茶树黄酮醇合成酶基因的克隆与原核表达

本研究采用EST测序技术和RT-PCR技术,获得了一个茶树茶多酚代谢中的重要基因--黄酮醇合成酶(FLS)基因,在GenBank登录(GenBank accessionNo.EF205150),其序列全长1317 bp,其中开放阅读框长996bp,编码331个氨基酸,3′端有一个明显的多聚腺苷酸加尾信号,推测的蛋白分子量约为37.5kD,理论等电点为5.80.序列分析表明它与葡萄FLS基因序列的亲缘关系比较近.将该基因重组到表达载体pET-32a(+)中进行原核表达,经IFTG诱导、SDS-PAGE检测,结果表明茶树黄酮醇合成酶基因能在大肠杆菌BL21中表达,电泳检测到一条大约61 kD的外源蛋白,与预测的融合蛋白分子量相符.用Ni-NTA亲和层析柱对融合蛋白进行纯化,得到了纯度在90%以上的纯化蛋白,为进一步研究PET-FLS融合蛋白的活性及功能奠定了基础.     

葡萄风信子谷胱甘肽S转移酶基因克隆与表达分析

以亚美尼亚葡萄风信子为材料,利用本课题组前期获得的葡萄风信子转录组数据库,根据已经获得的葡萄风信子GST基因片段,通过PCR技术克隆得到葡萄风信子GST基因的c DNA序列,命名为Ma GST。Ma GST的c DNA全长为711 bp,开放阅读框为666 bp,编码221个氨基酸,推测蛋白质分子量为54.1 k D,理论等电点p I为5.13。利用生物信息分析软件对Ma GST基因进行同源性比对和系统进化分析表明,结果显示该基因编码的氨基酸具有谷胱甘肽S转移酶典型的C端与N端双结构域,属于GST Tau家族蛋白;与洋葱和小麦GST基因的一致性分别为76.72%和62.50%。实时定量PCR结果显示Ma GST在葡萄风信子各组织器官表达强度相似,属于组成型表达;水杨酸(SA)可以明显诱导Ma GST表达,Ma GST对氯化钠(Na Cl)应答不是很明显,甚至表达量有稍微的下调。     

葡萄风信子MaHY5基因的克隆与表达分析

HY5(ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL5)是促进植物光形态建成过程中非常重要的转录因子。该研究以亚美尼亚葡萄风信子(Muscari armeniacum)为材料,克隆出1个bZIP型转录因子基因MaHY5(GenBank 登录号MK281355)。生物信息学分析显示,MaHY5基因开放阅读框为438 bp,编码145个氨基酸,蛋白质分子量约为16.1 kD,理论等电点为9.78,含有一个保守的bZIP特征结构域;MaHY5蛋白属于亲水性蛋白,无信号肽结构,属于非分泌蛋白,可能定位于细胞核。序列比对和进化树分析表明,HY5在进化过程中高度保守。实时荧光定量PCR和高效液相色谱检测分析表明,MaHY5基因的表达与花青素积累模式基本协同,都在花中优势表达,且在完全开放的花朵中表达较高。 推测MaHY5基因可能参与了葡萄风信子花色素积累过程。     

葡萄风信子MaGT1基因的克隆及其表达分析

该研究以葡萄风信子(Muscari ameniacum)‘亚美尼亚’为试材,克隆了花青素合成途径过程中的类黄酮糖基转移酶基因MaGT1(GenBank登录号MK652470)。该基因开放阅读框全长1 338 bp,编码445个氨基酸,预测蛋白分子量为49.301 kD,理论等电点为5.40。结构分析显示,MaGT1蛋白具有PSPG保守结构域、UDP 糖基转移酶家族结构域和UDP 葡萄糖醛酸基/葡萄糖基转移酶保守域(UDPGT)。进化分析表明,MaGT1蛋白与油棕、海枣、葡萄亲缘关系相近,聚类于类黄酮糖苷糖基转移酶类分支,以UDP 葡萄糖/鼠李糖为主要糖供体。花青苷含量测定显示,花青苷仅在葡萄风信子着色的花中积累,在根、鳞茎和叶以及未着色的花蕾(S1)中几乎检测不到花青苷,且随着花的发育,花青苷含量不断增加,并在衰败期(S5)达到最高。荧光定量PCR分析表明,MaGT1基因的表达具有显著的时空特异性,并在花中优势表达,而在根、鳞茎和叶片中微量表达;在花发育不同阶段,MaGT1基因的表达量随着花发育不断增加,并在盛花期达到峰值。研究表明,MaGT1蛋白催化反应是花青素合成途径中的重要修饰步骤。该研究结果为进一步分析MaGT1基因在葡萄风信子花青素合成和调控中的功能提供了依据。     

