中国外来入侵物种的分布与传入路径分析

外来物种入侵已成为全球性的环境问题,本文采用文献调研,实地考察与专家咨询相结合的方式,调查了全国陆生,淡水水生生态系统中外来入侵微生物,无脊椎动物,两栖爬行类,鱼类,鸟类,哺乳类,杂草,树木和海洋生态系统中外来入侵物种的种类及分类地位,起源,引入路径和环境影响等内容。查明我国共有283种外来入侵物种,其中外来入侵微生物,水生植物,陆生植物,水生无脊椎动物,陆生无脊椎动物,两栖爬行类,鱼类,哺乳类分别为19种,18种,170种,25种,33种,3种,10种和5种,来源于美洲,欧洲,亚洲,非洲,大洋洲的外来入侵物种分别占55.1%,21.7%,9.9%.8.1%和0.6%。我国对外来物种的引进存在一定程度的盲目性;50.%的外来入侵植物是作为牧草或饲料,观赏植物,纤维植物,药用植物,蔬菜,草坪模特而引进的;25%的外来入侵动物是用于养殖,观赏,生物防治的引种,对外来物种只重引进,疏于管理,也可能导致外来物种逃逸到自然环境中,造成潜在的环境意传入的;76.3%的外来入侵动物是由于检查不严,随贸易物品或运输工具传入我国的。因此,我国既要加强检疫工作,又要对外来物种的有意引进进行严格管理,实行外来物种引进的风险评估制度。     

四川唐家河羚牛、鬣羚、斑羚春冬季生境选择比较研究

1998年3月－1999年2月,在四川省青川县唐家河自然保护区,运用逐步判别分析的方法,对羚牛,鬣羚,斑羚春冬季对生境的利用进行了对比研究,研究结果表明,虽然它们在生境选择上有部分重叠,但是其对生境的利用方式均有显著的差异,在春季,羚牛主要利用海拔较高,食物丰富度高,灌木较大,离灌木较远的生境,鬣羚和斑羚主要利用海拔较低,食物丰富度中等,灌木较小,离灌木较近的生境,在冬季,羚牛主要利用坡度适中,海拔适中,乔木较大,乔木较稀,离乔木较远的生境,鬣羚主要利用坡度较陡,海拔较高,乔木较小,乔木较稀,离乔木适蝇的生境;斑羚主要利用坡度较缓,海拔较低,乔木较小,乔木较密,离乔木较近的生境。     

粘细菌生态多样性的初步研究

通过对河北,云南,青藏高原不同地区的粘细菌进行生态多样的研究,从42个样品中分离得到了10个属（Archangium,Myxococcus,Cystobacter,Corallococcus,Melittangium,Sorangium,Polyangium,Chondromyces,Angiococccus,Stigmatella)的150余株粘细菌,其中包括一些尚未有描述的菌株,有待鉴定,根据这些菌株的子实体结构,菌落形态,营养细胞,粘孢子形态等特征将它们初步鉴定到属,对这些特有自然生态环境的粘细菌按不同地点,植被,营养基质进行统计比较,结果表明,粘细菌生态分布极为广泛,具有丰富的生态多样性,以上结果为粘细菌生物资源的有效开发利用奠定了基础。     

生物教学中幻灯片的绘制

我们正跨入一个教育大跃进的时代,今后要发展普通中学,各级师范学校,大办农业中学,及各种专门的农校,为蚕桑中学,林业中学,渔业中学,茶业中学,果树中学,工生学校,体育学校……等,这对我们生物教师来讲,怎样进一步来改进生物教育学去适应即将到来的文化革命是一个迫切需要的问题。有关生物各科的教学是需要多种多样的形式和教具的,但这里电化教育是很重要的,可是其中如厂播,电影在国内现有的条件下受器材和电源的限制,尚难推行,而幻灯价格较便宜,也易自已制造,有许多地方自已制造出“土幻灯”,器材简单,而且用汽灯代替电灯,不受电源的限制,现在上海电影机械厂制造的5503式幻灯机,即可用汽灯放映,价格仅二十三元,各地均可函购,这是农村或边区中学也可以办到的。可是现     

