福建省耕地土壤重金属含量和可浸提性研究

测定了福建省6市、县耕地土壤中的Cu、Zn、Cd、Ni、Pb、Hg、As等7种重金属元素的全量和可浸提态含量,并对测定结果进行了数理统计。结果表明,福建省耕地土壤存在着不同程度的重金属污染,但依元素不同而不同,重金属可浸提态含量占全量的10.0?52.2 Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb、Ni的可浸提态含量与全量之间的相关达极显著水平,Zn、Cd、Pb、As等4元素含量之间存在着显著正相关,而Ni则只与Zn元素有极显著正相关,Cu和Hg与其它重金属元素的相关则均不显著。     

贵州木油厂汞矿区4种藓类植物及其基质中重金属元素分析

通过对贵州木油厂汞矿区4种藓类植物(真藓、卵蒴真藓、羽枝青藓和圆枝粗枝藓)及其生长基质中的Cu、Zn、Ca、Mg、Cd、Pb、Hg、As 8种元素进行测定分析,以揭示藓类植物与生长基质中重金属元素及其污染程度的关系.结果表明:(1)贵州木油厂汞矿区藓类植物生长基质中Cu、Hg和As元素的平均含量分别是相应国标值的1.29倍、300倍和1.69倍,说明该矿区已受到Cu、Hg和As的污染,且Hg污染特别严重.(2)羽枝青藓的As、Zn、Cd和Pb含量均最高,圆枝粗枝藓的Cu、Ca、Mg和Hg含量均最高,对重金属具有较强的耐受性.(3)羽枝青藓和圆枝粗枝藓对Zn均强烈富集,其富集系数分别为6.14和3.364;羽枝青藓、卵蒴真藓和真藓对Pb均强烈富集,其富集系数分别为13.769、9.547和3.004;表明羽枝青藓对Zn和Pb的富集能力最强,可用于土壤Zn和Pb的污染治理.(4)4种藓类植物对Cu 的富集系数为0.915～1.184,卵蒴真藓和圆枝粗枝藓对Hg的富集系数分别为0.542和0.682,圆枝粗枝藓对As的富集系数为0.74,均为同一水平,表明4种藓类植物可指示其生长基质中Cu、Hg和As的含量.(5)元素间的相关分析显示,木油厂汞矿的Cd和As之间呈显著负相关(P＜0.05),表明两元素间有拮抗作用.     

环境重金属污染物的生物有效性

利用生态系统研究了白银有色金属冶炼矿区周围环境中重金属的分布及生物有效性。结果表明 ,工厂在冶炼过程中已造成 Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn对周围环境不同程度的污染 ,其含量与距工厂的距离呈负相关 ;重金属在各种生物体内均有不同程度的吸收和累积 ,其吸收累积量随重金属和生物种类的不同而有差异 ;土壤的污染 ,使农作物和牧草中 Pb、Cd含量超过动物的最大耐受量和中毒的临界值 ;动物研究发现 ,肾脏、骨骼和肝脏是机体内重金属蓄积的主要器官。因此 ,放牧动物可作为环境重金属污染状况的标识 ,对评价重金属环境污染对当地人群的危害也有重要意义     

吴城鄱阳湖自然保护区鱼体重金属的富集及安全性评价

为研究吴城鄱阳湖自然保护区鱼类重金属的污染情况, 以鄱阳湖吴城6种常见淡水鱼(鲤、鳙、鲢、草鱼、青鱼、鳊)为研究对象, 分别研究鱼心脏、肝脏、鳃丝和肌肉等部位中铜、锌、铅、镉4种重金属的富集情况, 并采用目标危险系数(THQ)评价其健康风险。结果显示, 重金属元素在鱼体不同器官中的富集程度不同, Cd在肝脏中的含量最高, Cu在肝脏和心脏中的含量最高, Pb在肝脏中的富集含量最低, Zn在各器官的总体含量要高于其他3种元素。4种重金属在鱼肌肉中的含量均符合国内外标准。目标危险系数(THQ)分析结果表明, Pb导致的健康风险最高, Cd最低, 单一重金属THQ值和复合重金属TTHQ值均小于1, 说明吴城鄱阳湖自然保护区鱼类重金属的污染程度较低, 不会对消费者健康产生潜在危害。     

