云南省瘤股蚱属一新种记述(直翅目,枝背蚱科)

记述采自云南省金平县枝背蚱科Cladonotidae瘤股蚱属Tuberfemurus Zheng 1新种,郑氏瘤股蚱Tuberfemurus zhengi sp.nov.,模式标本保存于大理学院生命科学与化学学院.     

海南省悠背蚱属一新种记述(直翅目,蚱总科,蚱科)(英文)

记述采自海南岛悠背蚱属1新种,即瘤股悠背蚱Euparatettix tuberifemora sp.nov..模式标本保存在陕西师范大学动物研究所标本室(2♂♂,4♀♀和河池学院化学与生命科学系动物标本室(3♂♂,7♀♀).     

云南省蚱属四新种记述(直翅目,蚱科)

记述采自云南省无量山及丽江地区蚱属昆虫4新种,即拟二斑蚱Tetrix parabipunctata sp.nov.、拟毛股蚱Tetrix parabarbifemura sp.nov.、黑缘蚱Tetrix nigrimarginis sp.nov.及无斑蚱Tetrix nonmaculata sp.nov..模式标本保存于西南林学院保护生物学学院昆虫标本室.     

浙江突眼蚱属一新种(直翅目,蚱总科,蚱科)

记述采自中国浙江蚱科突眼蚱属Ergatettix Kirby,1914 1新种,浙江突眼蚱Ergatettix zhejiangensis sp.nov..新种同突眼蚱Ergatettix dorsifera(Walker,1871)近似,其区别特征为:头顶宽大于复眼宽;前胸背板中隆线明显呈波状,具8个波;颜面隆起纵沟两侧隆线平行;后足股节长为最宽处的3.0倍.模式标本保存于河北大学生命科学学院.     

中国突眼蚱属一新种记述(直翅目,蚱总科,蚱科)

记述采自广西突眼蚱属Ergatettix1新种,即齿股突眼蚱Ergatettix serrifemora sp.nov.,并编制了中国突眼蚱属的分种检索表。正模保存在陕西师范大学动物研究所标本室,其它副模标本保存在陕西师范大学动物研究所标本室(2 ♂♂,4♀♀)和河池学院动物标本室(1 ♂,1♀)。齿股突眼蚱,新种Ergatettix serrifemora sp.nov.(图1 ~4)本种近似于短背突眼蚱Ergatettix brachynotus Zheng et Liang,1993 ,主要区别为: 1)头顶宽狭于1复眼; 2)前胸背板沟前区侧隆线向后收缩; 3)中足股节下缘平直; 4)后足股节上侧中隆线具大锯齿,膝前齿大。正模♀,广西罗城(宝坛) , 600m, 2006-04-29 ,邓维安采;副模, 3 ♂♂,5♀♀,邓维安、韦仕珍采,其它同正模。     

中国悠背蚱属一新种记述(直翅目,蚱总科,蚱科)

记述采自广西九万山地区悠背蚱属1新种,即拟毛股悠背蚱,新种 Euparatettix barbifemuraoides sp.nov..模式标本保存在陕西师范大学动物研究所标本室.拟毛股悠背蚱.新种 Euparatettix barbifemuraoides sp.nov.(图1～2)新种近似于Euparatettix gongshanensis Zheng,1992,主要区别为:1)头顶前缘不突出于复眼之前;2)沟前区侧隆线向后收缩;3)前胸背板侧缘在肩后略收缩;4)前足及中足股节下缘多长毛.新种与毛股悠背蚱Euparatettix barbifenura Zheng et Ou,2003,相似,但它的前胸背板后突超过后足股节的顶端及后翅超过前胸背板后突的顶端.正模♂,广西罗城(九万山),700m,2006-07-21,邓维安采;副模3♂♂;广西罗城(九万山),500m,2007-06-08.秦晶晶采.     

中国浙江尖顶蚱属一新种记述(直翅目,蚱总科,蚱科)

记述采自浙江临安地区尖顶蚱属Teredorus 1 新种,黑翅尖顶蚱Teredorus nigropennis sp.nov..模式标本保存在陕西师范大学动物所标本室(3♀♀).黑翅尖顶蚱,新种Teredorus nigropennis sp.nov.(图1～3)本种与巴山尖顶蚱Teredorus bashanensis Zheng,1993相似,主要区别:侧面观,背板上缘肩前略波状,肩后平直;前胸背板后突到达后足胫节中部,前胸背板总长为超出后足股节顶端部分长的4.7倍;前翅长为宽的3.0倍;后翅到达后突的顶端;中足股节的宽度狭于前翅能见部分的宽度.正模♀,浙江临安(清凉峰),海拔950 m,2012-06-20,陆春文采.副模2♀♀,同正模.     

