沙芥和斧形沙芥种子萌发对土壤含水量的适应性

以中国特有种沙芥[Pugionium cornutum(L.)Gaertn.]和濒危种斧形沙芥(Pugionium dolabratum Max-im.)的种子为研究材料,利用自然生境的沙土在室内进行种子萌发人工模拟试验,研究沙芥和斧形沙芥种子萌发、幼苗出土和幼苗生长对土壤含水量的适应性。结果表明:沙芥和斧形沙芥果实适宜萌发的土壤含水量范围均为6%～12%,适宜出苗的土壤含水量范围均为6%～16%。当土壤含水量低于2%时,果实不能萌发;当土壤含水量低于3%时,幼苗不能出土定居;当土壤含水量为6%～12%时,最有利于幼苗的生长。当土壤含水量分别为3%～8%和4%～8%时,沙芥和斧形沙芥植株根冠比最大。因此,沙芥和斧形沙芥种子萌发机制对沙生环境有着极强的适应性;植株将更多的同化物用于根系生长,以吸收更深层次的水分,从而适应含水量低的土壤。     

沙芥属植物染色体数及核型分析

以沙芥属植物根尖为材料,采用常规压片法,对其染色体数及其核型进行分析,结果表明:本属植物间期核特征为前染色体核型;染色体均为二倍体,沙芥染色体数为2n=2x=22,基数为x=11,宽翅沙芥、斧形沙芥、距果沙芥和齿冠沙芥染色体数为2n=2x=20,基数为x=10;染色体有亚中部着丝点染色体(sm)和中部着丝点染色体(m)2种;沙芥、距果沙芥属于2A型,宽翅沙芥、斧形沙芥、齿冠沙芥属于1A型,本属植物的核型均为首次报道。根据核型特征进行聚类分析,将染色体数为2n=2x=20的沙芥属4种植物分为两类:第一类距果沙芥;第二类包括宽翅沙芥、斧形沙芥、齿冠沙芥。     

光照和温度对沙芥和斧翅沙芥植物种子萌发的影响

研究了生长于不同生境下的沙芥(Pugionium cornutum(L.)Gaertn.)和斧翅沙芥(Pugionium dolabratum Maxim.)种子萌发对光照和温度的响应。结果表明:沙芥和斧翅沙芥种子在光下萌发受到显著(P0.05)的抑制作用,其中沙芥种子萌发受光的抑制作用强于斧翅沙芥种子。在黑暗10—40℃恒温条件下,沙芥和斧翅沙芥种子在15—35℃范围内均可萌发,在15℃和35℃下沙芥种子的萌发要优于斧翅沙芥种子;其种子分别在25℃和30℃下达到最佳的萌发响应,在此条件下斧翅沙芥种子的萌发特性优于沙芥种子。在黑暗变温条件下,沙芥和斧翅沙芥种子在20/30℃(12h/12h)下达到最佳的萌发响应,此处理下的萌发率高于其各自最佳恒温处理下的萌发率,其萌发后幼苗下胚轴和胚根的长度较最佳恒温处理有明显的下降,但它们的干重却差异较小,说明变温处理有利于两种种子的萌发和形成强壮的幼苗。综上所述,沙芥和斧翅沙芥种子在黑暗和20/30℃变温条件下有利于种子萌发和幼苗建成。     