铜陵铜尾矿凤丹种植基地重金属污染初探

通过对安徽铜陵凤凰山铜尾矿凤丹种植基地土壤和凤丹中重金属污染状况进行采样分析.结果表明,在尾矿空白地和凤丹种植地土壤中Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn元素含量、存在形态差异明显,说明凤丹对尾矿土壤的修复效果明显;尾矿土壤中的Cu、Cd元素总量分别是国家土壤环境质量二级标准的436～1443倍和3.67～3.86倍,凤丹种植地重金属元素的CPI指数达到5.607,表明尾矿土壤中重金属元素污染仍相当严重.研究发现,4种元素在凤丹各部位含量明显不同:叶和根心为Cu>Zn>Pb>Cd,茎和根皮为Zn>Cu>Pb>Cd,根皮中Zn含量最高;土壤中重金属元素各形态的变化与凤丹体内相应元素总量无显著相关;丹皮内Cu、Cd、Pb元素含量与丹龄之间相关系数分别为0.842、0.993、0.992,Cu、Cd元素在凤丹体内含量约是出口药用植物绿色行业限量指标的1.43～2.53倍和1.17～3.17倍,可见缩短栽种时间可有效减少重金属元素对丹皮药效的影响.     

南京城市土壤重金属含量及其影响因素

研究了南京城市土壤重金属含量、来源及其与土壤性质的关系。结果表明,南京城市土壤中,Fe、Ni、Co、V污染不明显,但受到了不同程度的Mn、Cr、Cu、Zn、Pb污染,其中：Pb污染非常严重;重金属在土壤剖面分布没有规律性;Fe、Ni、Co、V元素主要来源于原土壤物质,Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr元素主要来源于人为输入,Mn可能在不同的土壤中来源不同;Fe、Cr、Ni、Co、V元素含量之间均呈极显著正相关,Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr元素含量之间均呈极显著正相关。Fe、Co、V、Ni含量与粘粒含量、CEC呈极显著正相关;Cu、Zn、Pb含量与粘粒含量呈极显著负相关;Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr含量与有机碳呈极显著正相关,Pb含量与pH呈极显著正相关。     

粤东铅锌尾矿三种优势植物对重金属的吸收和富集特性研究

为探讨铅锌矿废弃地优势植物在重金属污染土壤植物修复中的应用潜力,利用野外采样分析法,从粤东梅县丙村铅锌尾矿区采集其三种优势植物类芦、黄荆、盐肤木的根、茎、叶和土壤样品,测定和分析Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd四种重金属含量.结果表明:该矿区土壤污染严重,Pb、Zn、Cd含量远超土壤环境质量的三级标准,Cu超出二级标准;根际土壤和非根际土壤重金属含量均为Pb＞Zn＞Cu＞Cd,但根际土壤的重金属含量显著低于非根际土壤;这三种植物对Pb、Zn、Cu的转移系数大于1.0,对Cu的富集系数最高,Pb最小,但对四种重金属的富集系数均小于1.0,均未达到超富集植物临界含量标准.三种植物为该矿区的优势植物,说明它们对土壤的重金属污染有很强的耐性,虽然并非典型的超富集植物,但对污染土壤仍有较好的修复效果.     

洛阳市城区雪松(Cedrus deodara)松针重金属含量空间分异性

通过对雪松(Cedrus deodara)松针Pb、Cu、Zn、Cd等4种重金属含量的测定,分析洛阳市大气重金属污染空间分布状况。从洛阳市居民区、商业区、工业区、风景区等4类采样点,分10～15年生雪松松针(YS),10～15年生雪松地面落针(YD),20～30年生雪松松针(LS),20～30年生雪松落针(LD)等4种类型,采集雪松松针,测定其Pb、Cu、Zn、Cd等4种重金属含量。结果表明:洛阳城区雪松松针Pb、Cu、Zn、Cd平均含量为1.606、3.385、18.151和0.198mg·kg-1;松针类型间Cu和Zn含量差异显著,Pb和Cd含量差异不显著;采样点Pb、Cu和Zn含量差异显著,工业区居民区风景区,Cd含量差异不显著;采样点间雪松松针Pb、Cu、Zn含量变化主要受工业生产污染大气排放量和人为活动的影响,其含量值客观地反映出各采样点大气重金属污染状况,雪松可作为城市环境大气重金属污染的指示植物。     

