定量蛋白质组学揭示酵母去泛素化酶Ubp14生物学功能

泛素化是一种动态可逆的蛋白质翻译后修饰,泛素分子在泛素激活酶、泛素结合酶和泛素连接酶的级联酶促反应催化下共价连接到底物蛋白上。去泛素化酶将泛素分子从底物上移除,动态可逆地调控泛素化修饰,在成熟泛素的生成、泛素链的移除与修剪、游离泛素链的回收等过程中发挥着关键的调控作用。本文的研究对象是酵母中泛素特异性蛋白酶(ubiquitin specific protease, USP)家族成员Ubp14,负责回收细胞内游离的泛素链。本研究定量比较了酵母细胞中Ubp14缺失对全蛋白质组的影响,进而找出其潜在的调控通路和分子功能。首先,通过同源重组技术构建了ubp14?菌株,发现其生长速度低于野生型酵母。利用稳定同位素氨基酸代谢标记技术结合深度覆盖的蛋白质组学分析技术,系统比较了ubp14?菌株相对于野生型菌株的差异蛋白,共计鉴定3 685个蛋白,通过统计学分析筛选得到109个差异蛋白。基因本体论分析发现,Ubp14缺失引起的差异蛋白主要参与了包括氨基酸代谢、氧化还原和热应激等生物学过程。本研究为深入探究去泛素化酶Ubp14的生物学功能,进而深刻理解游离泛素的稳态平衡与生物学过程调控提供了高可信的蛋白...     

泛素连接酶和去泛素化酶在帕金森病中的作用

中脑黑质多巴胺能神经元特异性损伤和α突触核蛋白聚集的分子机制是帕金森病（Parkinson’s disease,PD）研究领域亟待解决的问题。蛋白质异常聚集很大程度上是由于泛素-蛋白酶体系统（ubiquitin-proteasome system,UPS）功能障碍引起的。蛋白质泛素化由一系列泛素化酶级联反应促进，并受去泛素化酶（deubiquitylases,DUBs）的反向调节。泛素化和去泛素化过程异常导致蛋白质异常聚集和包涵体形成，进而损伤神经元。近来研究报道，蛋白质的泛素化和去泛素化修饰在PD的发病机制中发挥重要作用。E3泛素连接酶促进蛋白质的泛素化，有利于α突触核蛋白的清除、促进多巴胺能神经元的存活、维持线粒体的功能等。DUBs可以去掉底物蛋白质的泛素化修饰，抑制α突触核蛋白的降解，调控线粒体的功能和神经元内铁的稳态。本文以E3泛素连接酶和DUBs为切入点，综述了蛋白质泛素化和去泛素化修饰参与多巴胺能神经元损伤机制的最新研究进展。     

去泛素化酶在乳腺癌中的研究新进展

泛素-蛋白酶体系统(ubiquitin-proteasome-system,UPS)是控制蛋白质降解的主要系统,也是细胞基本活动的关键调节器。去泛素化酶(deubiquitinating enzymes,DUBs)是泛素-蛋白酶体系统的组成部分,主要参与调节蛋白质泛素化和去泛素化的动态平衡,对细胞增殖、信号转导、神经病变或肿瘤发生意义重大。不同的DUBs在乳腺癌中的作用不同,最新发现去泛素化酶BAP1、OTUD3、ATXN3L主要调节乳腺癌细胞增殖,某些DUBs小分子抑制剂可以间接诱导三阴性乳腺癌细胞凋亡。本文主要综述这三个DUBs及去泛素化酶抑制剂在乳腺癌中的研究新进展,为寻找新型的乳腺癌分子靶向药物提供理论依据。     

针对泛素化与去泛素化酶的化学探针

蛋白质泛素化对真核细胞内几乎所有生理过程都具备调控作用。新的泛素化与去泛素化酶的发现、功能机制研究及相关化学分子干预是该领域的重要科学命题。针对泛素化与去泛素化酶的化学探针开发促进了人们对于蛋白质泛素化的形成、募集、信号传导及脱除过程中所涉及生化事件的理解。本文总结了近年来针对泛素化与去泛素化酶化学探针的发展，归纳了不同类型探针的化学结构及合成方法，并讨论了它们的各类应用，包括筛查泛素依赖的信号传导系统、监控泛素相关酶活性、辅助泛素相关的识别和催化过程的分子机制解析等。     

