麻楝果实化学成分及其抗烟草青枯病菌活性的研究

为研究麻楝(Chukrasia tabularis)的化学成分,采用色谱法从麻楝果实乙醇提取物中分离得到15个化合物,利用波谱学方法鉴定其结构分别为:没食子酸甲酯(1)、没食子酸乙酯(2)、没食子酸(3)、ozoroalide(4)、stigmast-4-en-6β-ol-3-one(5)、黄柏呈(6)、chukranin A(7)、chisopanin M(8)、21α,24α-methylmelianodiol(9)、toonaciliatin K(10)、21α,25-dimethylmelianodiol(11)、odoratone(12)、bourjotinolone A(13)、hispidone(14)和phragmalin di-isobutyrate(15)。化合物4~14为首次从麻楝属植物中分离得到。采用滤纸片琼脂扩散法对单体化合物进行抗烟草青枯病菌(Ralstonia solanacearum)的活性研究,结果表明化合物1、2和3具有中等拮抗活性。     

青枯菌Rsc1285参与III型分泌系统及致病力的调控

摘要:【目的】研究青枯菌Rsc1285参与调控其III型分泌系统(Type III secretion system,T3SS)及致病力的途径。【方法】通过基因敲除、基因互补等研究Rsc1285对T3SS基因表达和致病力的影响。【结果】青枯菌rsc1285基因缺失突变体对寄主西红柿植株的致病力明显减弱,其hrpB、T3SS等基因表达水平较野生型明显降低,但hrpG、prhG的表达不受影响。【结论】青枯菌通过一个全新的途径利用Rsc1285调控hrpB及T3SS的转录表达并决定其致病力。     

番茄青枯雷尔氏菌强致病力菌株变异的研究

为研究番茄青枯雷尔氏菌强致病力菌株的变异,探索了继代培养、在NB培养基上不同时间培养、不同pH处理7d和15d、不同温度处理1h后对强致病力菌株变异的影响。结果表明:随着继代培养的培养代数增加,平均弱化指数成增大趋势,在第10代出现了无致病力菌株;在NB培养基上培养15d时,强致病力菌株已完全转化为不确定菌株和无致病力菌株,在培养30d时,强致病力菌株几乎完全转化为无致病菌株;pH7.0时,处理7d和15d后,强致病力菌株比例均为最大,分别为93.33%和92.22%,pH5.8时,强致病力菌株比例最低,分别为46.67%和31.11%;用不同温度处理强致病力菌株发现,温度50℃时,菌株死亡,温度40℃时,活菌数显著低于其他(4~30℃)处理,强致病力菌株比例为4~40℃所有处理中最低。     

无致病力青枯雷尔氏菌对烟草根系土壤微生物脂肪酸生态学特性的影响

为了探讨无致病力青枯雷尔氏菌对烟草根系土壤微生物群落结构的影响,测定了接种无致病力青枯雷尔氏菌RS-1403和清水对照的烟草根系土壤的磷脂脂肪酸(Phospholipid Fatty Acids,PLFAs),比较分析两种处理下的烟草根系土壤微生物PLFAs组成、含量、微生物群落结构及多样性的差异,以期从微生物群落水平解析RS-1403菌株胁迫对烟草青枯病的免疫抗病机制。结果表明,与对照相比,RS-1403菌株胁迫下烟草根系土壤微生物PLFAs的组成及含量发生了变化,分为5种变化类型,分别为下降型、无变化型、增加50%以下类型、增加50%—100%类型,增加100%以上类型,其中指示放线菌的10Me16∶0含量降低,为下降型,增加100%以上类型的PLFAs均指示革兰氏阴性菌。进一步分析表明,接种RS-1403菌株能改变烟草根系土壤微生物群落结构,促进细菌和真菌的生长,抑制放线菌的生长。接种RS-1403菌株能提高烟草根系土壤的群落优势度Simpson指数、群落丰富度Shannon指数和均匀度Pielou指数,增加土壤的微生物群落多样性。对RS-1403菌株胁迫下烟草根系土壤微生物亚群落分化的比较分析,显示RS-1403菌株处理组与对照组亚群落分化不同,当兰氏距离为2.56时,可将处理组和对照组均分为4个亚群落,但它们的各亚群落组成及特征不同。聚类分析表明,基本上可将取样期内的RS-1403菌株胁迫处理和清水对照的烟草根系土壤分别聚在两个不同的类群中,说明RS-1403菌株能明显改变烟草根系土壤微生物群落结构。     

