青藏高原常见早熟禾亚科植硅体形态特征初步研究

文章对采自青藏高原地区早熟禾亚科（Pooideae）常见的10属19种现代植物进行详细的植硅体形态描述、分类、统计、测量和对比。分析发现：青藏高原现生植物早熟禾亚科（Pooideae）特有的植硅体形态主要包括帽型、齿型、针茅哑铃型和针茅多铃型,同时发育塔型、棒型、尖型、刺球型等其它亚科常见的类型。初步明确了部分属一级的植硅体形态特点,例如,羊茅属（Festuca）、早熟禾属（Poa）等主要发育尖顶帽型;长芒草（Stipa bungeana Trin．）、赖草（Leymus secalinus（Georgi）Tzvel．）等主要发育平顶帽型;针茅属（Stipa）主要发育针茅哑铃型;早熟禾属（Poa）、三毛草属（Trisetum）同时发育较丰富的帽型和齿型。为进一步地深入研究该区草原植被群落的演替过程和规律提供了植硅体形态学分析的基础。     

内蒙古草原中东部现代表土植硅体组合与植被关系

对内蒙古中东部14个典型植被表土样品进行植硅体分析,同时将其结果作对应分析。结果表明：圆型和齿型在表土组合中占优势。圆型具有超代表性且在针茅草原和羊草草原表土组合中含量超过50％。针茅哑铃型和脊哑铃型在克氏针茅草原以及退化草原表土组合中含量偏高,可指示干的草原生境以及草原退化。蒿属块型表现为低代表性,即便是在冷蒿灌丛表土中,蒿属块型含量也较低。沙地云杉林和榆树灌丛生境特殊,它们的表土植硅体组合特征明显,前者以光滑块型、粗糙块型、规则多边型以及十字型等为主,后者以多铃型、三铃型、哑铃型以及简单哑铃型为特征。高山草甸和山杨林表土与研究区其它植被表土的相似性低。另外,研究区全新世古土壤剖面样品与表土样品的对应分析表明内蒙古中东部表土植硅体分析为恢复研究区全新世草原植被演化提供了参照物。     

中国主要禾本科植物花的基本类型与系统分类

本文研究、分析了禾本科33个族、174个属(632种)的花的性状;讨论了重要性状演化的趋势。根据花、尤其花中鳞被的比较形态,把禾本科植物的花概括为三大类型七个亚型：竹型(包括真竹亚型,稻亚型、芦竹亚型、针茅亚型)、早熟禾型(含早熟禾亚型)和黍型(包括画眉草亚型,真黍亚型)。其结果与花的基本类型相对应的大类群,以及与幼苗基本类型、颖果基本类型相对应的大类群是一致的,即竹亚科、稻亚科、芦竹亚科、针茅亚科、早熟禾亚科、画眉草亚科,黍亚科。     

禾本科叶片表皮结构细胞的组合式样及其分类学意义

利用光学显微镜,对禾本科204属373种植物的叶片表皮进行了观察。发现禾本科叶片表皮细胸细胞在下表面上的分布式样可以划分为5个基本类型,即竹型、稻型、黍型、虎尾草型和早熟禾型,而5个基本类型所附属的植物类群分别是禾本科中的竹亚科、稻亚科、虎尾草亚科早熟禾亚科。同时分析了这5个类型的演化水平,并同类群的外部形态、地理分布相印证,表明竹亚科最原始、稻亚科次之、黍亚科演化居中、虎尾草亚科较高级、早熟禾亚科最高级;禾本科可能起源于世界的热带区域。     

