于延长具寄主取食特性的卵育型寄生蜂的寿命。为了明确自然界常见糖分对卵育型寄生蜂的营养功能差异, 本研究比较了取食葡萄糖、 果糖、 蔗糖、 海藻糖和松三糖5种常见糖分对斑潜蝇类害虫的优势寄生蜂潜蝇姬小蜂Diglyphus isaea雌蜂寿命和卵子发生的影响。结果显示: 取食5种糖均能显著延长雌蜂寿命（P<0.0001）; 取食果糖的雌蜂寿命显著长于取食葡萄糖、 蔗糖、 海藻糖和松三糖的雌蜂寿命（P<0.0001）, 取食葡萄糖、 蔗糖和海藻糖3个处理间差异不显著（P>0.4234）, 但均显著长于取食松三糖（P<0.0001）; 同时, 各个处理的雌蜂寿命与其个体大小均分别呈显著正相关关系。初羽化雌蜂卵巢中没有Ⅲ级卵子（即成熟卵子）; 清水处理的雌蜂, 24 h后卵巢中Ⅲ级卵子达到高峰, 48 h时则全部重吸收; 而取食5种糖的雌蜂, 卵巢中的Ⅲ级卵子和总卵子数量整体上均呈现先显著上升而后逐步下降的趋势, 取食不同糖分的雌蜂卵子形成高峰期的时间不同, 而且取食不同糖分的雌蜂间Ⅲ级卵子高峰日数量和总卵子高峰日数量均无显著差异（P>0.05）。该研究结果为潜蝇姬小蜂的大量室内饲养和田间释放提供了依据。     

Host influences on sex ratio, longevity, and egg load of two Metaphycus species parasitic on soft scales: implications for insectary rearing

Metaphycus flavus (Howard) and M. stanleyi Compere (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) are currently being screened for use as augmentative biological control agents of citrus-infesting soft scales (Homoptera: Coccidae). Two factors were investigated, host quality-dependent sex allocation and local mate competition, which likely influence these parasitoid's sex allocation strategies and are therefore of interest for their mass-rearing. The results of these studies suggested that, under the mass-rearing protocol that is envisioned for these parasitoids, offspring sex ratios in both M. flavus and M. stanleyi are dominated by host quality (= size) influences, but not by interactions with other females. These results indicated that host size strongly influences offspring sex ratios and brood sizes; larger hosts led to more female offspring and larger broods. In contrast, increasing the number of parental females did not lead to fewer female offspring as expected under local mate competition. Additionally, within-brood sex ratios did not vary with brood size; this result is inconsistent with expected sex ratios due to local mate competition. Other results also indicated that host quality was a dominant influence on M. flavus' and M. stanleyi's sex ratios. Larger hosts led to a larger size in the emerging wasps, and larger wasps had greater egg loads and lived longer than smaller wasps. However, wasp longevity, and the influence of wasp size on longevity were mediated by a wasp's diet. Metaphycus flavus females lived the longest when they had access to hosts, honey, and water, followed by honey and water, and shortest when they had access to water alone; M. stanleyi females lived longest with honey and water, followed by hosts, honey, and water, and shortest with water alone. Greater wasp size led to greater longevity in females only when they had access to food (honey, or hosts and honey). Finally, other results suggested that both M. flavus and M. stanleyi are facultatively gregarious. Wasp size did not decrease with brood size as expected under superparasitism. Overall, the results of these studies suggested that holding newly emerged females of both M. flavus and M. stanleyi for several days in the presence of an appropriate food source before field release could enhance a female's performance as an augmentative biological control agent. It increases their initial life expectancy following release, and maximizes the females' egg load (both Metaphycus species) and resources for replacing oviposited eggs (M. flavus only).     

The effects of Eucalyptus pollen on longevity and fecundity of Eucalyptus longhorned borers (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

The longevity and fecundity of adult Phoracantha recurva and Phoracantha semipunctata were strongly affected by diet. Female P. recurva fed a diet of Eucalyptus pollen and sucrose solution lived 34-56% longer than females fed diets containing other types of pollen, ground dog chow, or sucrose solution alone. Diet had no significant effect on longevity of P. recurva males. Similarly, longevities of P. semipunctata females were increased 48-71% on the Eucalyptus pollen diet compared with the other diets. Male P. semipunctata also lived longer on the Eucalyptus pollen diet than most of the other diets. Fecundity was dramatically affected by diet, with P. recurva females fed the Eucalyptus pollen diet laying approximately 4-8 times more eggs than females on the other diets. Eucalyptus pollen also increased the fecundity of P. semipunctata females approximately 3-5-fold. Diet resulted in only minor effects on egg size and percent egg hatch for both beetle species.     

