2002年至2007年太原地区儿童细菌性腹泻病原菌分布及耐药分析

目的了解太原地区近6年儿童细菌性腹泻病原菌分布及耐药情况。方法对临床诊断细菌性腹泻病,便培养已分离到病原菌1080例作回顾性分析,分析其病原菌的分布及耐药情况。结果埃希菌属486株（45％）,居于首位,前5位的病原菌依次为埃希菌属、肠球菌属、酵母样真菌、志贺菌属、假单胞菌属。各年均以大肠埃希菌为主要检出菌,志贺菌逐年减少。年龄分布中,婴儿的构成比最高（44．4％）。埃希菌属、志贺菌属、假单胞菌属、沙门菌属、气单胞菌属此5种杆菌对13种抗生素的平均耐药率依次为舒普深、痢特灵、头孢他啶、庆大霉素、环丙沙星、头孢哌酮、头孢曲松、丁胺卡那、头孢噻肟、诺氟沙星、头孢呋辛、哌拉西林、头孢唑啉。从埃希菌属近6年的耐药性变迁资料可以看出,对13种抗生素的耐药率均有不同程度上升。结论传统的致病菌志贺菌属、沙门菌属较少,而肠球菌属、假单胞菌属、枸橼酸杆菌属、克雷伯杆菌属、肠杆菌属、酵母样真菌等条件致病菌肠炎占有相当比例。各种致病菌的耐药性增加,第三代头孢除头孢他啶的耐药率较低外,其余都较高。提示应严格掌握抗生素用药指证,合理选用抗生素。     

儿童社区获得性肺炎的致病菌分布及耐药性分析

目的探讨我院儿童社区获得性肺炎(CAP)细菌感染情况及药敏情况,为抗生素的合理使用提供依据。方法以本院2010年1月至2013年12月儿科收治的CAP患儿为研究对象,回顾性分析CAP的病原菌分布和耐药情况。菌株鉴定使用法国梅里埃VITEK32分析仪,用纸片扩散法做药敏试验。结果病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,前四位分别为肺炎克雷伯杆菌、大肠埃希菌、流感嗜血杆菌和阴沟肠杆菌;革兰阳性菌次之,主要为肺炎链球菌和金黄色葡萄球菌。药敏结果显示,主要革兰阴性菌对头孢吡肟、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦和亚胺培南耐药率较低;主要革兰阳性菌对左氧氟沙星、莫昔沙星和万古霉素耐药率较低。结论了解CAP患儿病原菌分布,有利于在儿童CAP经验性治疗时制定正确的治疗方案。     

四年医院感染致病菌耐药性分析

目的：了解医院感染致病菌的耐药情况。方法：对我院（1000张床位）近4年医院感染致病菌药敏试验结果进行统计分析。结果：共分离出致病菌2404株,其中G^-菌974株（40.5%);G^ 菌790株（32.9%);真菌650株（26.6%)。细菌的耐药性发生了变化,氟喹喏酮类对常见细菌耐药率大于40%;第三代头孢对阴沟肠杆菌耐药率大于71%,第一代的头孢唑啉对该菌全部耐药,对其他细菌的耐药率大于60%;青霉素类中ORSA高达86.6%;细菌耐药率最低的为舒谱深,亚胺培南。结论：医院感染致病菌耐药率总体呈上升趋势,耐药谱不断变更,甚至呈现多重耐药,必须加强对细菌耐药性监测。综合分析合理选用抗生素。     

辽宁省2012年食源性致病菌监测结果分析

目的监测了解辽宁省食品中致病菌污染状况,对食源性致病菌监测结果分析,为有效防治疾病提供科学依据。方法2012年采集辽宁省及8个市疾病预防控制中心的7大类食品共l824件食品样品,按照“食源性致病菌监测工作手册”标准操作程序,对常见食源性致病菌、卫生指标菌和寄生虫进行检测。结果各类指标菌样品1824份,阳性检出率为11．24％。其中副溶血性弧菌检出率最高,为19．78％;其次为蜡样芽孢杆菌,检出率为10．04％。结论辽宁主要食品均受到食源性致病菌不同程度的污染,要注意加强即食性食品的致病菌污染监测,防止食物中毒的爆发流行。     