陕西西头遗址十六国时期墓葬出土枕头的材质研究

枕头是睡眠时保持人体头颈部正常位置的一种日常卧具,对维护人类身体健康具有重要作用。由于古代有机质组成的软质枕头易降解,难以在考古遗迹中保存,影响了人们对枕头成分的认识。本文选取陕西旬邑西头遗址尖子地点十六国时期(公元304-439年)两座墓葬内的枕头残留物作为研究对象,对其分别进行扫描电镜显微观察、能谱分析和植硅体分析,目的是观察枕头的显微结构和分析枕头材质的组成成分。扫描电镜的显微观察发现,枕头残留物包含大量的禾本科植物表皮细胞和植硅体、少量植物纤维;能谱分析显示,枕头残留物的主要构成元素为氧、硅、碳,还包括少量的钾、镁、磷、钙、硫、氮、锰、铁等元素;植硅体分析表明,枕头残留物主要由禾本科(Poaceae)植物表皮细胞、黍亚科(Panicoideae)植物茎叶哑铃型、竖排哑铃型以及粟(Setaria italica)和黍(Panicum miliaceum)的稃壳组成。以上结果显示两件枕头主要由禾本科茎叶类植物材料和粟、黍等小米类稃壳组成,还可能夹杂少量蛋白质类物质。本研究为探讨十六国时期枕头的制作材料及其组成提供了重要信息,对于进一步探索卧具的发展历程、了解当时社会不同阶层的丧葬习...     

我国主要禾本科植物幼苗发育基本类型与系统分类

本文在观察了代表22个族76个属的203种禾本科植物幼苗的发育过程和 各种性状的基础上,探讨了重要性状的形成与分布区、生境条件的关系及重要性 状之间的相关性。 根据胚轴和根系发育的不同形式,将禾本科幼苗划分为三大 型：竹型、狐茅型和黍型。根据苗叶和不定根的特点,又把这些大型分为七个 亚型：真竹亚型、稻亚型、芦竹亚型、针茅亚型、狐茅亚型、画眉草亚型和真黍亚 型。 经过与胚体和植株各方面数据的互相印证,证明与幼苗形态的七个亚型相 对应,在系统分类上是七个亚科：竹亚科、稻亚科、芦竹亚科、针茅亚科、狐茅亚科、画眉草亚科和黍亚科。     

玉米生长周期内植硅体的变化研究

植物不同组织部位的植硅体形态、组合研究有助于准确鉴定考古地层植硅体来源植物的具体种类以及组织部位;生长周期内植硅体形态、组合变化研究有利于探讨植硅体的形成机制,认识植硅体形态组合变化与环境因子之间的关系,科学解释土壤及沉积物植硅体古植被、古环境信息。玉米变种亚航0919在生长的初期,尤其是前3片真叶,含比重较高的3片以上的多铃型植硅体;随着玉米生长天数增加及生长温度的升高,第4—5片真叶3片以上多铃型植硅体消失,哑铃型植硅体含量逐渐增加,尖型及棒型植硅体含量有所降低,叶片哑铃型植硅体长度(L)及宽度(W)有增加的趋势;相同生长阶段,叶片与叶脉植硅体组合及大小显著不同,叶脉相对叶片含较低比重的哑铃型植硅体、较高比重的十字型和椭圆-哑铃型植硅体,叶脉中哑铃型植硅体小于叶片中的。玉米叶片植硅体形态、组合在生长季节内的变化主要与植物的成熟阶段及生长环境温度的变化有关,其植硅体形态、大小和组合,尤其是哑铃型植硅体大小能够响应温度变化。     

中国早熟禾属植物部分种叶下表皮微形态的研究

通过光学显微镜及扫描电子显微镜对中国早熟禾属20种、6亚种及2变种植物的叶下表皮微形态特征进行了观察, 以明确叶表皮微形态特征在早熟禾属植物中的分类学意义。结果显示：(1)早熟禾属植物的叶下表皮长细胞多为长筒状或纺锤形,少数短筒状,细胞壁波状弯曲或近平直;脉间具有短细胞或缺如;气孔器多数常见,副卫细胞平行形至低圆屋顶形;脉上具有刺细胞或缺如,脉间刺细胞多为缺如;脉上硅细胞单生或对生,椭圆形、肾形、新月形、近方形、长方形边缘波状弯曲或结节形;部分早熟禾属植物叶下表皮存在冠细胞。(2)早熟禾属植物叶下表皮微形态特征在长细胞的形状及其细胞壁的弯曲与否、短细胞的有无及其形状、气孔器的分布与副卫细胞的形状、刺细胞的分布、脉上硅细胞的形状、冠细胞的有无这些方面存在着一定的差异,可为该属植物种间分类提供参考依据。叶表皮微形态证据支持高原早熟禾、细叶早熟禾作为草地早熟禾亚种的处理意见。     