设施黄瓜连作土壤对黄瓜枯萎病菌致病力的影响

为系统研究设施蔬菜连作障碍的发生机制,探讨连作年限对蔬菜土传病害病原菌致病力的影响。本文以山东省德州市王杲铺镇看水庄村不同连作年限的设施黄瓜大棚中采集的土壤样品为研究对象,通过测定其土壤理化性质分析土壤次生盐渍化的程度,并用不同连作年限土壤进行盆栽实验,分析黄瓜植株的生长情况、发病情况及黄瓜枯萎病菌在黄瓜植株内和根际土壤中的定殖情况,研究不同连作年限土壤对黄瓜枯萎病菌致病力的影响。结果表明,所有土壤样品的pH均在8.0以上,呈碱性;土壤样品的全磷含量与pH变化趋势一致;连作8年土壤中黄瓜枯萎病菌在黄瓜植株茎部的定殖数量最多,黄瓜植株的病情指数和发病率最高,说明黄瓜枯萎病菌在黄瓜植株茎部定殖数量多少与黄瓜植株的病情指数和发病率高低的变化趋势一致。综上所述,本研究为设施蔬菜土壤土传病害的防控提供了理论依据。     

水稻白叶枯病菌广西分离株K74中主效TAL效应物的鉴定

水稻是世界上主要的粮食作物之一。水稻白叶枯病(Bacterial leaf blight)是危害水稻最严重的细菌性病害,可使水稻减产20%以上,严重时甚至绝产,给农业生产和经济造成巨大影响。水稻白叶枯病由水稻白叶枯病菌(Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, Xoo)的侵染造成,而TAL效应物是Xoo的重要致病因子。近年来,该病在广西也有多发的趋势。2007年从防城港疫区分离得到Xoo K74菌株,经前期研究表明该菌株中有18个tal基因。本研究中,我们对K74菌株中的TAL效应物进行了功能研究。通过基因同源整合突变及互补等研究,我们鉴定到了K74菌株一个与致病力相关的主效TAL效应物。     

板栗疫病菌致病力分化的研究

中国板栗(Castanea mollissima Blume)对板栗疫病菌(Cryphonectria parasitica(Murr.)Barr)具有强的抗病力。但近十多年来,我国许多省份均发现有板栗疫病,据调查,广西有19个县市存在栗疫病,有的地方发病还相当严重。为了解释疫病发生的上述情况,并为生产和该病菌的更深入研究提供指导,作者在广西桂林、南宁、柳州、梧州、河池等地收集菌株,对疫病菌致病性的分化进行了研究,现将结果报道如下。 1 材料和方法 1.1 毒力参照菌株 法国已知弱毒株EPF为毒力参照株。 1.2 栗疫病菌的采集、分离和单孢纯化 1.2.1 标本采集:1988年12月～1989年6月,采自广西桂林、南宁、柳州、梧州、河池等地板栗病株。 1.2.2 菌株分离和纯化:将病枝或病树皮,用经灯焰灼烧过的刀片削去表皮,取坏死内皮约5×5mm^2,压于PDA上,28℃,光照培养,产孢后用微块法进行单孢纯化。 1.3     