中国南部蚱属二新种记述(直翅目,蚱总科,蚱科)

记述采自中国南部地区蚱属2新种,即马关蚱Tetrix maguanensis sp.nov.和六万山蚱 Tetrix liuwanshanensis sp.nov..模式标本保存在陕西师范大学动物研究所标本室.     

广西波蚱属二新种记述(直翅目:蚱总科:短翼蚱科)

记述采自广西短翼蚱科波蚱属Bolivaritettix 2新种,即黑股波蚱Bolivaritettix nigrifemurus,sp.nov.及六万山波蚱Bolivaritettix liuwanshanensis,sp.nov.。模式标本保存在陕西师范大学动物研究所标本室。     

广西羊角蚱属三新种记述(直翅目:蚱总科:刺翼蚱科)

记述分布于广西的羊角蚱属昆虫3新种,即百色羊角蚱Criotettixbaiseensis,sp.nov.,广西羊角蚱Criotettixguangxiensis,sp.nov.和宽股羊角蚱Criotettixlatifemurus,sp.nov.。新种模式标本保存在陕西师范大学动物研究所标本室。     

Reliability of Analyses of Hg,Fe, Ca,K, P,pH, Alkalinity,Conductivity, Hardness and Colour from Lakes

The aim of this report has been to present results concerning analytical quality controls of Hg analysis of fish and sediment, analyses of Fe, Ca, total-P, K, pH, alkalinity, conductivity, colour and hardness (Ca + Mg) of lake water samples. Despite the fact that these are standard parameters in many regular water control programs, there are major differences in the reliability with which these parameters can be determined. The focus here is on an overall inter-laboratory comparison between the parameters. Six laboratories have been involved in the analysis. Selected results: pH gives the lowest (average) relative standard deviation (error), about 2 %; conductivity gives an error of about 5–7 %; alkalinity yields an average error of as much as 13–25 %, which is the largest among the parameters studied here; colour also gives a high error, 9–15 %; hardness gives a relative standard deviation of about 6–7 %. Of the other parameters (i. e., Hg, Fe, Ca and P), Hg gives the best reliability and Fe and P the lowest. To have knowledge of the reliability of the analytical data is of paramount importance in most control programs and research projects.     

New Coleoptera records for New Brunswick, Canada: Kateretidae, Nitidulidae, Cerylonidae, Endomychidae, Coccinellidae, and Latridiidae

We report 20 new species records for the Coleoptera fauna in New Brunswick, Canada, five of which are new records for the Maritime provinces, including one species that is new for Canada. One species of Kateretidae, Kateretes pusillus (Thunberg) is newly recorded for New Brunswick and the Maritime provinces. Stelidota octomaculata (Say), Phenolia grossa (Fabricius), andCryptarcha strigatula Parsons of the family Nitidulidae are added to the faunal list of New Brunswick; the latter species is new to the Maritime provinces. Two species of Cerylonidae, Philothermus glabriculus LeConte and Cerylon unicolor (Ziegler), are reported for the first time for New Brunswick. Philothermus glabriculus is new for the Maritime provinces. Two species of Endomychidae, Hadromychus chandleri Bousquet and Leschen and Danae testacea (Ziegler) are newly recorded for New Brunswick. Three species of Coccinelidae, Stethorus punctum punctum (LeConte), Naemia seriata seriata Melsheimer, and Macronaemia episcopalis (Kirby) are added to the provincial list. Macronaemia episcopalis (Kirby) is a species new to the Maritime provinces. Nine species of Latridiidae, Cartodere nodifer (Westwood), Dienerella ruficollis (Marsham), Enicmus aterrimus Motschulsky, Enicmus fictus Fall, Encimus histrio Jay and Tomlin, Lathridius minutus (Linnaeus), Stephostethus productus Rosenhauer, Corticaria elongata (Gyllenhal), and Corticarina longipennis (LeConte) are newly recorded for New Brunswick. Stephostehus productus is newly recorded from Canada. Collection and habitat data are presented for all these species.     