磁疗法治疗颈椎病的应用进展

颈椎病是一种常见疾病,尤其中老年人的发病率较高,是一种骨质的退行性变化,颈椎骨质增生,形成骨赘或骨刺,颈椎的椎间隙缩小变窄,椎间孔变小,压迫神经根,如颈后部疼痛,上肢发生放射性疼痛,麻木,增生的骨赘或骨刺,压迫与刺激其周围软组织,引起软组织发生渗出与肿胀,又加重其压迫症状,增加患者的疾病痛苦,目前对颈椎病的治疗,尚无特殊效果的治疗方法。磁疗法是利用磁场治疗的方法,它已成为治疗颈椎病的有效方法,对于缓解颈椎病引起的症状,减轻患者的疾病痛苦,有着积极作用,恒定磁场与脉冲磁场,是磁疗法中常用的两种不同类型的磁场,恒定磁场是由…     

磁疗法治疗颈椎病的应用进展

颈椎病是一种常见疾病,尤其中老年人的发病率较高,是一种骨质的退行性变化,颈椎骨质增生,形成骨赘或骨刺,颈椎的椎间隙缩小变窄,椎间孔变小,压迫神经根,如颈后部疼痛,上肢发生放射性疼痛,麻木,增生的骨赘或骨刺,压迫与刺激其周围软组织,引起软组织发生渗出与肿胀,又加重其压迫症状,增加患的疾病痛苦,目前对颈椎病的治疗,尚无特殊效果的治疗方法。     

南岭行

深秋的赣南。起伏的峰峦,竹翠桔丹,斑斓如染;丰收的田野,稻浪滚滚,一片金黄;过冬的候鸟,穿梭不停,陪伴着送公粮的队伍,轻快歌唱。深秋的赣南。这红色的革命摇篮,毛主席居住和战斗过的地方,到处是一派欣欣向荣,蒸蒸日上的繁荣景象,令人神怡心旷! 1973年秋,一支由工人、科研工作者组成的红层考察分队,为了探索科学的奥秘,深入研究古新世地层和哺乳动物化石,又跋山涉水,来到红层广布的赣南。     

有机酸对Pd 、Cd的土壤化学行为和植株效应的影响

有机酸对Pd,Cd的络合作用将其对土壤吸附Pd,Cd的影响和植株效应差异的研究表明,柠檬酸,草酸与Pd,Cd络合能力的大小与重金属本身的性质有关,络合作用影响土壤对Pd,Cd的吸附量,柠檬酸降低土壤对Pd,Cd的吸附,草酸则增加土壤对Pd,Cd的吸附,水培试验表明,柠檬酸可减轻Pb对小麦,水稻幼苗的毒害,柠檬酸对Cd的植株外观毒性效应影响不显著,但能促使植株茎叶,根中Cd含量下降,Pd和Cd复合处理条件下,Cd存在促使水稻植株对Pd吸收量增加,Pd存在抑制水稻植株对Cd的吸收。     

蛇事琐谈

提起蛇,我还真有些话可说。各种各样的蛇,大的,小的,有毒的,无毒的,性情凶猛的,胆小如鼠的,见过不少;这样那样的蛇事,包括蛇的传说,蛇的新闻,蛇的趣谈等等,听过许多。在我还未开蒙读书的时候,从奶奶嘴巴里听到的第一个故事,就是“人心不足蛇吞象”。少年时代,我读的第一本科普知识读物,就是孩子们都爱看的《蛇岛的秘密》。后来进了地质学校,为使自己适应就要从事的野外工作,我认真地阅读过专著《中国毒蛇》一书。从地质学校毕业后,在地质队一干就是九年,足迹遍布云贵高原和桂东南的山山岭岭,在长期的野外作业和生活中,我接触最多的野生动物也就是蛇。后来我到了文艺界,根据民间传说,与我的师     

TNF-α 在肿瘤中的作用

肿瘤坏死因子是一个特别的,并具有多重功能的细胞因子,它在免疫调节,炎症反应,机体防御当中起着关键的作用。根据不同的细胞微环境,肿瘤坏死因子可以诱导多种反应,例如凋亡,坏死,血管生成,免疫细胞激活,细胞分化,细胞迁移。TNF在肿瘤当中是一把双刃剑。一方面,TNF是一个内源性的肿瘤促进因素,因为TNF可以刺激肿瘤细胞生长,增殖,侵袭,转移,血管生成。另一方面,TNF具有杀肿瘤细胞的作用。因此,如果可以调控肿瘤坏死因子的功能,将为癌症的治疗提供可能。     