Effects of host larval stage preferences and diet on life history traits of Diadegma mollipla,an African parasitoid of the Diamondback Moth

Knowledge of the biological attributes of parasitoids plays a fundamental role in improved management of their pest hosts. Diadegma mollipla is a major indigenous parasitoid of the Diamondback Moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus), in Eastern Africa. Two laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the DBM larval stage preferences of D. mollipla and their influence on life history traits and the effect of different diets (20% honey, 20% sugar solution, water or nothing) on adult parasitoid longevity. In the first study, 60 DBM larvae (15 each of larval stages L1–L4) were exposed to either one adult parasitoid female or four competing females in choice experiments. When DBM larvae were exposed to one parasitoid, in terms of parasitism, L1 and L2 were found to be the most preferred stages, followed by L3 and then L4. Sex ratio (females/males) increased with host larval stage from 1.3 to 3.1. Pre-imaginal development time was longer in L1 than in the other three stages. When exposed to four parasitoids, no significant differences in parasitism rates and progeny production were obtained between DBM larval stages. However, sex ratio increased from 0.8 in L1 to 4.1 in L4. Developmental time was longest in L4, intermediate in L1 and L3, and shortest in L2. In the diet experiment, honey and sugar were found to significantly increase longevity for D. mollipla adults of both sexes. Overall, combined adult male and female longevity was 24.5, 9.9, 2.2 and 1.9 days when fed on honey, sugar, water or nothing, respectively.     

Body size as an indicator of parasitoid quality in male and female Anagyrus kamali (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae)

The parasitoid Anagyrus kamali Moursi was recently introduced into the Caribbean as a biological control agent against the hibiscus mealybug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus Green. In the laboratory, parasitoid size, as measured by left hind tibia length, was positively correlated with several indicators of the parasitoid's fitness: longevity, mating preference, fecundity, reproductive longevity, progeny emergence and sex-ratio. When fed ad libidum with honey drops, large male parasitoids lived significantly longer (29.1 +/- 6.5 days) than small ones (18.4 +/- 5.7 days). Large females also lived significantly longer (35.4 +/- 10 days) than small females (27.9 +/- 9.6 days). Females showed no significant mating preference between large and small males. Lifetime fecundity was positively correlated with the size of adult females and ranged from 37 +/- 21 eggs for small females to 96 +/- 43 eggs for large ones. The reproductive longevity, daily oviposition rate, and number of progeny were also higher among large parasitoids. The sex ratio of progeny from small female parasitoids was higher (0.76 +/- 0.24) than that of large individuals (0.47 +/- 0.18).     

The fruit fly parasitoid Fopius arisanus: reproductive attributes of pre-released females and the use of added sugar as a potential food supplement in the field

Fopius (= Biosteres) arisanus (Sonan) (= Opius oophilus Fullaway) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is an egg-pupal parasitoid of tephritid fruit flies. Small scale releases of F. arisanus were undertaken in coffee, Coffea arabica L., on the island of Kauai, to evaluate its potential for suppression of fruit fly populations. In conjunction with field releases, assays were conducted to determine the quality of pre-released parasitoids. In addition, the suitability of various sugars as potential food supplements in the field was evaluated. Spermathecal dissection showed that >70% of a total 1.7 million females released in 1998 and 1999 were successfully mated. Moreover, a sperm rating of 2.5–2.6 indicated that the spermathecae of inseminated females were 50% full. There were 85-137 matured eggs (mean =101.7±11.5) in the ovaries of mated or virgin females. When honey was replaced with ripe coffee and water, ripe coffee, or water alone, 10 days after emergence, females remained alive for another 5.5, 5.4, and 4.9 days, respectively. There was corresponding deterioration in the ovaries of gravid females. Mean eggs of honey-deprived females declined from >100 to <70 shortly before their death. Suitability test of various sugars showed that females lived longer when fed with honey (26 days), maple syrup (25 days) or molasses (20 days). Moreover, females provided with these sugars produced mean cumulative progeny per female of 77.2±19, 67±7, and 81±14, respectively, during a 2-week egging period. Our findings provided a basis for development of field release strategy for F. arisanus.     

塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘防护林和自然群落中多枝柽柳的光合特征及水分利用效率

干旱区植物的生长和生存主要受水分限制,采用滴灌方式对防护林植物进行水分补给是维持人工生态屏障稳定性的重要手段.本研究通过测定塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘防护林和自然群落多枝柽柳的气体交换参数和稳定性碳同位素值,研究不同水分来源多枝柽柳的光合特征和水分利用效率.结果表明: 滴灌群落多枝柽柳受灌溉和土壤盐分的影响水势普遍较低;自然群落多枝柽柳清晨和正午水势较其他植物低,表明其遭受到严重的水分胁迫;滴灌群落多枝柽柳叶片净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(g_s)、胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)和最大光合速率(P_{n max})均明显低于自然群落多枝柽柳,表明滴灌群落多枝柽柳光合能力弱于自然群落多枝柽柳;灌溉造成的盐分胁迫导致滴灌群落多枝柽柳比自然群落拥有较高的长期水分利用效率.总之,现行的灌溉模式虽能提供防护林植物生长所需水分,但技术的缺陷和土壤盐分的积累可能会影响防护林体系的长期稳定性.     