Definitions,measurements, and classifications of stimuli,situations, and environments

A review is presented of issues relevant to the definition, measurement, and classification of stimuli, situations, and environments. Problems such as the lack of adequate definitions of concepts, error and bias in measurement procedures, confusion between measurement of a concept and measurement of its behavioral effects, and the lack of agreement among alternative measures are emphasized. It is suggested that concepts be defined in terms of objective characteristics while allowing for the study of the transactional relationship between organism and environment. The work of the ethologists in defining stimuli while studying their relationship to different organismic states and situational contexts is emphasized in this regard. Following Brunswik, it is also suggested that wherever possible there be a representative sampling of variables in natural settings. Note from the editors: From time to time, Human Ecology will publish a review article. Our first in this series is a review by a psychologist of basic definitional and conceptual problems in environmental studies.This paper was prepared while the author was a Visiting Research Fellow at the Educational Testing Service. The support of ETS and my colleagues in the Division of Psychological Studies is gratefully acknowledged. The review was also supported in part by a grant from the Rutgers University Research Council.     

Substance,rights, value,and abortion

Most serious contemporary opposition to abortion is grounded on the belief that human fetuses are members of the same moral category as beings like us, and that the loss of any such life is one of the worst possible losses. Substance view theorists oppose abortion for this reason: in their view beings like us are essentially rational substances with inherent moral worth, and those who perform induced abortion fail to recognize this moral worth. In a recent series of articles, Rob Lovering presents reductio‐style arguments against the substance view, in part arguing that it is inconsistent with our intuitions in rescue and spontaneous abortion cases. In a recent reply, Henrik Friberg‐Fernros argues that the substance view can evade these problematic implications because of a distinction between killing and letting die. According to this argument, the fetus’s right to life is a negative right not to be killed, not a positive right to be rescued, thus the anti‐abortion theorist who lets fetuses die acts acceptably. I argue this stance fails to recognize the inherent moral worth that the substance view contends fetuses possess. One who refrains from saving a person, or doesn’t care how many people she saves, cannot reasonably claim to value life. Furthermore, this stance is at odds with most contemporary anti‐abortion views that oppose induced abortions of both the killing and letting die variety.     

Incorporating Science,Technology, Fairness,and Accountability in Environmental,Health, and Safety Decisions

The Precautionary Principle is in sharp political focus today because (1) the nature of scientific uncertainty is changing and (2) there is increasing pressure to base governmental action on more “rational” schemes, such as cost-benefit analysis and quantitative risk assessment, the former being an embodiment of ‘rational choice theory’ promoted by the Chicago school of law and economics. The Precautionary Principle has been criticized as being both too vague and too arbitrary to form a basis for rational decision making. The assumption underlying this criticism is that any scheme not based on cost-benefit analysis and risk assessment is both irrational and without secure foundation in either science or economics. This paper contests that view and makes explicit the rational tenets of the Precautionary Principle within an analytical framework as rigorous as uncertainties permit, and one that mirrors democratic values embodied in regulatory, compensatory, and common law. Unlike other formulations that reject risk assessment, this paper argues that risk assessment can be used within the formalism of tradeoff analysis—a more appropriate alternative to traditional cost-benefit analysis and one that satisfies the need for well-grounded public policy decision making. This paper will argue that the precautionary approach is the most appropriate basis for policy, even when large uncertainties do not exist, especially where the fairness of the distributions of costs and benefits of hazardous activities and products are a concern. Furthermore, it will offer an approach to making decisions within an analytic framework, based on equity and justice, to replace the economic paradigm of utilitarian cost-benefit analysis.     

Fat,sex, class,adaptive flexibility,and cultural change

In modern industrial nations, the traditional positive correlation between female body fat and social class has turned strongly inverse, thinness in women is admired and plumpness is a handicap. This recent reversal of what had seemed to be stable aspects of human nature is analyzed as a potentially adaptive response to two ecological novelties: chronic food surplus and the breakdown of barriers between men's and women's work, which, together, may have made thinness helpful to women competing for status and resources in both mating and job markets. Whether status and resources still promote long-term Darwinian fitness is an open question. Progress in understanding the unique properties of the human mind depends on widespread recognition that the mind has been designed by natural selection to seek and sometimes find adaptive solutions to the novel problems we ourselves create. Adaptive flexibility and cultural change are two sides of the same coin.     