铜尾矿区土壤与凤丹植株重金属富集研究

对安徽铜陵铜尾矿区凤丹种植地的土壤和凤丹中重金属污染状况进行了研究.结果表明,尾矿库区种植地极端贫瘠,有机质含量仅1.1～3.4g·kg^-1,而土壤Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn含量皆高于对照土壤,其中Cu含量达587.43～1176.44mg·kg^-1,Cd含量达3.08～5.16mg·kg^-1,约达国家土壤二级标准的10倍.凤丹各部位的Cu、Cd和Pb含量均超过了药用植物的限量标准,尤其是根皮部位Cu含量达31.50～64.00mg·kg^-1,Cd含量达0.98～1.45mg·kg^-1,超出标准1.6～3.6倍,表明种植地和凤丹都受到严重污染.凤丹不同部位中的Zn、Cd、Pb和Cu分别以茎、叶、叶和根皮中的含量最高.凤丹对Cd、Zn的富集比Cu和Pb高,但在根皮中的富集系数均较小.     

刺楸年轮中重金属含量动态变化及富集特性

为探索刺楸对受污染土壤重金属的富集和修复效应, 以南京栖霞山的乡土树种刺楸及其根际周边土壤为研究对象, 截取其根基部年轮盘及根际土壤样本, 采用ICP-AES法测定年轮及土壤样本中重金属(Cu、Cd、Cr、Mn、Ni、Pb、Zn)元素含量。结果表明: 栖霞山样地中的土壤受Mn、Pb和Zn污染最为严重, 存在Cu、Cd、Mn、Pb、Zn元素的高度复合污染, Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn在土壤和年轮中存在相关性, Mn和Pb则没有表现出明显的相关性; 刺楸修复受Cd、Mn、Pb、Zn污染的土壤效果并不显著, 更适用于Cr、Cu、Ni污染的土壤修复; 鉴于Cu元素含量变化特征, 刺楸也可以作为反映当地污染历史的记录载体; 刺楸年轮中的重金属元素之间存在交互作用, 其中Cd与Zn元素含量高度相关(r=0.984, p<0.01), 在刺楸年轮吸收重金属元素的过程中, Cu与Cd、Cr、Mn、Zn元素具有协同作用, Mn元素对其他元素有一定的拮抗作用。     

Histopathology and helminth parasites of African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) in relation to heavy metal pollution in a subtropical river system

In a study aimed to determine the histopathology, component parasite communities and level of selected heavy metals, African catfish Clarias gariepinus from three rivers in Zimbabwe (Gwebi, Manyame and Mukuvisi) were analysed for heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, Zn) in the gills, liver, kidney and muscles. The histopathology of these tissues was assessed by microscopic examination of stained thin sections. Metazoan parasite diversity and species composition in fish along different sites of the rivers were determined and compared. Levels of Cd, Fe, Pb and Zn were lowest in the Gwebi, Cr and Cu in the Manyame, and Ni in the Mukuvisi River. There were significant differences (P < 0.5) in concentration of iron and nickel in the gill and liver tissues of fish among the three rivers while significant differences in concentration of iron and lead were observed in muscle tissue. Gill chronic inflammation and ossification were significantly different (P < 0.5) in fish from among the three rivers. Chronic inflammation, hemosiderin deposits and bile accumulation in the liver were also significantly different (P < 0.5) among the three rivers and so was the extent of chronic inflammation in the kidney tissue. Lamellar fusion was slightly more present in gills of catfish from the Mukuvisi than the Gwebi River. The parasite community of C. gariepinus comprised three monogenean, two cestode and three nematode species. The least polluted Gwebi River had the highest parasite community diversity while the most polluted Mukuvisi River had the lowest diversity. Fish parasite community structure is thus a potential indicator of river pollution, while heavy metal pollution is a potential threat to fish and human health in the system.     