恐龙化石保存1亿多年前禾本科起源信息

正中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所吴妍、尤海鲁和李小强三位研究人员经过近四年的努力,从一亿多年前早白垩世晚期发现的鸭嘴龙类恐龙(马鬃龙)牙齿周边保存的一种特殊结构中,成功提取到植物表皮和植硅体残留物。经过深入分析和对比研究,揭示这些含有短细胞对的表皮细胞和哑铃型结构的植硅体属于禾本科     

禾本科植物幼苗性状的聚类分析

本文用201种禾本科植物幼苗的60个形态和解剖性状进行了聚类分析,将禾本科植物分为四个大类(一级聚合单位)—狐茅类(Festucoid)、黍类(Panicoid),竹类(Bambusoid)和画眉草类(Eragrostidoid)。这四类基本上与分类系统中的亚科相吻合,只是芦竹亚科植物的幼苗分散聚到了其它类中。推测芦竹亚科是一个比较原始的类群,狐茅亚科、黍亚科和画眉草亚科可能是在芦竹亚科的基础上进化而来的。 除个别种外,大多数同属的种在较低的聚合水平上聚在一起,超族在亚聚合单位中基本上能够反映出来。 研究证明禾本科植物的幼苗性状在禾本科植物分类中具有重要的分类学意义。     

Morphological variations of lobate phytoliths from grasses in China and the south-eastern United States

Abstract. Phytolith analysis of grasses is a useful tool in palaeoenvironmental and archaeobotanical research. Lobate phytolith is one of the most important morphotypes of grass phytoliths. This study describes morphological variations of diagnostic lobate phytoliths and produces a tentative classification scheme based on 250 modern grass species from China and the south‐eastern U.S.A. Eighty‐five grass species were found to contain lobate phytoliths. They are derived mainly from Panicoideae, but also include the Chloridoideae, Oryzoideae and Arundinoideae subfamilies. Twenty‐five lobate morphological types were observed from different subfamilies, genera or tribes of grasses, based on two important parameters: (1) the length of the lobate shank and (2) the shape of the outer margin of the two lobes. The identification of grass tribe or even genus is possible based on the differences in lobate shape parameters or the composition of assemblages. However, not all of the lobate assemblages have a definite relationship with the genera that produce them, because grasses can only produce a limited range of lobate shapes that often overlap from one genus to another. Several C₃ grasses and Chloridoideae subfamily grasses also produce characteristic lobate phytoliths. The variations of lobate morphologies can be related to environmental factors, especially moisture. Typical hygrophytic grasses tend to yield lobate phytoliths with very short shank, whereas typical xerophytic grasses tend to produce lobate phytoliths with a very long shank. The potential link between phytolith morphology, grass taxonomy and environmental conditions opens the possibility that phytolith morphology may be used as a proxy in palaeoclimatic reconstruction.     

温带地区表土植硅体对温度的响应

植硅体的现代过程研究是利用植硅体这一指标精准恢复区域古植被、古气候的前提和关键环节,探讨表土植硅体组合的空间分布特征及其对环境因子的响应尤为重要.本研究在东北地区沿着年降水量为600 mm等降水线采集54块表土样品,研究单一温度控制下表土植硅体的空间分布规律,以期寻找对温度比较敏感的植硅体类型.结果表明:54块表土样品...     