Conjugates of abscisic acid, brassinosteroids, ethylene, gibberellins, and jasmonates

Phytohormones, including auxins, abscisic acid, brassinosteroids, cytokinins, ethylene, gibberellins, and jasmonates, are involved in all aspects of plant growth, and developmental processes as well as environmental responses. However, our understanding of hormonal homeostasis is far from complete. Phytohormone conjugation is considered as a part of the mechanism to control cellular levels of these compounds. Active phytohormones are changed into multiple forms by acylation, esterification or glycosylation, for example. It seems that conjugated compounds could serve as pool of inactive phytohormones that can be converted to active forms by de-conjugation reactions. Some conjugates are thought to be temporary storage forms, from which free active hormones can be released after hydrolysis. It is also believed that conjugation serves functions, such as irreversible inactivation, transport, compartmentalization, and protection against degradation. The nature of abscisic acid, brassinosteroid, ethylene, gibberellin, and jasmonate conjugates is discussed.     

Potential Compounds for Oral Cancer Treatment: Resveratrol,Nimbolide, Lovastatin,Bortezomib, Vorinostat,Berberine, Pterostilbene,Deguelin, Andrographolide,and Colchicine

Oral cancer is one of the main causes of cancer-related deaths in South-Asian countries. There are very limited treatment options available for oral cancer. Research endeavors focused on discovery and development of novel therapies for oral cancer, is necessary to control the ever rising oral cancer related mortalities. We mined the large pool of compounds from the publicly available compound databases, to identify potential therapeutic compounds for oral cancer. Over 84 million compounds were screened for the possible anti-cancer activity by custom build SVM classifier. The molecular targets of the predicted anti-cancer compounds were mined from reliable sources like experimental bioassays studies associated with the compound, and from protein-compound interaction databases. Therapeutic compounds from DrugBank, and a list of natural anti-cancer compounds derived from literature mining of published studies, were used for building partial least squares regression model. The regression model thus built, was used for the estimation of oral cancer specific weights based on the molecular targets. These weights were used to compute scores for screening the predicted anti-cancer compounds for their potential to treat oral cancer. The list of potential compounds was annotated with corresponding physicochemical properties, cancer specific bioactivity evidences, and literature evidences. In all, 288 compounds with the potential to treat oral cancer were identified in the current study. The majority of the compounds in this list are natural products, which are well-tolerated and have minimal side-effects compared to the synthetic counterparts. Some of the potential therapeutic compounds identified in the current study are resveratrol, nimbolide, lovastatin, bortezomib, vorinostat, berberine, pterostilbene, deguelin, andrographolide, and colchicine.     

Genes, exercise, growth, and the sedentary, obese child.

It is still not possible to provide an evidence-based answer to the question of whether regular exercise is essential for normal growth. It is also unclear whether very low levels of exercise result in growth deficits. Regular exposure to exercise is characterized by heterogeneity in responsiveness, with most individuals experiencing improvements in fitness traits but a significant proportion showing only very minor gains. Whether a sedentary mode of life during the growing years results in a permanent deficit in cardiorespiratory fitness or a diminished ability to respond favorably to regular exercise later in life remains to be investigated. Although several genes have been associated with fitness levels or response to regular exercise, the quality of the evidence is weak mainly because studies are statistically underpowered. The special case of the obese, sedentary child is discussed, and the importance of the "energy gap" in the excess weight gain during growth is highlighted. Obese, sedentary children have high blood pressure, dyslipidemia, elevated glycemia and type 2 diabetes, hepatic steatosis, respiratory problems, orthopedic complications, and other health disorders more frequently than normal weight, physically active children. The role of genetic differences in the inclination to be sedentary or physically active is reviewed. An understanding of the true role of genetic differences and regular exercise on the growth of children will require more elaborate paradigms incorporating not only DNA sequence variants and exercise exposure but also information on nutrition, programming, and epigenetic events during fetal life and early postnatal years.     

Biofuels, facts, fantasy, and feasibility

It is frequently claimed that green algae are intrinsically more productive, often by orders of magnitude, than higher plants commonly grown as crops for food. There is no firm evidence for this belief. On the contrary, there is much experience which shows that algae are not more but less productive. Under optimal conditions, all green organisms photosynthesize at the same rate in low light and, whilst commonly cultivated ‘sun’ species show some differences in rate in full light, these do not translate into widely different rates of accumulation of biomass. Accordingly, irrespective of crop, one acre of land, pond or bioreactor, can annually yield about enough biomass to fuel one motor vehicle or meet the calorific requirement of several people. This amount of biomass is not sufficient to make other than a very small contribution to our present road transport requirements and yet contributes significantly to global food shortages and rising prices. Reliable evidence also suggests that, if all of the inputs are taken into account, the net energy gain of liquid biofuels, derived either from algae or terrestrial crops, is either very modest or non-existent and will therefore bring about little or no sparing of carbon dioxide emissions.