小麦全蚀病菌致病力测定及品种抗病性研究

近年来,小麦全蚀病在我国黄淮麦区的发生呈上升趋势,为了解该病菌的致病力及目前推广品种的抗病性,本研究比较了全蚀病菌致病力的3种接种测定方法和2种病情分级标准,结果表明以蛭石为培养基质、麦种下2cm接种菌丝块和0～6级的分级标准,可比较有效和准确地测定小麦全蚀病菌的致病力。对2010年分离自黄淮麦区河南、江苏、安徽、山东4省10地的52株小麦全蚀病菌进行了致病力测定,结果表明供试菌株的致病力存在明显差异。选取致病性较强的菌株G1037,对69个常用小麦品种进行了苗期抗全蚀病鉴定,结果表明供试小麦品种对全蚀病的抗性水平普遍较低,没有发现免疫和高抗的品种,泛麦5号和太空6号具有较强的抗(耐)性。     

辽宁省辣椒疫病菌多态性及致病力分化研究初探

【目的】明确辽宁省辣椒疫病菌多态性及致病力分化与区域性关系。【方法】利用SRAP技术对辽宁省25个辣椒疫病菌菌株进行了PCR扩增及NTSYS-PC聚类分析,用灌根法进行致病力分化试验并对试验结果进行SPSS 11.5分层聚类分析。【结果】利用筛选出的27组引物对25个菌株进行扩增,得到578条条带,每对引物多态性比率在84%?100%之间,多态性丰富;供试菌株间遗传相似性较高,相似系数0.56?0.91,以相似系数0.68为阈值划分,25个菌株可聚为4组。试验菌株80%为中等致病力,聚类结果较为分散。【结论】供试菌株没有表现出明显的区域性特征,菌株致病力强弱分化区域特征性规律不明显。     

两株致病力不同的核盘菌形态变化研究

比较了强弱致病型不同的核盘菌Ep-1PNA5和Ep-1PN的菌落、菌丝、细胞的形态变化。结果发现强致病型的Ep-1PNA5在平板上的菌落呈圆形均匀扩展,气生菌丝少,形成的菌核多,细胞的原生质均匀浓密,内部结构完整。弱致病型的Ep-1PN菌落呈扇形扩展,不均匀,气生菌丝发达,形成的菌核少,菌丝顶端分枝异常,有原生质外渗,且原生质不均匀,内部结构不完整。Ep-1PN致病力减弱和生长抑制可能与其菌丝结构和细胞形态变异有关。     

青枯菌致病性与基因组之间的关系

青枯菌是引起植物毁灭性青枯病的病原菌。青枯菌基因组约5.8Mb,具有高(G C)含量和约5120个可能的编码基因。该菌基因组由3.7Mb的染色体和2.1Mb的大质粒所组成,其独特的基因组构成与Ⅲ型分泌系统等主要的致病因子密切相关。综述了青枯菌的致病性与其基因组之间关系的新近研究进展。     

茄科雷尔氏菌的蛋白分泌系统及其特征

茄科雷尔氏菌利用自身的分泌系统能向胞外分泌上百种蛋白, 其中Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型分泌系统通过不同机制将分泌蛋白靶定到胞外或宿主细胞, 是决定茄科雷尔氏菌对宿主产生致病性的主要因素。其中Ⅲ型分泌系统不依赖Sec信号转导系统但必须依赖于宿主细胞的识别激活, 并在病原菌对宿主细胞的特异性识别和细菌在宿主细胞的生长增殖中发挥功能。到目前为止, 已经从茄科雷尔氏菌的GMI1000株系中鉴定出两类在宿主细胞中存在靶标, 并由Ⅲ型分泌系统分泌的效应蛋白Pop2和Gala蛋白家族。主要就茄科雷尔氏菌Ⅲ型分泌系统的基本特征以及效应蛋白及其宿主靶标的相互作用进行综述。     

植物病原细菌Ralstonia solanacearum GMI1000中分泌蛋白信号肽分析

利用SignalP 3.0、TMHMM 2.0、TargetP 1.01、LipoP 1.0和PSORTb蛋白分析软件并结合L值计算,对植物病原细菌Ralstonia solanacearum GMI1000菌株基因组中的全部3 440个ORFs进行了分析预测,确定其中186个ORFs所编码蛋白质的N-端有信号肽序列,且它们的氨基酸残基相对保守.其中134条具有分泌型信号肽,22条具有RR-motif型信号肽,30条具有信号肽酶Ⅱ型信号肽.对各类信号肽及其结构域的长度作了系统的分析.未发现Prepilin-like信号肽和细菌素和信息素信号肽.     