细菌中的去泛素化酶及其生物学功能研究进展

在细菌感染过程中,宿主细胞可以利用自身泛素系统对其进行免疫应答。研究发现,在宿主与细菌协同进化过程中,细菌可以编码去泛素化酶靶向宿主泛素系统,降低宿主炎症信号反应,这有利于细菌的生存与繁殖。该文综合介绍了目前在细菌中已发现的去泛素化酶并将其分类总结,此外,该文详细阐述了OTU家族去泛素化酶、CE家族去泛素化酶的切割特异性和生物学功能,还介绍了具有特殊催化活性的去泛素化酶。深入研究去泛素化酶的分子机制将有助于理解其生物学功能,同时可为开发新的治疗药物和抗感染疫苗提供信息。     

泛素链水解酶的选择性和产生机制

底物蛋白的多聚泛素链修饰参与调节多种生命运动过程(包括蛋白质降解、自噬、DNA损伤修复、细胞周期、信号转导、基因表达、转录调节、炎症免疫等).去泛素化酶通过水解底物蛋白的单泛素和泛素链修饰,对泛素相关过程进行反向调节.人类基因组中约含90余种去泛素化酶,它们通过对自身酶活性和底物识别特异性的调节,实现了对细胞内复杂泛素过程的精密且层次性的调控.本文针对去泛素化酶对不同泛素链的识别选择性,综述目前已知泛素链水解酶的选择性和产生机制.     

泛素特异性蛋白酶在肿瘤发生发展中的作用

蛋白质泛素化修饰是细胞内关键的翻译后调控过程,能调节蛋白质的稳定性和功能.泛素特异性肽酶(ubiquitin-specific peptidases,USPs)是去泛素化酶家族的主要成员,能够识别特定蛋白质的泛素化信号,从而使靶蛋白去泛素化,进而参与细胞增殖、分化、凋亡和迁移等多种生物学功能.USP家族的多个成员表达量...     

去泛素化酶在卵巢癌发生发展中的作用CSCD

泛素-蛋白酶体途径是细胞内蛋白质降解的重要方式,调节蛋白质稳定性。去泛素化酶可以识别特定蛋白质的泛素化信号从而使底物蛋白质去泛素化,逆转蛋白质泛素化过程,进而调控细胞增殖、分化、凋亡和迁移等多种生物学功能。去泛素化酶家族的多个成员通过影响细胞增殖凋亡及对化疗药物的敏感性等,在卵巢癌的发生发展中发挥十分重要的作用。一些小分子抑制剂通过抑制去泛素化酶的活性从而起到抗肿瘤的作用,并且具有特异性强,细胞毒性较弱等优势。本综述对参与卵巢癌发生发展的去泛素化酶以及相关的小分子抑制剂做一个全面的总结,为卵巢癌的诊断和治疗提供一个新的方向。     

去泛素化酶与基因表达调控

泛素化是常见的蛋白质翻译后修饰方式之一,其参与了生物体内细胞分裂与分化、生长发育、转录调节、损伤应激、免疫应答等多方面的生理活动.近年来,泛素研究领域的重要成员之一——去泛素化酶(deubiquitylating enzymes)被不断发现和报道.作为一类可以移除泛素的异肽酶类,去泛素化酶具有结构和功能的多样性.基因表达调控一直是分子遗传学的研究热点,系统整理和总结去泛素化酶与基因表达调控的关系具有重要意义.本文综述了去泛素化酶与基因表达调控的关系,包括去泛素化酶与染色质稳态维持、细胞周期调控和DNA损伤修复等三个方面,并对该领域未来的研究方向进行了预测和讨论.     

去泛素化酶活性的调控

泛素化是一种非常重要的蛋白质翻译后修饰方式,在细胞生命活动的各个方面发挥作用。泛素化修饰是可逆的过程,去泛素化酶通过催化去除底物蛋白质上的泛素从而逆转该过程。去泛素化酶是一类数量众多的蛋白水解酶家族,近年来不断有新的去泛素化酶被发现和报道。鉴于其在细胞功能中的重要作用,去泛素化酶活性受到严格的调控。目前的研究表明,影响去泛素化酶活性的因素很多。本文主要从转录水平的调控、翻译后修饰、蛋白质定位和蛋白质相互作用等调控方式进行论述,以期为研究和利用去泛素化酶治疗疾病提供新思路。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.