儿童活体肝移植术后感染常见致病菌及其耐药性分析

目的分析儿童活体肝移植术后常见致病菌的分布特点及其对常用抗菌药物的耐药性情况,为合理使用抗生素提供参考。方法回顾性分析重庆医科大学附属儿童医院自2006年6月至2009年12月术后监护的42例儿童活体肝移植患儿送检共152份标本进行菌株鉴定及药敏试验。结果经培养共分离出66株致病菌,阳性率为43.4%,以呼吸道来源为主,占71.2%。66株致病菌中革兰阴性菌（G^-）63.6%,革兰阳性菌（G^＋）27.3%,真菌9.1%。常见G^-菌为铜绿假单胞菌、阴沟肠杆菌、大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌肺炎亚种。常见G^＋菌为金黄葡萄球菌和肺炎链球菌。真菌主要为白色假丝酵母菌。药敏结果显示细菌耐药性明显增强,G^-菌中阴沟肠杆菌、大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌肺炎亚种对美洛培南、亚胺培南100%敏感,对环丙沙星、左旋氧氟沙星、阿米卡星和氯霉素敏感在85.7%以上;超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）菌株检出率为66.7%100%。铜绿假单胞菌仅对环丙沙星、左旋氧氟沙星、庆大霉素、阿米卡星和多粘菌素敏高度感度,敏感度在91.6%以上。G^＋菌中金黄色葡萄菌对万古霉素、替考拉宁、利奈唑胺、呋喃妥因、阿米卡星和环丙沙星100%敏感,β-内酰胺酶检出率为100%。肺炎链球菌对万古霉素、利奈唑胺、头孢西丁、美洛培南、左旋氧氟沙星和头孢吡肟均有83.3%以上的敏感性,对于阿莫西林仍有66.7%的敏感性,但对于大环内酯类100%耐药。白色假丝酵母菌对两性霉素B 100%敏感。结论儿童活体肝移植术后常见致病菌以G^-菌为主,多为多重耐药菌株,含有β-内酰胺酶抑制剂及碳青霉烯类抗生素是治疗该类细菌的有效抗生素。万古霉素是G^＋菌感染的有效抗生素。两性霉素B是真菌感染的有效药物。为避免耐药率上升,临床应合理使用抗生素。     

13年败血症的致病菌变迁和耐药谱研究

目的 阐明败血症多得耐药菌分布。方法 对我院１９８６年１月至１９９８年１２月１３年住院的１７０５例经血培养阳性证实的败血症进行致病菌分布与年代比较、耐药性分析。结果 发现以金葡萄为主的Ｇ＾＋菌占４９．５５％、大肠杆菌为主的Ｇ菌占４９．０６％、Ｌ型菌０．９３％、真菌０．４４％,复数菌４．５１％。葡萄球菌７２５（４０．００％）占首位,有上升趋势;不动杆菌、克雷伯菌、嗜麦芽黄单胞菌等崛起并增多;大肠杆菌     

2015年福建省福州市食源性致病菌监测分析

目的：了解福州市2015年食源性致病菌污染现状,为减少食品微生物污染、提高食品卫生质量提供依据。方法：抽取10类共204份食品样本,进行单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门氏菌、蜡样芽孢杆菌、副溶血性弧菌、铜绿假单胞菌、霍乱弧菌、广州管圆线虫等的检测。结果：全年检出食源性致病菌12株和寄生虫3份,总体检出率为7.35%,其中副溶血性弧菌检出率最高,为12.20%。10类食品中动物性淡水产品致病菌阳性检出率最高为23.81%,其次为桶装饮用水11.54％。结论：不同食品受微生物污染的程度不同,福州市以水产中副溶血性弧菌和桶装饮用水中铜绿假单胞菌的污染较明显。     