青枯菌hrp基因的研究进展

青枯菌的hrp基因可诱发植物的超敏反应.对其基因组全序列测定表明:hrp基因簇位于基因组的大质粒上,共有20多个基因组成.从青枯菌中分离得到的可直接诱发植物超敏反应的效应蛋白主要为pop基因编码,它由hrp基因编码的类型Ⅲ蛋白分泌通道释放.目前的研究表明:(1)在hrp基因簇中,hrpY、hrpX及hrpV与分泌通道的一种纤毛的组装有关;(2)hrpB是整个类型Ⅲ蛋白分泌通道基因的转录激活子并作用于基因组中的其它效应基因;(3)hrpG是植物信号对hrp,基因的表达进行级联调控的组分之一.     

青枯菌特异性噬菌体的研究进展与应用

烟草等茄科植物青枯病的防治是一个世界性难题,传统的化学防治、合理轮作、抗病品种等措施无法有效控制该病的发生。噬菌体用于细菌性病害的防治已有很长历史,近年来利用噬菌体防治青枯菌引发的青枯病方面的研究越来越受重视。我们简要综述了青枯菌噬菌体的研究进展,并对青枯菌噬菌体生物防治的应用前景进行了展望。     

Genetic and pathogenic diversity of Ralstonia solanacearum species complex strains isolated in Burkina Faso

Bacterial wilt caused by the Ralstonia solanacearum species complex (RSSC) is a disease that negatively affects the cultivation of Solanaceae crops in Burkina Faso. Knowledge of the pathogen diversity is essential to deploy locally adapted control methods. In this study, diseased plants showing typical bacterial wilt symptoms were collected in the three main agroclimatic zones of Burkina Faso for the detection of RSSC isolates. Strain characterization was achieved through a phylogenetic and pathogenicity diversity assessment. A total of 102 isolates were sampled, and Phylotype I (Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum) was predominant (n = 101; sequevars 14, 31, 34, and 46). The remaining isolate was characterized as Phylotype IIA-35 (Ralstonia solanacearum). Phylotypes I-31 and I-46 were predominant and both characterized as the most the aggressive group of strains amongst a subset of 33 representative isolates. Our findings provide valuable information as regard RSSC diversity that breeders and resistance programme should target in order to fight this pathogen in Burkina Faso and around the world.     

Evaluation of garlic intercropping for enhancing the biological control of Ralstonia solanacearum in flue-cured tobacco fields

Tobacco bacterial wilt, Ralstonia solanacearum, is an important disease affecting the root and stem. The disease causes extensive damage to flue-cured tobacco all over the word. Field trials were conducted in 2008 and 2009 at Longyan, Fujian Province, China, to evaluate garlic intercropping for enhancing the biological control of R. solanacearum in flue-cured tobacco fields. The results of the study demonstrate that tobacco bacterial wilt was clearly inhibited by intercropping garlic in 2008 and 2009. The appearance of the disease in intercropped fields was delayed for about 15 days. The total number of R. solanacearum in root system soils was significantly lower in intercropped fields than in monocultured fields in 2008. These numbers were between 138×10⁴ and 161×10⁴ cfu g^–1 dry soil in intercropped fields. The corresponding values in monocultured fields were 357×10⁴ cfu g^–1 dry soil. The monetary value of tobacco leaves was obviously higher in intercropped fields than in monocultured ones. The per cent increase in monetary values in the intercropped fields was between 14 and 34%. Consequently, intercropping tobacco with garlic might be very useful for enhancing biological control of R. solanacearum in flue-cured tobacco fields.     

