植物的虫瘿与成瘿昆虫

虫瘿是植物组织遭受昆虫取食或产卵的刺激后,细胞加速分裂和异常分化而长成的畸形瘤状物或突起,它们是昆虫生活的"房子".介绍了虫瘿的形态多样性和形成过程,成瘿昆虫的多样性、生活史、寄生、食性和寄食现象,成瘿昆虫与寄主植物的关系以及人类对虫瘿的利用.     

昆虫消化酶抑制剂与害虫防治

生物源昆虫消化酶抑制剂主要包括蛋白酶抑制剂和淀粉酶抑制剂。昆虫消化酶抑制剂能通过降低或抑制昆虫蛋白酶或淀粉酶的活性,而影响昆虫的正常生长发育,使其生长缓慢,虚弱,甚至导致死亡。本文就生物源昆虫消化酶抑制剂对昆虫生化、生理代谢和生长发育的影响,消化酶抑制剂的作用机理,植物中昆虫消化酶抑制剂的诱导产生等进行了介绍。同时,探讨了生物源蛋白酶和淀粉酶抑制剂在害虫防治中的应用前景。     

Insect neurometamorphosis

Summary Sequential histological changes which characterize interganglionic connective shortening in Galleria mellonella have been investigated. Features correlated with eventual disappearance of the larval lamella generally corroborate those reported by Steopoe and Dornesco (1935) and Ashhurst and Richards (1964a). The lamella detaches from an enlarged perineurium, folds and delaminates, and is extensively invaded by granule-laden hemocytes. These appearances cannot be dismissed as artifacts for they do not occur prior to onset of metamorphosis, they consistently arise first in zones which are shortening, and they can be seen in hanging drop preparations. By 24–34 hours after pupal ecdysis the lamella becomes vanishingly thin about connectives which shorten, but not until 40–50 hours does it disappear from non-shortening connectives. By 120–130 hours a neural lamella with adult dimensions has been reconstituted. apparently by perineurial cells.While interganglionic connectives shorten constituent axons and tracheoles coil. This suggests an augmentation of intrinsic tractive forces, presumably due to a contraction or migration of extraneuronal elements. By 30–45 hours the connectives appear to have completed shortening, but the majority of axons are tightly coiled. The coils gradually slacken and are absent by 150 hours. Because their cylindrical form seems to be maintained throughout the shortening period we are not inclined to believe that the axons completely degenerate and subsequently reform. Excess axoplasm in shortening connectives probably undergoes degradation which is incomplete or partly compensated by volumetric adjustments.Supported by U.S. Public Health Service Research Grant NB-03845. We are grateful to Mrs. Nancy Luykx and Mrs. Cay Randall for technical assistance.     

昆虫的卵壳

介绍昆虫卵壳的表面结构,内部结构,生化特性和卵壳的形成过程,昆虫卵壳表面大多具有受精孔区花饰特征和有气孔分布,依昆虫种类而异,对昆虫卵壳蛋白的氨基酸组成和卵壳中的无机元素的种类和含量,以及维系卵壳的结构力和卵壳蛋白的分类地位,进行了探讨,并阐述昆虫卵壳的形成过程。提出了研究昆虫卵壳既有理论意义,又有实际意义。     

Insect pheromones

The evidence for intraspecies chemical communication in insects is reviewed, with emphasis on those studies where known organic compounds have been implicated. These signal-carrying chemicals are known as pheromones. There are two distinct types of pheromones, releasers and primers. Releaser pheromones initiate immediate behavioral responses in insects upon reception, while primer pheromones cause physiological changes in an animal that ultimately result in a behavior response. Chemically identified releaser pheromones are of three basic types: those which cause sexual attraction, alarm behavior, and recruitment. Sex pheromones release the entire repertoire of sexual behavior. Thus a male insect may be attracted to and attempt to copulate with an inanimate object that has sex pheromone on it. It appears that most insects are rather sensitive and selective for the sex pheromone of their species. Insects show far less sensitivity and chemospecificity for alarm pheromones. Alarm selectivity is based more on volatility than on unique structural features. Recruiting pheromones are used primarily in marking trails to food sources. Terrestrial insects lay continuous odor trails, whereas bees and other airborne insects apply the substances at discrete intervals. It appears that a complex pheromone system is used by the queen bee in the control of worker behavior. One well-established component of this system is a fatty acid, 9-ketodecenoic acid, produced by the queen and distributed among the workers. This compound prevents the development of ovaries in the workers and inhibits their queen-rearing activities. In addition, the same compound is used by virgin queen bees as a sex attractant.     

Insect chemoreception

Insect chemoreception is mediated by a large and diverse superfamily of seven-transmembrane domain receptors. These receptors were first identified in Drosophila, but have since been found in other insects, including mosquitoes and moths. Expression and functional analysis of these receptors have been used to identify receptor ligands and to map receptors to functional classes of neurons. Many receptors detect general odorants or tastants, whereas some detect pheromones. The non-canonical receptor Or83b, which is highly conserved across insect orders, dimerizes with odorant and pheromone receptors and is required for efficient localization of these proteins to dendrites of sensory neurons. These studies provide a foundation for understanding the molecular and cellular basis of olfactory and gustatory coding.     

Insect Induced Self-Pollination

Significant increase of pod production occurs inLupinus palaestinus Boiss. andL. pilosus Murr. following insect visits. The cause of this increase is investigated through (1) examination of the biology of pollination, (2) examination of pod production under various pollination conditions, (3) examination of cross pollination by genetical markers. All data strongly suggest that Insect Induced Self Pollination is the main factor in the increase of pod production of these species in nature.