Trace element concentrations of oligochaetes and relations to sediment characteristics in the reservoir at Altenwörth/Austria

Summary The sediments of the River Danube in the Reservoir at Altenwörth/Lower Austria, are moderately polluted with Zn, Pb, and Cd, whereas concentrations of As, Co, Cr, Cu and Ni are typical of background values. Deposit-feeding oligochaetes living in these sediments were analyzed for their trace element concentrations (As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn) to study pathways of recycling of sediment bound amounts to the food web. Compared with background values of benthic deposit feeders from the literature, Cu and As are low, whereas some samples were enhanced in Pb, Cd and Zn. Within the rather narrow concentration ranges, relations of tissue concentrations with chemical and mineralogical compositions of the sediment were hardly found. Increase of clay mineral contents went in parallel with increasing Cd, Zn, and Cu in the tissues, and As in the tissues with total As content. Pb in the tissues was closely related to Pb-concentrations in the pore water. By means of sequential leaching, some further relations between trace element contents in the tissues and solid phases were found. The organic detrital phase positively correlates with As-uptake, whereas hydroxylamine-reducible Mn/Fe-oxyhydroxides influence the Pb-level, and dithionite-reducible Fe/Mn influence the Cu-level. Exchangeable and weak-acid-mobile fractions of the respective metals, however, did not correlate with tissue-levels, nor did the oxalate-extractable Fe-hydroxide coatings, which carry a major part of the heavy metals at fine grain sizes in the Danube sediments investigated. Zn in the tissues was largely independent from all investigated parameters.     

Interactions between toxic (As, Cd, Hg and Pb) and nutritional essential (Ca, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Se, Zn) elements in the tissues of cattle from NW Spain

Since the toxicity of one metal or metalloid can be dramatically modulated by the interaction with other toxic or essential metals, studies addressing the chemical interactions between trace elements are increasingly important. In this study correlations between the main toxic (As, Cd, Hg and Pb) and nutritional essential (Ca, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Se, Zn) elements were evaluated in the tissues (liver, kidney and muscle) of 120 cattle from NW Spain, using Spearman rank correlation analysis based on analytical data obtained by ICP-AES. Although accumulation of toxic elements in cattle in this study is very low and trace essential metals are generally within the adequate ranges, there were significant associations between toxic and essential metals. Cd was positively correlated with most of the essential metals in the kidney, and with Ca, Co and Zn in the liver. Pb was significantly correlated with Co and Cu in the liver. A large number of significant associations between essential metals were found in the different tissues, these correlations being very strong between Ca, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo and Zn in the kidney. Co was moderately correlated with most of the essential metals in the liver. In general, interactions between trace elements in this study were similar to those found in polluted areas or in experimental studies in animals receiving diets containing high levels of toxic metals or inadequate levels of nutritional essential elements. These interactions probably indicate that mineral balance in the body is regulated by important homeostatic mechanisms in which toxic elements compete with the essential metals, even at low levels of metal exposure. The knowledge of these correlations may be essential to understand the kinetic interactions of metals and their implications in the trace metal metabolism.     

淮南矿区大气及二球悬铃木叶片中重金属含量及其相关性分析

对淮南市污染区(矿区)和对照区(相对清洁区)空气中TSP、PM10-100、PM5-10、PM2.5-5和PM2.5的日均质量浓度进行了测定,并对TSP中Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn的质量浓度和二球悬铃木〔Platanus×acerifolia(Ait.)Willd.〕叶片中Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn含量的动态变化进行了分析,同时对二球悬铃木叶片中重金属含量与TSP中重金属质量浓度和各类空气颗粒物日均质量浓度的相关性进行了分析。结果表明:在60 d采样期内,空气颗粒物日均质量浓度和叶片中重金属含量均呈波动的变化趋势,其中污染区空气中TSP和PM2.5的日均质量浓度均显著高于对照区,污染区PM10-100、PM5-10和PM2.5-5日均质量浓度总体上低于对照区;污染区空气TSP中6种重金属元素的质量浓度均高于对照区,污染区二球悬铃木叶片中的Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni和Zn含量均高于对照区但Pb含量低于对照区。相关性分析结果表明:污染区二球悬铃木叶片中重金属含量与空气TSP中重金属质量浓度多数呈正相关,叶片中重金属含量与空气中PM2.5日均质量浓度也均呈正相关,其中叶片中Cd含量与PM2.5日均质量浓度的相关性达显著水平。研究结果表明:在淮南矿区,可将二球悬铃木叶片中的重金属含量作为空气PM2.5污染状况的监测指标。     

Distribution and risk assessment of heavy metals in river surface sediments of middle reach of Xijiang River basin,China