辽宁省高等植物多样性编目

为给辽宁植物多样性保护提供本底数据, 更准确地评价植物濒危及保护等级, 以及更好地给农学、林学、生态学、系统学等研究提供可靠的基础性数据, 本文首次将几代人在辽宁境内发现的高等植物进行汇总、编目, 包括苔藓植物和维管束植物。苔藓植物根据正式发表的文献和中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所东北生物标本馆(IFP)馆藏采自辽宁省全域的苔藓植物标本编制。维管束植物主要根据5个方面的信息整理: 作者多年野外调查的一手资料、文献、同行交流、公众提供信息、标本等。编目内容包括辽宁省高等植物总名录、辽宁省栽培植物名录、辽宁省外来植物名录、辽宁省仅有栽培植物的科属目录、辽宁省仅有外来植物的科属目录; 编目中涉及的物种均有科属地位、中文名、拉丁名、生境、产地(县级), 总名录中附有每个物种的信息凭证, 包括标本信息、文献信息或照片依据。本编目共计收录植物254科1,176属3,241种73亚种447变种119变型。其中, 苔藓植物为辽宁地区首次披露名录信息, 计83科205属491种4亚种7变种(含藓类52科156属373种1亚种5变种, 苔类29科46属114种3亚种2变种, 角苔类2科3属4种)。维管束植物虽非首次披露名录信息, 但与以往发布的维管束植物名录相比, 本次收录的种类数最多, 计171科971属2,750种69亚种440变种119变型(含石松类植物2科3属13种, 蕨类植物17科39属83种2亚种7变种, 裸子植物5科19属47种1亚种13变种2变型, 被子植物147科910属2,607种66亚种420变种117变型)。经统计, 辽宁省所有苔藓植物均为本土野生植物。维管束植物中, 野生植物计149科741属2,077种62亚种378变种93变型(含石松类植物2科3属13种, 蕨类植物17科39属83种2亚种7变种, 裸子植物4科8属12种6变种1变型, 被子植物145科133属1,969种60亚种365变种92变型), 栽培植物计104科390属673种7亚种62变种26变型(含裸子植物5科17属35种1亚种7变种1变型, 被子植物99科373属638种6亚种55变种25变型); 本土植物计158科796属2,235种65亚种421变种116变型(含石松类植物2科3属13种, 蕨类植物17科39属83种2亚种7变种, 裸子植物5科14属29种12变种2变型, 被子植物134科740属2,110种63亚种402变种114变型), 外来植物计88科316属515种4亚种19变种3变型(含裸子植物3科10属18种1亚种1变种, 被子植物85科306属497种3亚种18变种3变型)。本编目仅是辽宁省高等植物的阶段性汇总, 尚需要根据野外工作的拓展和研究工作的深入不断完善。     

Ecology, disturbance and restoration of coastal saltmarsh in Australia: a review

It is clear that saltmarshes are a unique and important component of the coastal biosphere of Australia. Their contribution ranges from stabilisation of fine sediments and providing an excellent protective buffer between land and sea, to their diverse blend of terrestrial and marine fauna. Further, saltmarsh plants are highly specialised and adapted to fill a harsh niche allowing them to act in roles that other vegetation types cannot. Saltmarsh habitats are recognised for their importance to migratory waders under the Ramsar convention, but it is becoming increasingly evident that they are also important to a variety of commercially valuable fish and native mammal species. Activities that are detrimental to saltmarshes continue and need to be addressed in order to conserve remaining saltmarsh areas. In general, urbanisation of the catchment has lead to filling of saltmarshes, tidal restriction, use by recreational vehicles, grazing, trampling and increased sedimentation and nutrient runnoff allowing colonisation and invasion of mangroves. These disturbances have a number of ecological consequences ranging from weed infestation to complete changes in the species composition and ecology. Reversing the disturbance is not always simple and can require extensive groundwork to be successful. Rehabilitation of existing saltmarsh areas has been a successful means to enhance this habitat. In general, it requires relatively little effort to remove weeds and fence off areas to regenerate naturally. Saltmarsh areas have been shown to respond well to this type of manipulation. Restoration and creation require substantial effort and planning to ensure a successful outcome. However, given the right environmental combinations of elevation, tide and salinity, saltmarsh will establish and grow. To speed the process transplantation of saltmarsh plants can be considered either from donor sites or plants propagated in green houses.     