沙芥属植物活性氧清除系统对干旱胁迫的响应

以沙芥属植物沙芥和斧形沙芥幼苗为试材,采用盆栽控水干旱方法,分析其在不同干旱胁迫强度下根和叶的活性氧水平、抗氧化酶活性和抗氧化剂含量的变化,并利用隶属函数法和抗旱系数法综合评价沙芥和斧形沙芥的抗旱性。结果表明: （1）随着干旱胁迫程度的加剧,沙芥和斧形沙芥的根和叶中O^-·₂产生速率及·OH、H₂O₂、MDA含量总体呈逐渐升高的趋势,且干旱胁迫下沙芥比斧形沙芥产生了更多的ROS和MDA。（2）随着干旱胁迫程度的加剧,沙芥和斧形沙芥的根和叶中POD、APX、GST活性及叶中GR活性均先升高后降低,叶中的SOD活性以及根中GR、GPX活性均先降低后升高,根和叶中的CAT活性、叶中的GPX活性和根中SOD活性均逐渐升高;但根和叶中的SOD、POD、CAT活性在各干旱处理下均表现为斧形沙芥高于沙芥。（3）沙芥和斧形沙芥的根和叶中AsA含量随着干旱胁迫程度的加剧而先升高后降低,GSH含量逐渐升高,CAR含量逐渐降低,而VE含量在叶中逐渐升高,在根中却逐渐降低;但斧形沙芥比沙芥合成更多的AsA和GSH,其植物体内AsA GSH循环系统能清除更多的ROS。（4）沙芥和斧形沙芥的根和叶中总抗氧化能力（T AOC）均随着干旱加剧逐渐增强,且斧形沙芥的总抗氧化能力强于沙芥;活性氧清除系统的平均隶属度和综合抗旱系数显示,轻度干旱胁迫下沙芥抗旱性强于斧形沙芥,中度和重度干旱胁迫下斧形沙芥的抗旱性强于沙芥。研究认为,在干旱胁迫条件下,斧形沙芥根叶中ROS和MDA含量明显低于沙芥,而其大部分抗氧化酶活性和抗氧化剂含量高于沙芥,斧形沙芥植株体内抗氧化系统表现出更强的活性氧清除能力,从而表现出更强的抗旱性。     

沙芥属植物叶片的气孔特征研究

观察了沙芥属（Pugionium Gaertn.）3个种：沙芥（P.cornutum (L.)Gaertn.）,距果沙芥（P.calcaratum Kom.）和斧翅沙芥（P.dolatum Maxim. var. dolabratum）的子叶和真叶表皮特征及气孔指标,并进行了差异显著性分析。结果表明：沙芥属植物表皮形状多为无规则形,上、下表皮均具有气孔,气孔类型均为不等细胞型。气孔保卫细胞呈肾形,内壁加厚,但加厚程度不同,斧翅沙芥＞距果沙芥＞沙芥。气孔缝呈纺锤形,气孔均下陷;气孔日开闭规律均呈双峰曲线。斧翅沙芥和距果沙芥的气孔性状具有较大的相似性,但这两个种与沙芥的气孔性状存在明显差异,说明沙芥属植物叶片气孔稳定性状和形态可以作为种质资源鉴定和评价的重要微观特征。     

宽翅沙芥的订正

翅果沙芥P.PterocarPum Kom．此种生于流动沙丘上。分布于蒙古乌布苏诺尔盆地中的博里格代尔沙漠;巴音诸尔湖南部沙地;杜尔格诺尔。宽翅沙芥P.dolabrtum Max－     

贮藏温度和超干处理对沙芥属种子萌发及解剖结构的影响

以沙芥种子(含水量4.5%)和斧形沙芥种子(含水量4.3%)为材料,采用硅胶干燥法将其含水量分别降至3.1%、2.2%、1.3%,在50℃、35℃和20℃条件下密闭贮藏1年,研究贮藏温度和超干处理对种子萌发指标、解剖结构的影响,为种子老化及贮藏研究提供理论参考。结果表明:(1)随着贮藏温度升高和种子含水量降低,沙芥和斧形沙芥种子的发芽率、胚根长、胚根干质量均在下降。(2)解剖观察发现,贮藏温度升高和种子含水量降低,首先加剧种子胚内部维管束组织活性的降低,其次由里及外对薄壁细胞活性和结构产生破坏,同时胚淀粉粒活性和数量下降。(3)沙芥和斧形沙芥种子分别在含水量4.5%和4.3%(CK)、并于20℃～35℃条件下贮藏后,种子的萌发和结构活性保持最好,而且斧形沙芥种子的保持能力强于沙芥。     