Phytolith assemblages in grasses native to central Argentina

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Phytolith reference collections are a prerequisite for accurate interpretation of soil phytolith assemblages aimed at reconstructing past vegetation. In this study a phytolith reference collection has been developed for several grasses native to central Argentina: Poa ligularis, Piptochaetium napostaense, Stipa clarazii, Stipa tenuis, Stipa tenuissima, Stipa eriostachya, Stipa ambigua, Stipa brachychaeta, Pappophorum subbulbosum, Digitaria californica, Bothriochloa edwardsiana and Aristida subulata. METHODS: For each species, phytoliths present in the leaf blades were classified into 47 morphotypes, and their relative frequency determined by observing 300-400 phytoliths per sample (n = 5). Data were analyzed by complete linkage cluster analysis, using the Morisita Index as measure of association. KEY RESULTS: The results showed differentiation among phytolith assemblages at species level or at plant functional type level. Cluster analysis separated C3 from C4 species and palatable from non-palatable species. CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights the possibility of reconstructing past vegetation in central Argentina grasslands through the analysis of soil phytolith assemblages.     

Do soil phytoliths accurately represent plant communities in a temperate region? A case study of Northeast China

Modern soil phytoliths can potentially provide analogues for phytolith assemblages from archaeological and palaeoecological contexts. To assess the reliability of soil phytoliths for representing different plant communities, we analysed phytoliths in surface soils and parent plants at 65 sites representing five types of regional vegetation in Northeast China. The results demonstrated that surface soil phytolith assemblages could clearly differentiate samples from herbaceous and woody communities, and samples from Poaceae and non-Poaceae communities could be separated statistically. In addition, woody communities could be differentiated into a broadleaf-Poaceae community, a broadleaf-non-Poaceae community and a conifer and broadleaf-non-Poaceae community, except for some overlapping samples. Soil phytolith assemblages are thus able to differentiate regional vegetation types into different plant community types. In the present study, soil phytoliths represented about 30% of the phytoliths present in the aboveground vegetation. In addition, soil phytoliths from different communities reflected the aboveground vegetation with slightly different degrees of accuracy, and in addition different morphotypes exhibited different degrees of representational bias. Some morphotypes (e.g. rondel, elongate psilate, lanceolate) overrepresented the abundance of the associated plant taxa; morphotypes such as tracheid, conical epidermal, stomata and others under-represented the original plant richness; and other morphotypes, e.g. saddle, trapeziform sinuate, scutiform, were in good agreement with the numbers of plant taxa in the plot inventory. Thus, any quantitative palaeovegetation reconstruction using phytoliths should begin with the calibration of soil phytolith assemblages. We conclude that our findings provide improved phytolith analogues for different plant communities, with applications in palaeoenvironmental reconstruction, and they also provide additional insights into the mechanisms of phytolith production and deposition.     

Diversity of lobate phytoliths in grass leaves from the Sahel region, West Tropical Africa: Tribe Paniceae

Phytoliths are microscopic amorphous silicon dioxide (SiO2.H2O) particles occurring in leaves, internodes, glumes and inflorescence within all members of the grass family Poaceae. Phytoliths of grasses are of particular interest, as they possess morphological features which have encouraged many investigators to identify these plants from which fossil phytoliths might have originated. The present study is a step towards preparing a systematic inventory of grass phytoliths in western tropical Africa. Morphology and dimensions of phytoliths from 66 species belonging to the tribe Paniceae have been studied. Four shape categories of lobate phytoliths have been determined in leaf blade spodograms: bilobate, nodular bilobate, polylobate, quadra-lobate. Bilobate shaped phytoliths are frequently represented in all genera of Paniceae. 13 groups of lobate phytoliths have been distinguished based on significant morphological criteria like shape of outer margins, shape of the shank and number of lobes. A size category system of lobate phytolith dimensions (length, width; length and width of shanks) has been developed by the analysis of average, minimum and maximum values of these dimensions. Application of the size category system results on classifying the major groups into 25 subgroups. The study proves that size and shape can be used to assign some of the lobate phytoliths to their respective genera. Some rarely produced lobate shapes like nodular bilobate and polylobate types could be used together on assemblage basis as markers for definite genera in the tribe Paniceae, e.g. Brachiaria, Panicum, Pennisetum and Setaria. Also, bilobate phytoliths with concave margins have been recorded in five species. Bilobate phytoliths with flattened and convex margins and quadra-lobate shapes are produced by almost all species which therefore resulted in an inconsistent and indefinite relationship with the taxa that produce them. The study shows a correlation between width dimensions of bilobate shapes and their shanks. Greater width dimensions usually connected to thick shanks while short ones are attached to thin shanks. A spectrum on percentages of species producing each type of lobate phytolith has been designed. It is recommended that such spectrum should be carried out for all tribes of Poaceae on phyto-geographical basis which might eliminate the effect of redundancy and multiplicity on the classification of grass phytoliths.     