Possible Mechanisms Limiting Movement of Ralstonia solanacearum in Resistant Tomato Tissues

The distribution and appearance of Ralstonia solanacearum in the upper hypocotyl tissues of root‐inoculated tomato seedlings of resistant rootstock cultivar LS‐89 (a selection from Hawaii 7998) and susceptible cultivar Ponderosa were compared to clarify the mechanism that limits the movement of the bacterial pathogen in resistant tomato tissues. In stems of wilted Ponderosa plants, bacteria colonized both the primary and the secondary xylem tissues. Bacteria were abundant in vessels, of which the pit membranes were often degenerated. All parenchyma cells adjacent to vessels with bacteria were necrotic and some of them were colonized with bacteria. In stems of LS‐89 plants showing no discernible wilting symptoms, bacteria were observed in the primary xylem tissues but not in the secondary xylem tissues. Necrosis of parenchyma cells adjacent to vessels with bacteria was observed occasionally. The pit membranes were often thicker with high electron density. The inner electron‐dense layer of cell wall of parenchyma cells and vessels was thicker and more conspicuous in xylem tissues of infected LS‐89 than in xylem of infected Ponderosa or mock‐inoculated plants. Electron‐dense materials accumulated in or around pit cavities in parenchyma cells next to vessels with bacteria, and in vessels with bacteria. Many bacterial cells appeared normal in vessels, except for those in contact with the pit membranes. These results indicate that R. solanacearum moves from vessel to vessel in infected tissues through degenerated pit membranes and that restricted movement in xylem tissues was the characteristic feature in LS‐89. The limitation in bacterial movement may be related to the thickening of the pit membranes and/or the accumulations of electron‐dense materials in vessels and parenchyma cells.     

Specific and sensitive detection of Ralstonia solanacearum in soil with quantitative, real-time PCR assays

Aims:  The aim of this study was to develop a sensitive and an effective method suitable for large-scale detection and quantification of Ralstonia solanacearum in soil.
Methods and Results:  Based on the specific sequence of R. solanacearum strain G1000, the primer pair R.sol1-R.sol2 and the TaqMan probe Rs-pro were designed, and specific and sensitive PCR detection methods were successfully established. The detection limit was 100 fg μl⁻¹ DNA in conventional PCR and 1·2 fg μl⁻¹ in real-time PCR. By combining real-time PCR with the modified protocols to extract DNA from soil, it was possible to achieve real-time detection of R. solanacearum in soil, and the degree of sensitivity was 100 fg μl⁻¹. To detect inhibition in soil samples, an exogenous internal positive control (IPC) was included preventing false negative results, and IPC was successfully amplified from all samples tested. The methodology developed was used to detect the presence of R. solanacearum in tobacco fields in China.
Conclusions:  The real-time PCR combined with the protocol to extract DNA from soil led to the development of a specific, sensitive and rapid detection method for R. solanacearum in soil.
Significance and Impact of the Study:  The real-time PCR improves the detection sensitivity and specificity and provides an important tool for routine detection of R. solanacearum in soil samples and for epidemiological and ecological studies.     

培养条件对青枯雷尔氏菌脂肪酸组成的影响

应用气相色谱技术测定不同温度、培养时间、pH值等培养条件下青枯雷尔氏菌(Ralstonia solanacearum)脂肪酸的结果表明: 青枯雷尔氏菌强致病力菌株Rs-J.1.4-010704-01v的脂肪酸种类有14~34种, 主要特征脂肪酸为C16:1ω7c/C15:0 ISO 2OH(10.644 min), C16:0(10.950 min), C18:1ω7c(14.177 min), 所占总百分比含量为总脂肪酸的55.66%~75.69%; 该菌脂肪酸的种类与含量随着培养条件的改变而发生变化,