枸杞蔗糖磷酸合成酶基因的克隆及组织表达分析

利用RT-PCR及RACE技术,从药用植物枸杞中克隆了1个编码蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)基因的全长cDNA,命名为LbSPS(GenBank登录号KC834608)。序列分析表明:LbSPS基因长3 677bp,开放阅读框为3 165bp,编码1 033个氨基酸,分子量为118.457 5kD,理论等电点6.05。系统进化分析显示,LbSPS编码的氨基酸序列与甜瓜、马铃薯、番茄等蔗糖磷酸合成酶基因编码氨基酸序列一致性为66%~98%。qRT-PCR分析显示,LbSPS基因在枸杞花中表达量最高,叶中表达水平较低。该研究为进一步了解LbSPS在枸杞生长发育、逆境胁迫等过程中的生物学功能奠定了基础。     

酿酒葡萄分支酸合成酶基因(VvCS)的克隆与表达分析

本研究以酿酒葡萄(Vitis vinifera)品种赤霞珠(Cabernet Sauvignon)及霞多丽(Chardonnay)为试材,采用in silico克隆和分子克隆相结合的策略,从果实中克隆到分支酸合成酶基因,命名为VvCS。该基因的cDNA编码区全长1312bp,编码436个氨基酸残基,预测其编码蛋白质分子量为46.9kD,等电点为7.8;生物信息学分析显示VvCS的DNA全长7117bp,包含13个外显子和12个内含子,定位于葡萄的第13号染色体上。VvCS编码的蛋白与其它植物来源的分支酸合成酶在氨基酸水平上的同源性为75%左右;实时荧光定量PCR分析表明VvCS在葡萄果实、茎、叶和叶柄组织中均有表达,且在果皮、果肉和种子中的表达变化趋势相似,与盛花后5周的果实相比,盛花后11周果实各部位中VvCS表达丰度均有不同程度增加。     

牡丹二氢黄酮醇4-还原酶基因PsDFR1的克隆及表达分析

二氢黄酮醇4-还原酶（DFR）是花色素苷合成途径中的关键酶,在植物花色的形成过程中起重要作用。本研究以牡丹品种‘彩绘’为试材,采用RT-PCR和RACE方法从花瓣中获得了一个牡丹DFR基因cDNA全长,命名为PsDFR1,GenBank登录号为HQ283448。序列分析结果表明,PsDFR1全长1242bp,包含一个长为1095bp的开放阅读框,编码364个氨基酸。生物信息学分析显示该基因编码的蛋白具有典型的DFR蛋白功能结构域,包括多个保守的短链脱氢/还原酶家族的特征位点,属于NADB_Rossmann超家族。氨基酸序列比对和系统进化树分析表明,PsDFR1与葡萄、棉花、毛果杨、梨等植物的DFR相似性都在75%以上。实时荧光定量PCR分析表明,PsDFR1在花色素大量积累的花瓣中表达量最高,其次是萼片和雄蕊,再次是叶片,在心皮中表达量最低。     

葡萄风信子MaANS基因及启动子的克隆与分析

该研究根据转录组测序结果,在葡萄风信子(Muscari armeniacum) ‘亚美尼亚’中克隆到花青素合酶(ANS)基因的cDNA与DNA序列,该基因命名为MaANS。采用荧光实时定量分析MaANS时空表达模型,同时利用染色体步移法克隆到MaANS上游1 044 bp的一段序列。信息学分析表明：MaANS开放阅读框为1 065 bp,编码355个氨基酸;DNA与cDNA的一致性为89.62%,DNA序列在ATG下游515~594 bp之间插入1个79 bp内含子;启动子序列在-70 bp位置有1个TATA-box,有多个光响应元件及MYB结合位点等。荧光实时定量分析表明,MaANS基因在花中优势表达,并且在完全着色期表达量最高。该研究结果为深入研究MaANS基因功能、分析葡萄风信子着色机理奠定了基础。     