儿童社区获得性支原体肺炎病原学与影像学特征分析

目的:回顾性分析我院儿童社区获得性肺炎(Community-acquired pneumonia,CAP)患儿病原学检测结果,为本地区CAP患儿的临床治疗提供参考依据。方法:选取2014年5月-2018年5月812例符合中华医学会儿科学分会制定的儿童社区获得性肺炎(2013修订)诊断标准的CAP患儿,分析患儿的临床特征及影像学检查结果,并进行分析。结果:非重症CAP患儿812例,CAP占10.2%;感染病原体例数481例,阳性检出率为59.2%;1月-1岁龄组与1-5岁龄组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);5-14岁龄组发热发生率明显高于前两组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。咳嗽、喘息、固定湿啰音发生率集中在1月-1岁龄组与1-5岁龄组,且高于5-14岁龄组发生率(P0.0);肺部影像学改变的患儿共657例,占80.9%。三个年龄组;肺部影像学改变差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:不同年龄段CAP患儿病原体检出率不同;不同年龄和不同病原学感染的儿童CAP的影像学表现各有特点,对于临床医生早发现、早诊断、早治疗具有一点的指导性意义。     

辽阳市2013年食品中致病菌污染状况分析

目的了解辽阳市食源性致病菌污染情况,为食品风险监测提供理论支持,降低食品安全事故发生几率。方法根据辽宁省卫生厅关于食品安全风险监测的相关文件和监测方案对可能存在食源性致病菌污染的食品采集260份样品进行检测并对检测出来的致病菌进行分析,总结辽阳市食源性致病菌污染的情况。结果对13种(类)食品进行采样,共检测样品260份,合格250份,合格率为96.15%。结论市售食品卫生质量存在一定安全隐患,微生物污染的食品占一定比例,食品卫生监督部门应加强速冻米面制品、桶装饮用水/桶装天然矿泉水/桶装矿物质水、婴幼儿辅助食品等的监督和管理。     

利奈唑胺治疗儿童社区获得性金黄色葡萄球菌肺炎的临床疗效分析

目的:分析儿童社区获得性金葡菌肺炎应用利奈唑胺的临床疗效.方法:选择2008-1-1至2009-3-1在青岛大学医学院附属医院普通儿科及青岛市儿童医院诊断社区获得性金葡菌肺炎患儿22人为研究对象,分析其体温、咳嗽、肺部罗音、住院时间等临床资料.结果:患儿的平均住院时间为13.0±2.26天,有效率100%,不良反应发生率4.55%.结论:利奈唑胺治疗儿童社区获得性金葡菌肺炎有较高的临床治愈率,可快速改善症状.缩短住院时间.     

宁波地区成人社区获得性肺炎病原学调查

目的 研究宁波地区成人社区获得性肺炎病原微生物的分布及其耐药性,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供必要的病原学依据.方法 对慈溪市红十字医院2010年1月至2011年12月期间住院的233例成年CAP患者临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 233例CAP患者中,134例病原学检查阳性,病原菌102株,其中主要为流感嗜血杆菌42株,肺炎链球菌36株,肺炎克雷伯杆菌16株.非典型病原阳性32例,主要为肺炎支原体27例.流感嗜血杆菌对氨苄西林耐药率为15.6％;肺炎链球菌对青霉素耐药率为35.1％,对阿齐霉素耐药率为62.4％;肺炎克雷伯菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)率为11.8％.结论 宁波地区CAP患者以革兰阴性菌为主要病原菌,对喹诺酮类和第三代头孢菌素具有不同程度的耐药性,可以选择含β-内酰胺酶抑制剂的复合抗生素和碳青酶烯类抗生素.非典型病原体感染的CVP不容忽视.     