西双版纳热带雨林蚁科昆虫区系分析

在西双版纳热带雨林已鉴定蚊科昆虫９亚科７６属２６７种。西双版纳地区的蚂蚁区系以热带至亚热带分布的东洋界成分最为丰富。在属级水平上,与马来西亚界关系最为密切。与澳洲界关系较密切;与非洲界和马拉加西界的关系知中。与新北界,新热带界和古北界的关系最为疏远。可见西双版纳的蚂蚁区系具有典型的热带亚洲起源特征,同时与澳洲和非洲的热带区系有一定的渊源关系。     

The ratio of leaf to total photosynthetic area influences shade survival and plastic response to light of green-stemmed leguminous shrub seedlings

Different plant species and organs within a plant differ in their plastic response to light. These responses influence their performance and survival in relation to the light environment, which may range from full sunlight to deep shade. Plasticity, especially with regard to physiological features, is linked to a greater capacity to exploit high light and is usually low in shade-tolerant species. Among photosynthetic organs, green stems, which represent a large fraction of the total photosynthetic area of certain species, are hypothesized to be less capable of adjustment to light than leaves, because of biomechanical and hydraulic constraints. The response to light by leaves and stems of six species of leguminous, green-stemmed shrubs from dry and high-light environments was studied by growing seedlings in three light environments: deep shade, moderate shade and sun (3, 30 and 100 % of full sunlight, respectively). Survival in deep shade ranged from 2 % in Retama sphaerocarpa to 74 % in Ulex europaeus. Survival was maximal at moderate shade in all species, ranging from 80 to 98 %. The six species differed significantly in their ratio of leaf to total photosynthetic area, which influenced their light response. Survival in deep shade increased significantly with increasing ratio of leaf to total photosynthetic area, and decreased with increasing plasticity in net photosynthesis and dark respiration. Responses to light differed between stems and leaves within each species. Mean phenotypic plasticity for the variables leaf or stem specific mass, chlorophyll content, chlorophyll a/b ratio, and carotenoid to chlorophyll ratio of leaves, was inversely related to that of stems. Although mean plasticity of stems increased with the ratio of leaf to total photosynthetic area, the mean plasticity of leaves decreased. Shrubs with green stems and a low ratio of leaf to total photosynthetic area are expected to be restricted to well-lit habitats, at least during the seedling stage, owing to their inefficient light capture and the low plasticity of their stems.     

Ectomycorrhizas: their role in forest ecosystems under the impact of acidifying pollutants

The physiologically active lateral rootlets of all main trees in temperate forests are colonised by ectomycorrhizal fungi, forming so-called ectomycorrhizas. These symbiotic organs are the sites of exchange of nutrients, mainly P and N, provided from the fungal partner, and C from the host. Emerging from the ectomycorrhizas, fungal hyphae exploit the soil for the mobilisation and absorption of water and nutrient elements. By doing so, they connect the tree roots intimately with the soil and provide anchorage. The deposition of acidifying pollutants into forest ecosystems is a potential threat to the health and vitality of forest trees because it leads to the acidification and eutrophication of forest soils. Pollutants are also a threat to the functioning of ectomycorrhizas. Increased N concentrations in the soil lead to enhanced fungal N uptake and storage, and to enhanced N transfer to the host plants, and therefore to higher plant biomass of above ground parts. In consequence, there is a decrease of C allocation to the plant roots. This in turn leads to reduced ectomycorrhization, and to reduced production of external mycelia and fruiting bodies. Soil acidification leads to enhanced availability of Al, heavy metals, and radionuclides in the soil, all of which can be toxic to plants and fungi. Reduced growth of roots and hyphae are amongst the first symptoms. In ectomycorrhizas, the hyphae of the fungal tissues contain vacuolar polyphosphates which have the ability to bind Al, heavy metals, radionuclides and N. These electronegative polymers of phosphates represent an effective storage and detoxifying mechanism which otherwise is lacking in roots. Therefore, ectomycorrhizas have the potential to increase the tolerance of trees to acidifying pollutants and to the increased availability in the soil of toxic elements.     

Cold truths: how winter drives responses of terrestrial organisms to climate change

Winter is a key driver of individual performance, community composition, and ecological interactions in terrestrial habitats. Although climate change research tends to focus on performance in the growing season, climate change is also modifying winter conditions rapidly. Changes to winter temperatures, the variability of winter conditions, and winter snow cover can interact to induce cold injury, alter energy and water balance, advance or retard phenology, and modify community interactions. Species vary in their susceptibility to these winter drivers, hampering efforts to predict biological responses to climate change. Existing frameworks for predicting the impacts of climate change do not incorporate the complexity of organismal responses to winter. Here, we synthesise organismal responses to winter climate change, and use this synthesis to build a framework to predict exposure and sensitivity to negative impacts. This framework can be used to estimate the vulnerability of species to winter climate change. We describe the importance of relationships between winter conditions and performance during the growing season in determining fitness, and demonstrate how summer and winter processes are linked. Incorporating winter into current models will require concerted effort from theoreticians and empiricists, and the expansion of current growing‐season studies to incorporate winter.     