不同营养源对稻虱缨小蜂寿命及寄生能力的影响

研究了蜂蜜、玉米花粉、大豆花、褐飞虱蜜露和黄脊飞虱蜜露对稻虱缨小蜂寿命、寄生能力以及寄生行为对稻虱缨小蜂寿命和存活率的影响。结果表明,蜂蜜、玉米花粉、褐飞虱蜜露和大豆花均能明显延长稻虱缨小蜂的寿命。并且显著地提高了对褐飞虱卵的寄生能力,其中蜂蜜最有效,大豆花次之,玉米花粉和褐飞虱蜜露这两种营养源以玉米花粉(水和褐飞虱蜜露+水的形式)对提高稻虱缨小蜂寿命最有效,而单一玉米花粉、花粉液、褐飞虱蜜露稀释液和纯褐飞虱蜜露均不能延长稻虱缨小蜂寿命,黄脊飞虱蜜露对稻虱缨小蜂的寿命和寄生能力均无影响。寄生行为对稻虱缨小蜂的寿命基本无影响。但致使其40～48h内的存活率提高,此后的存活率降低较快,在稻田周围的作物和植被上调查到约10种飞虱,非稻田生境能为稻田寄生性天敌提供寄主和食物,是理想的庇护所,对保护和提高稻田天敌种群数量,提高稻田天敌的生物控制作用。     

Biological aspects and life table parameters of the predacious mite,Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) consuming food types during immature stages and after adult emergence

To investigate the effect of food types on biological aspects and life table parameters of the predacious mite, Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor), immature stages were fed on pollen of maize, Zea mays L. and eggs of Tetranychus urticae Koch, while adult females were offered the same foods and the alternate shift of each food. All individuals of predator females reached adulthood when reared on maize pollen and prey eggs, but their life cycle was significantly longer on pollen than on prey. The shortest preoviposition period of N. californicus occurred after continuous feeding on T. urticae eggs, whereas the longest happened when fed on prey eggs switched to maize pollen. Continuous consuming of maize pollen showed the longest ovipositoin period for the predator, while rearing on maize pollen shifted to prey eggs exhibited the shortest duration. The longest longevity and highest sex ratio of females to total in N. californicus were recorded when continuously utilised pollen, whereas the shortest longevity and lowest sex ratio were noted when continuously consumed prey. On the contrary, the egg production and life table values of the predator were the highest by continuous feeding on prey eggs, while they were the lowest by continuous rearing on maize pollen. Therefore, feeding juveniles on prey eggs and adult females on maize pollen is better for long-term preservation of N. californicus females than continuous feeding on maize pollen due to a shorter developmental duration, a higher egg production and more favourable life table values.     

Feeding and breeding aspects of Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae) under laboratory conditions

Bionomic aspects of Stomoxys calcitrans (Linnaeus, 1758) (Diptera: Muscidae) were studied under laboratory conditions. For this reason, laboratory-rearing techniques were optimized at the National Veterinary School of Toulouse. The colony was maintained at 25 ± 2 °C, 50 ± 10% RH under a 12-hour light cycle and observed daily. The size of each adult cage is 30 x 30 x 30 cm and designed to house about 500-1,000 flies. The average cycle from egg to adult was 19.2 ± 1.7 days. The mean longevity of imagos was 9.3 ± 5.8 days and not significantly different between sexes. Stable flies were split into two groups; the first was fed with blood, honey and water, and the second was fed only with honey and water. The mean weight of a blood meal was 11.1 ± 3.8 mg with no significant differences between males and females. The mean longevity of non-blood fed flies was found to be significantly higher (10.4 ± 3.9 days) than those fed with blood. The maximum lifespan was shorter for non-blood fed males (17 days) and females (18 days) than for those fed with blood (females: 24 days, males: 23 days). Under these laboratory conditions, S. calcitrans rearing was successfully established. In the end, the number of expected generations of S. calcitrans and the net reproduction rate were estimated to be 11.8 generations/year and 16.2 living females per female respectively.     

东江外来齐氏罗非鱼个体繁殖力初步研究

于2011年1月至2011年12月,逐月在东江采集齐氏罗非鱼样本, 研究其个体繁殖力。结果表明, 齐氏罗非鱼属于多次产卵类型, 在东江的繁殖期约为5月初到10月底。个体绝对繁殖力(F)在4913~13129粒之间, 平均为7991粒;一次产卵量(F_b)在1997~6369粒之间, 平均为4114粒;体长相对繁殖力(F_L)在49~83粒/mm之间, 平均为62粒/mm;体质量相对繁殖力(F_W)在66~154粒/g之间, 平均为98粒/g。个体绝对繁殖力及一次产卵量与体长(L)呈幂函数相关, 与体质量(W)及净体质量(W_n)呈线性相关。相关回归式分别为:F=2.186L^1.6886 ;F_b =0.7243L^1.7796;F=50.184W + 3627.3;F_b=25.008W + 1952.2;F=58.783 W_n + 3553.4, F_b=28.939 W_n +1942。