葡萄VvSUN基因的克隆及其控制果形功能初探

SUN基因是控制番茄果实形状的主效基因。该研究从NCBI中查找与番茄SUN相似性最高的葡萄序列,设计特异性引物,采用RT-PCR技术从‘天山’葡萄花穗中克隆出该序列,命名为VvSUN基因。序列分析表明,VvSUN基因开放阅读框长度为1 278bp,共编码425个氨基酸;预测蛋白质分子量为48.11kD,理论等电点为10.63。VvSUN蛋白不具有信号肽,为非跨膜蛋白,可能定位于细胞核和线粒体膜上,属于亲水性蛋白;二级结构分析表明α螺旋和无规则卷曲是VvSUN蛋白中主要的结构元件。VvSUN基因编码的氨基酸具有IQ保守结构域,与NCBI中其他7种植物IQD家族成员基因序列相似性在43%~53%;系统进化树分析表明,VvSUN基因与拟南芥IQD12基因亲缘关系最近;推测葡萄VvSUN蛋白质与番茄SUN蛋白质具有相似的功能。荧光定量PCR分析表明,VvSUN基因在两个葡萄品种中均在盛花期表达量最高,花后果实中的表达量均较低;GA3处理后果实果形指数显著增大,且幼果中VvSUN基因表达量明显上升。研究推测葡萄VvSUN基因可能参与果形拉长的调控。     

茶树细胞周期蛋白基因的克隆与表达

以茶树萌动芽为材料,采用SMART-RACE PCR技术从茶树萌动芽中获得了茶树细胞周期蛋白基因的全长cDNA序列(命名为CsCYC1),并用实时定量PCR方法(qRT- PCR)研究了该基因在茶树越冬芽休眠到萌发后不同阶段的表达模式.结果显示:(1)该基因全长1956 bp,包含1320 bp的开放阅读框(ORF),编码439个氨基酸残基.(2) CsCYC1预测分子量为49.35 kD,具有细胞周期蛋白家族典型的保守cyclin-box结构域和三维结构.(3)系统进化分析结果表明,CsCYC1的氨基酸序列与葡萄、蓖麻、毛果杨、琴叶鼠耳芥、拟南芥等的相似性分别为77％、74％、72％、68％和67％.(4)实时荧光定量PCR分析显示,CsCYC1基因在茶树越冬芽休眠期的表达量远低于恢复生长期,在萌发期表达量最高,说明该基因与茶树越冬芽休眠的解除关系密切.     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.

     

Demographic characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus)

Synopsis In a fourteen month study (May 1976 – June 1977) I examined the following characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus) in Morro Bay, California, U.S.A.: annual and seasonal patterns of abundance, age composition and growth rates, survivorship and mortality patterns, and the reproductive cycle for female gobies. Fishes were collected with the aid of quinaldine and otoliths and ovaries removed. Age and growth rates were estimated from otolith annuli using a back calculation formula and a Brody-Bertalanffy growth curve. Mortality rates were derived using the methods of Heincke (1913), Robson & Chapman (1960), mean age, and a catch curve (Ricker 1975). A gonad index was used to describe the annual reproductive cycle. Results indicated that abundance fluctuated seasonally and that these fluctuations appeared to be caused by reproductive emigrations. Bay gobies reached an age of 7+ and a standard length of 87 mm. Growth was relatively constant (6 mm yr⁻¹) until age 5, at which point it began to decline. The mean rates of survivorship, mortality, and instantaneous mortality were 0.75, 0.25, and 0.29 respectively. Mortality rates for individual age classes ranged from 0.13 to 0.51 and increased with age. This stock appears to reproduce mainly during the winter.     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.