中国特有金钱槭属植物物种分化研究

金钱槭属(Dipteronia Oliv.)隶属于槭树科(Aceraceae),是北温带植物区系中古老、残遗的木本属之一,为中国特有属,属下仅包括金钱槭(D.sinensis Oliv.)和云南金钱槭(D.dyerana Henry)2个物种。本实验从形态学、分子遗传学及基因序列分析等方面对金钱槭(D.sinensis Oliv.)和云南金钱槭(D.dyerana Henry)进行对比研究,探讨其物种间分化程度。结果表明:(1)形态学研究显示两物种形态性状存在显著差异,表明其在形态上发生了显著分化;(2)基因组DNA的AFLP标记分析表明,两物种间存在极显著遗传分化(ΦST=0.390 4),在物种水平及群体水平,两物种遗传多样性及遗传变异水平皆有明显差异(金钱槭云南金钱槭);(3)从GenBank数据库中选出2物种已知的叶绿体基因(psbM-trnD、trnD-trnT、trnL、trnL-trnF、rpl16)和核基因ITS(ITS1、5.8SRNA、ITS2)进行序列进化比对分析,t-test检验表明,2物种叶绿体基因序列间有极显著差异。研究结果表明:金钱槭和云南金钱槭两物种间产生了极显著的分化,推测可能由于长期的地理隔离所致。     

沙芥属（Pugionium Gaertn.）植物子叶叶表皮微形态特征研究

采用扫描电镜观察了十字花科沙芥属二年生草本植物沙芥、斧翅沙芥、距果沙芥和宽翅沙芥的子叶表皮形态特征。其结果表明：沙芥属植物子叶上下表皮均有凸起的大的条形泡状细胞分布,呈平行排列,且每个种的上表皮的泡状细胞的密度均大于下表皮的泡状细胞密度,其中上下表皮的密度以沙芥的为最小,以宽翅沙芥为最大,且沙芥、距果沙芥和宽翅沙芥的下表皮的泡状细胞长度大于上表皮,而斧翅沙芥则相反;沙芥、斧翅沙芥与宽翅沙芥的叶片上下表皮细胞胞隆起,气孔下陷,而距果沙芥子叶上表皮的气孔生于表皮细胞下,表皮细胞未隆起,气孔下陷。该研究说明沙芥属植物子叶表皮微形态既有种间相似的特征,又存在一定的特异性,可为本属种间的分类及其抗逆机理提供形态学依据。     

斑纹薄鳅(Leptobotia zebra)应该为斑纹沙鳅(Sinibotia zebra)

斑纹薄鳅(Leptobotia zebra)最初是由Wu(1939)描述的一个新种,当时定名为斑纹沙鳅(Botia zebra),后来Chen(1980)根据眼下刺不分叉将其改归为薄鳅属的物种。本研究通过对线粒体DNA细胞色素b基因序列的测定和分析,发现斑纹薄鳅和薄鳅属(除斑纹薄鳅)物种间的平均遗传距离为0.177,和中华沙鳅属物种美丽沙鳅(Sinibotia pulcher)的平均遗传距离仅为0.057。系统发育分析发现斑纹薄鳅并未和薄鳅属的物种聚在一起,而是和中华沙鳅属物种美丽沙鳅聚在一起形成姐妹群。进一步对斑纹薄鳅进行形态学特征检视,发现该物种具有颊部裸露无鳞、颏部具一对纽状突起等中华沙鳅属鱼类的特征,但又具有眼下刺简单不分叉的薄鳅属鱼类的特征。结合分子数据分析的结果,将斑纹薄鳅订正为中华沙鳅属的物种,其命名为斑纹沙鳅(Sinibotia zebra)。另外,对沙鳅科鱼类属的划分标准及形态特征的演化也进行了讨论。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.

     

Demographic characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus)

Synopsis In a fourteen month study (May 1976 – June 1977) I examined the following characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus) in Morro Bay, California, U.S.A.: annual and seasonal patterns of abundance, age composition and growth rates, survivorship and mortality patterns, and the reproductive cycle for female gobies. Fishes were collected with the aid of quinaldine and otoliths and ovaries removed. Age and growth rates were estimated from otolith annuli using a back calculation formula and a Brody-Bertalanffy growth curve. Mortality rates were derived using the methods of Heincke (1913), Robson & Chapman (1960), mean age, and a catch curve (Ricker 1975). A gonad index was used to describe the annual reproductive cycle. Results indicated that abundance fluctuated seasonally and that these fluctuations appeared to be caused by reproductive emigrations. Bay gobies reached an age of 7+ and a standard length of 87 mm. Growth was relatively constant (6 mm yr⁻¹) until age 5, at which point it began to decline. The mean rates of survivorship, mortality, and instantaneous mortality were 0.75, 0.25, and 0.29 respectively. Mortality rates for individual age classes ranged from 0.13 to 0.51 and increased with age. This stock appears to reproduce mainly during the winter.     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.