横断山区的蝶类资源与珍稀蝴蝶的保护

横断山区的蝶类561种,隶属于12科,208属.在12科中,种类最多的是蛱蝶科148种,其次是眼蝶科117种,灰蝶科65种,凤蝶科63种,粉蝶科60种,弄蝶科60种,蚬蝶科18种,绢蝶科12种,斑蝶科9种,环蝶科6种,喙蝶科2种,珍蝶科1种.分布于横断山区的珍稀蝴蝶有44种,其中国家Ⅰ级保护的1种,Ⅱ级保护的3种.     

Functional biodiversity of macroinvertebrate assemblages along major ecological gradients of boreal headwater streams

1. Biodiversity–environment relationships are increasingly well‐understood in the context of species richness and species composition, whereas other aspects of biodiversity, including variability in functional diversity (FD), have received rather little rigorous attention. For streams, most studies to date have examined either taxonomic assemblage patterns or have experimentally addressed the importance of species richness for ecosystem functioning. 2. I examined the relationships of the functional biodiversity of stream macroinvertebrates to major environmental and spatial gradients across 111 boreal headwater streams in Finland. Functional biodiversity encompassed functional richness (FR – the number of functional groups derived from a combination of functional feeding groups and habit trait groups), FD – the number of functional groups and division of individuals among these groups, and functional evenness (FE – the division of individuals among functional groups). Furthermore, functional structure (FS) comprised the composition and abundance of functional groups at each site. 3. FR increased with increasing pH, with additional variation related to moss cover, total nitrogen, water colour and substratum particle size. FD similarly increased with increasing pH and decreased with increasing canopy cover. FE decreased with increasing canopy cover and water colour. Significant variation in FS was attributable to pH, stream width, moss cover, substratum particle size, nitrogen, water colour with the dominant pattern in FS being related to the increase of shredder‐sprawlers and the decrease of scraper‐swimmers in acidic conditions. 4. In regression analysis and redundancy analysis, variation in functional biodiversity was not only related to local environmental factors, but a considerable proportion of variability was also attributable to spatial patterning of environmental variables and pure spatial gradients. For FR, 23.4% was related to pure environmental effects, 15.0% to shared environmental and spatial effects and 8.0% to spatial trends. For FD, 13.8% was attributable to environmental effects, 15.2% to shared environmental and spatial effects and 5% to spatial trends. For FE, 9.0% was related to environmental variables, 12.7% to shared effects of environmental and spatial variables and 4.5% to spatial variables. For FS, 13.5% was related to environmental effects, 16.9% to shared environmental and spatial effects and 15.4% to spatial trends. 5. Given that functional biodiversity should portray variability in ecosystem functioning, one might expect to find functionally rather differing ecosystems at the opposite ends of major environmental gradients (e.g. acidity, stream size). However, the degree to which variation in the functional biodiversity of stream macroinvertebrates truly portrays variability in ecosystem functioning is difficult to judge because species traits, such as feeding roles and habit traits, are themselves strongly affected by the habitat template. 6. If functional characteristics show strong responses to natural environmental gradients, they also are likely to do so to anthropogenic environmental changes, including changes in habitat structure, organic inputs and acidifying elements. However, given the considerable degree of spatial structure in functional biodiversity, one should not expect that only the local environment and anthropogenic changes therein are responsible for this variability. Rather, the spatial context, as well as natural variability along environmental gradients, should also be explicitly considered in applied research.     

细菌抵抗消毒剂及其对抗生素共耐药

消毒剂是一种可杀灭物体表面、器材设备、皮肤、空气和水源等传播媒介上携带的病原微生物的有机分子。它在体外能杀灭病原微生物,切断其传播途径,进而达到控制污染的目的,在生命安全防控中起着重要的作用。但是不合理地使用消毒剂导致细菌对消毒剂产生耐药。消毒剂耐药基因在不同种属间的水平转移加剧其传播风险,使消毒剂耐药情况进一步恶化。更令人担忧的是,细菌对消毒剂的耐药可能会导致对抗生素产生共耐药,给公共安全带来巨大的威胁。但目前为止,对消毒剂耐药以及共耐药的认识还不够全面。本文总结了关于细菌对消毒剂耐药的研究报道,对消毒剂的作用机制、细菌对消毒剂的耐药机制进行了论述,另外针对消毒剂耐药基因的传播以及细菌对消毒剂和抗生素的共耐药进行了综述,为减少消毒剂耐药性的产生和制定合理的消毒剂使用规范奠定基础。