Multiplex PCR assay for detection of bacterial pathogens associated with warm-water Streptococcosis in fish

A multiplex PCR-based method was designed for the simultaneous detection of the main pathogens involved in warm-water streptococcosis in fish (Streptococcus iniae, Streptococcus difficilis, Streptococcus parauberis, and Lactococcus garvieae). Each of the four pairs of oligonucleotide primers exclusively amplified the targeted gene of the specific microorganism. The sensitivity of the multiplex PCR using purified DNA was 25 pg for S. iniae, 12.5 pg for S. difficilis, 50 pg for S. parauberis, and 30 pg for L. garvieae. The multiplex PCR assay was useful for the specific detection of the four species of bacteria not only in pure culture but also in inoculated fish tissue homogenates and naturally infected fish. Therefore, this method could be a useful alternative to the culture-based method for the routine diagnosis of warm-water streptococcal infections in fish.     

Protein tyrosine kinases in bacterial pathogens are associated with virulence and production of exopolysaccharide.

In eukaryotes, tyrosine protein phosphorylation has been studied extensively, while in bacteria, it is considered rare and is poorly defined. We demonstrate that Escherichia coli possesses a gene, etk, encoding an inner membrane protein that catalyses tyrosine autophosphorylation and phosphorylation of a synthetic co-polymer poly(Glu:Tyr). This protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) was termed Ep85 or Etk. All the E.coli strains examined possessed etk; however, only a subset of pathogenic strains expressed it. Etk is homologous to several bacterial proteins including the Ptk protein of Acinetobacter johnsonii, which is the only other known prokaryotic PTK. Other Etk homologues are AmsA of the plant pathogen Erwinia amylovora and Orf6 of the human pathogen Klebsiella pneumoniae. These proteins are involved in the production of exopolysaccharide (EPS) required for virulence. We demonstrated that like Etk, AmsA and probably also Orf6 are PTKs. Taken together, these findings suggest that tyrosine protein phosphorylation in prokaryotes is more common than was appreciated previously, and that Etk and its homologues define a distinct protein family of prokaryotic membrane-associated PTKs involved in EPS production and virulence. These prokaryotic PTKs may serve as a new target for the development of new antibiotics.     

Bacterial, viral and parasitic enteric pathogens associated with acute diarrhea in hospitalized children from northern Jordan

To determine the etiology of acute diarrhea in Jordanian children under 5 years of age, we examined stool samples from 265 children admitted to the pediatric ward at Princess Rahma Hospital for Children, Irbid, Jordan, for parasites, rotavirus and enteric bacteria. Using both traditional and molecular diagnostic techniques, we detected enteropathogens in 66.4% of patients with diarrhea. A single enteric pathogen was detected in 50.9% of the children, and multiple pathogens were detected in 15.5%. The prevalence of enteropathogens identified was as follows: rotavirus (32.5%), enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (12.8%), enteroaggregative E. coli (10.2), enterotoxigenic E. coli (5.7%), Shigella spp. (4.9%), Entamoeba histolytica (4.9%), Salmonella spp. (4.5%), Campylobacter jejuni/coli (1.5%), Cryptosporidium spp. (1.5%), enteroinvasive E. coli (1.5%), eae-, Ehly-positive E. coli (0.8%), Giardia lamblia (0. 8%) and Yersinia enterocolitica (0.4%). No Vibrio cholerae, Shiga toxin-producing E. coli, microsporidia, adenovirus or small round virus were detected. Findings from this study demonstrate that rotavirus and several types of diarrheagenic E. coli, which are not screened for during routine examinations of stool samples in public health laboratories, were the most frequently detected enteropathogens in these children. Our findings highlight the value of using a combination of traditional and molecular techniques in the diagnosis of diarrheal disease in this population.     