中国-中新世湖泊的古生态:根据山旺盆地植硅体的初步解释

山东山旺中新世山旺组湖相沉积中富含保存精美的古生物化石。对于湖相沉积中的昆虫、植物和哺乳动物化石,前人已经做了大量的研究工作。其中植物大化石和孢粉的研究结果表明,中新世山旺组在沉积期间,山旺湖周围的植被处于湿润的暖温带到亚热带的古生态环境下。哺乳动物蝙蝠和貘化石的研究结果也支持这个结论。然而,迄今为止,还没有关于草本植物的种类组成及含量的研究报道。本文首次对山旺组样品中的植硅体进行了研究,为山旺中新世植被的研究提供了新的证据。对从6块山旺组样品中分析出的植硅体进行研究的结果表明,山旺中新世植硅体组合含有丰富的保存极好的草本植物植硅体,代表森林成分的双子叶植物植硅体,以及偶尔出现的棕榈科植硅体。草本植物的植硅体主要来自于C_3/C_4禾本科的PACCAD类群和早熟禾亚科的植物,少数可能来自于在林下封闭生活环境中生长的草本植物。山旺中新世植硅体组合显示,在湖边森林生活环境下,伴生大量的适合沼生到中生环境的草本植物,在较干旱的地区生长着早熟禾(和PACCAD)的草本植物。本文的研究结果进一步支持山旺中新世气候比现在更加湿润而且变动较小的观点。山旺中新世植硅体组合与土耳其和北美大平原中新世湖相沉积中的植硅体组合不同,后者的植硅体组合主要是由多种C_3早熟禾亚科草本和不同种类的PACCAD类群草本植物组成。今后的研究工作将进一步揭示这种差异是否反映了草本植物群落在大尺度的生物地理上的差异,或者是由于地区性的局部气候不同所导致。     

内蒙古典型草原退化机理的研究

在内蒙古冷蒿小禾草退化草原上,经过６年围栏定量的放牧,分别对９种主要植物种群的形态学特征对放牧的响应进行了研究．结果表明,不同生活型和营养繁殖方式的牧草对放牧率的响应策略是不同的,从而构成了不同放牧率下群落演替的基础．匍匐以不定根行营养繁殖生长或分蘖性强的种群是较适应于重牧的,如冷蒿（Ａｒｔｅｍｉｓｉａｆｒｉｇｉｄａ）和星毛委陵菜（Ｐｏｔｅｎｔｉｌａａｕｃｕｌｉｓ）;以根茎和分蘖行营养繁殖的羊草（Ｌｅｙｍｕｓｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｅ）和冰草（Ａｇｒｏｐｙｒｏｎｃｒｉｓｔａｔｕｍ）及丛生禾草克氏针茅（Ｓｔｉｐａｋｒｙｌｏｖｉ）属宜轻牧植物;以根茎和分蘖行营养繁殖的寸草苔（Ｃａｒｅｘｄｕｒｉｕｓｃｕｌａ）和小丛生禾草糙隐子草（Ｃｌｅｉｓｔｏｇｅｎｅｓｓｑｕａｒｒｏｓａ）属宜中牧植物;而以分枝行营养繁殖的扁蓿豆（Ｍｅｌｉｓｉｔｕｓｒｕｔｈｅｎｉｃａ）和木地肤（Ｋｏｃｈｉａｐｒｏｓｔａｔａ）则宜轻牧．随着放牧率的增大,群落发生明显的变化,小禾草的比例逐渐减少,冷蒿小禾草退化草原最终进一步趋同于星毛委陵菜退化草原;而轻牧可以维持草原现状或使其发生恢复演替,禾草比例增加,即可达到利用式改良的目的