Xijiang River is the main surface water source in Guangxi province, South China. This study was carried out to investigate the distribution and potential ecological risks of seven heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, As, Cd, Ni, and Cr) in surface sediments in Xijiang River basin. The results illustrated that the average concentrations of Zn, Pb, Cd, Cu, As, Ni, and Cr were 483.9, 207.5, 13.35, 23.50, 312.1, 28.75, and 50.62 mg/kg, respectively. Among them, Zn, Pb, Cd, and As were the major heave metals with concentration exceeding Class 3 threshold value of Chinese national standard. The result also showed samples with high ecological risk were mainly located in the upstream of Xijiang River basin as Diaojiang River, Hongshui River, Jincheng River, and Dahuan River. Based on the pollution risk assessment, the area manifested composite pollution of heavy metals in the sediments, signifying As, Pb, and Cd as the dominant heavy metals, and there were high ecological risk in sediments for these metals. According to correlation matrix and factor analysis (FA), the seven heavy metals were divided into three types/classes, Cd, as and Zn attributed by anthropogenic sources, natural sources corresponds for Ni and Cr while both natural and anthropogenic sources were attributed to Cu.     

强还原过程对设施菜地土壤重金属形态转化的影响

设施菜地由于污水灌溉、粪肥施用等导致重金属污染.本文通过土柱淹水同时添加玉米秸秆培养和后期通水淋洗,研究强还原法对设施土壤重金属(Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn)形态转化的影响.结果表明: 强还原处理使土壤pH显著降低,玉米秸秆处理变化更显著;土壤氧化还原电位(Eh)迅速下降至-280 mV左右.玉米秸秆处理可以促进土壤中Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn活化,第9天土壤中有机物及硫化物结合态和残渣态Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn含量比重下降;至15 d培养结束,土壤中4种重金属含量较对照分别减少18.1%、19.0%、16.1%和15.7%.玉米秸秆处理可以增加土壤中Cd和Zn的溶出量,但是Cu的溶出量减少;胶体结合态Cd和Pb含量较对照增加、Cu较对照显著减少、Zn没有显著变化.强还原可以引起设施土壤重金属活化,提高蔬菜积累重金属的风险,而且其随土壤水分的运移可能导致水体的污染.     

行道树毛白杨树干中重金属元素分布

采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP),测定分析首都机场高速公路旁毛白杨(Populus tomentosa Carr.)树干中Pb、Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni和Mn 7种重金属元素的含量及积累量,比较分析树干不同组织、不同方位、不同龄级年轮重金属含量差异及与交通量、关键气候因子的相关性。结果表明:树干木质部中各重金属平均含量由大到小依次为Zn、Cu、Cr、Mn、Ni、Pb、Cd,树皮中依次为Zn、Mn、Cr、Pb、Cu、Cd、Ni,树皮中各重金属元素的含量明显高于木质部;同一树干木质部中,各重金属元素在不同方位的分布有所差异,其中,靠近车道一侧的各重金属元素含量均高于背离车道一侧,南北向比较中,Ni、Zn为南侧含量高于北侧,其他5种重金属元素均为北侧高于南侧;以5a为一个龄级将年轮划分为5个龄组,各龄级年轮中重金属含量随时间的变化趋势各异,其中Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn总体呈递减趋势,且与年降水量、最低气温、日照时数、雨天日数和大风日数呈正相关趋势,与年平均气温和最高气温呈负相关趋势;各元素在毛白杨树干木质部中的积累量表现为ZnCrCuMnPbNiCd。     

广西锰矿恢复区食用农作物重金属污染评价

对广西平乐、荔浦两锰矿恢复区种植的食用农作物进行了调查和重金属含量分析.结果表明:两锰矿区农作物Zn、Pb、Cr、Cu和Cd的含量范围分别在1.18~20.46、0.52~16.16、0.33~6.62、0.01~6.24和0.01~2.76mg.kg-1之间.其中,豆类作物中的重金属含量最高,其次是薯类.单因子污染指数评价表明,农作物基本未受Zn、Cu污染,但受Pb、Cd和Cr污染严重,以Pb污染最重,受污染率达100%,Cr和Cd受污染率分别为96.9%和75.0%;从综合污染指数来看,农作物受污染率达100%,其中,重、中、轻污染分别占87.5%、9.4%和3.1%.表明在锰矿废弃地直接种植食用农作物存在较大风险,应重新考虑其恢复利用模式.