Intestinal coccidia in Cuban pediatric patients with diarrhea

From May to August 1999, we evaluated 401 patients from a pediatric hospital of Havana City. One group was composed of 113 patients with diarrhea admitted to the Gastroenterology ward and a second consisted of 288 patients without diarrhea, admitted for other reasons, and hospitalized within the same time period. Three stool samples were collected from each child and were examined using three parasitological techniques. When we compared the frequency of parasite species between both groups, we found Cryptosporidium spp. and Cyclospora cayetanensis, only in the group of children with diarrhea (P < 0.01). However, no significant differences were found in the occurrence of the other intestinal parasites (P > 0.05). In addition, in those children infected with Cryptosporidium, the diarrhea had a more prolonged duration (P < 0.01), while those infected with Cyclospora, the abdominal cramps or pain, and acute diarrhea were more frequently detected (P < 0.01). Our results showed that emerging intestinal coccidia are pathogens strongly associated in this group of children with diarrhea.     

The interaction of bacterial pathogens with platelets

In recent years, the frequency of serious cardiovascular infections such as endocarditis has increased, particularly in association with nosocomially acquired antibiotic-resistant pathogens. Growing evidence suggests a crucial role for the interaction of bacteria with human platelets in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular infections. Here, we review the nature of the interactions between platelets and bacteria, and the role of these interactions in the pathogenesis of endocarditis and other cardiovascular diseases.     

Characteristics of azithromycin action on bacterial biofilms of pneumonia pathogens]

Azithromycin (Zitrolid) action on biofilms formed by gramnegative and grampositive microorganisms, isolated from patients with respiratory tract infections was investigated. The drug was effective at the stage of the biofilm formation and on exposition to the already formed biofilms.     

社区获得性肺炎非典型病原体分布及其流行特征

目的 了解社区获得性肺炎(CAP)非典型病原体感染的分布情况及其流行特征.方法 收集确诊为社区获得性肺炎患者278例,间接免疫荧光法(IFA)检测人血清中呼吸道9种主要的非典型性病原体的IgM抗体.结果 病原体检测阳性者150例,总阳性率54.O％.单一病原体感染中,肺炎支原体(MP) 125例(45.0％)、呼吸道合胞病毒( RSV) 27例(9.7％)、腺病毒22例(7.9％)、副流感病毒1、2和3型19例(6.8％)、乙型流感病毒16例(5.8％)、嗜肺军团菌血清1型13例(4.7％)、肺炎衣原体2例(0.7％)和甲型流感病毒1例(0.4％).混合感染共63例(22.7％),其中61例(21.9％)为MP与其他病原体的混合感染,病毒感染以RSV最常见,共27例(9.7％).CAP患者患有基础疾病共139例(50％),其余为无基础疾病者.基础疾病中以循环疾病和呼吸疾病最常见,各占总CAP患者的15,1％和13.0％.所有受检者MP阳性率最高,达45％,其中未成年组3～18岁中MP阳性率高达60.2％,而成人组18 ～50岁中MP阳性率高达81.8％.CAP春季病原体阳性检出率为46.9％,冬季病原体阳性检出率为63.8％(x2=7.752,P＜0.05).结论 非典型性病原体(特别是MP)感染在CAP患者中比例较大,其流行与分布跟病原体种类、基础疾病、年龄、季节等有一定的关系.     

Phagocytosis of bacterial pathogens

Phagocytosis is an evolutionarily ancient, receptor-driven process, by which phagocytic cells recognize invading microbes and destroy them after internalization. The phagocytosis receptor Eater is expressed exclusively on Drosophila phagocytes and is required for the survival of bacterial infections. In a recent study, we explored how Eater can defend fruit flies against different kinds of bacteria. We discovered that Eater bound to certain types of bacteria directly, while for others bacterial binding was dependent on prior disruption of the bacterial envelope. Similar to phagocytes, antimicrobial peptides and lysozymes are ancient components of animal immune systems. Our results suggest that cationic antimicrobial peptides, as well as lysozymes, can facilitate Eater binding to live Gram-negative bacteria. Both types of molecules promote surface-exposure of bacterial ligands that otherwise would remain buried and hidden under an outer membrane. We propose that unmasking ligands for phagocytic receptors may be a conserved mechanism operating in many animals, including humans. Thus, studying a Drosophila phagocytosis receptor may advance our understanding of innate immunity in general.