条件性基因敲除:骨髓细胞特异性敲除Ncol2基因小鼠的建立和基因型鉴定

Ncol2是新发现的参与免疫调节的重要因子,Ncol2基因骨髓细胞特异性敲除小鼠的建立,能够有针对性的研究Ncol2基因缺失后对免疫系统的影响。根据条件性基因敲除的原理,本文利用loxp转基因小鼠和在骨髓细胞特异性表达Cre重组酶的LysMcre小鼠,繁殖建立了骨髓细胞特异性敲除Ncol2基因的小鼠,并提供了用鼠尾做基因型鉴定的简便方法。     

选择性敲除小鼠神经细胞adam10基因导致胼胝体和海马联合发育不全

目的探讨adam 10基因在小鼠神经系统发育的作用。方法将gfapcre转基因鼠和adam10loxlox转基因鼠杂交,得到神经细胞特异性adam10基因敲除鼠(gfapcre-adam10loxlox);在出生后第14d对小鼠大脑切片行HE染色和免疫组织化学染色,观察adam10基因敲除后神经系统发育情况。结果选择性敲除小鼠神经细胞adam10基因(gfapcre-adam10loxlox)后,小鼠可存活至出生后3w左右;HE染色发现胼胝体缺失,海马发育不全,髓鞘碱性蛋白(myelin basic protein,MBP)免疫荧光染色发现髓鞘发育异常。结论 Adam10基因在小鼠神经系统发育中具有重要作用,选择性敲除小鼠神经细胞adam10基因导致胼胝体和海马联合发育不全,髓鞘发育异常。     

黏蛋白1基因敲除小鼠模型的构建

黏蛋白1(MUC1)属黏蛋白家族成员,分布于上皮细胞膜表面,由于在免疫炎症反应以及肿瘤发生中的重要作用而日益受到重视.为了进一步深入研究MUC1的生物学功能,构建了Muc1基因敲除小鼠模型.首先,根据小鼠Muc1基因组序列设计基因剔除策略,将2个loxP位点分别插在外显子2和3两侧,构建基因剔除载体Muc1-ABRLFn-pBR322.以电穿孔方法将载体导入胚胎干细胞(ES细胞),用G418和更昔洛韦进行正负筛选获得4个同源重组的ES细胞克隆.挑选其中一个阳性ES克隆行囊胚显微注射,获得16只嵌合率大于50%的雄鼠;其次,利用嵌合雄鼠与C57BL/6J野生型雌鼠交配后获得11只floxP杂合子小鼠(10雄1雌),通过杂合子小鼠回交,并进一步与EⅡa-Cre小鼠交配,最终成功得到Muc1全身敲除小鼠,其中纯合子小鼠未出现胚胎致死现象.初步表型观察未发现Muc1基因敲除相关器官组织结构的异常改变.本研究为MUC1的生物学功能的挖掘,尤其是MUC1在肿瘤发生转移中的作用机制的揭示提供了实验平台.     

转基因小鼠和基因敲除小鼠

能够把基因功能作为生物体表现来观察的改变了基因的小鼠。即使在基因组信息泛滥的今天,这也是最重要的工具之一,基本原理的研究虽然很早,但目前仍在进行改良法的开发工作。本文由基因控制株式会社的三谷匡董事予以阐述。[编者按]     

SHBG基因敲除小鼠模型的建立及其表型分析

目的:建立性激素结合球蛋白(SHBG)基因条件敲除小鼠模型,为探讨胎盘组织中SHBG在体内的生理功能及其与妊娠期糖尿病发病关系提供实验手段。方法:首先运用生物信息学手段确定小鼠SHBG基因组序列,构建SHBG打靶载体,以电穿孔方法将其导入小鼠ES细胞,筛选培养阳性ES细胞并行PCR鉴定,并将正确同源重组的ES细胞注射进小鼠囊胚,移入受体小鼠子宫;将获得的嵌合体小鼠与C57BL/6J小鼠交配,筛选后获得Flox小鼠,该小鼠与EIIa-Cre转基因小鼠杂交,子代多次自交获得SHBG全身基因敲除(SHBG~(-/-))的小鼠。结果:运用同源重组及ES细胞技术建立了SHBG基因的Flox小鼠,并利用Cre/Loxp重组酶系统建立了SHBG基因全身敲除小鼠模型,PCR方法从基因水平证明了SHBG基因Flox小鼠及SHBG基因全身敲除小鼠模型建立成功。对基因敲除鼠进行初步表型分析发现:SHBG基因全身敲除小鼠的生长发育与野生型小鼠相比无明显肉眼所见异常,SHBG基因全身敲除雌雄小鼠均具有生殖能力。结论:成功建立SHBG基因全身敲除小鼠模型,通过对基因敲除鼠进行初步表型分析,发现SHBG基因全身敲除小鼠外观上发育正常,为进一步研究SHBG在妊娠期糖尿病中的作用奠定了基础。     

条件性敲除APC基因小鼠肠道腺瘤模型的构建

腺瘤性结肠息肉病(adenomatous polyposis coli,APC)基因是家族性腺瘤性息肉病(familial adenomatous polyposis,FAP)的致病基因,APC基因的突变导致小鼠多处产生肿瘤,但肠道条件性敲除APC基因后,小鼠的表型并不清楚。该研究利用Cre-LoxP重组酶系统,在肠道绒毛和隐窝上皮细胞条件性敲除APC基因,并对小鼠表型进行鉴定和分析。将Villin Cre小鼠和APC~(fl/fl)小鼠合笼得到Villin Cre;APC~(fl/+)小鼠;有意思的是后者进一步与APC~(fl/fl)小鼠合笼,却没有得到Villin Cre;APC~(fl/fl)小鼠。进一步解剖Villin Cre;APC~(fl/+)小鼠,发现其自发产生肠道肿瘤,并能携瘤生存,免疫组化显示瘤体组织激活了Wnt信号通路。结果表明成功地构建了小鼠肠道条件性敲除APC基因腺瘤模型,为进一步研究APC基因在肠道发育以及肠道肿瘤的作用提供了优良的工具。     

雌激素受体β基因敲除小鼠子宫内膜异位症模型的建立

目的建立雌激素受体β基因敲除小鼠子宫内膜异位症模型,为进一步研究雌激素受体β基因在子宫内膜异位症发生发展过程中的作用提供平台。方法用外科手术方法对16只β基因敲除小鼠进行自体子宫移植,术后14d、21d取病灶组织进行光镜观察分析。结果建模成功率达95．8％,可形成明显囊肿,内含囊液,囊肿内壁有子宫内膜上皮细胞生长。结论应用本方法可建立稳定的子宫内膜异位症转基因小鼠模型,便于研究雌激素受体β亚型及其相关基因、蛋白在子宫内膜异位症发生发展过程中的作用机制。     

肝特异性LCMT1基因敲除小鼠模型的制备及鉴定

目的 建立肝特异性LCMT1基因敲除小鼠模型。方法 运用CRISPR/Cas9技术构建肝特异性LCMT1-KO小鼠。通过RT-PCR、实时定量PCR、Western Blot和HE染色等方法鉴定及比较野生和敲除小鼠的差异;观察和分析两组小鼠的一般情况、繁殖能力和子代存活率。结果 成功鉴定子代的基因型;LCMT1-KO小鼠肝LCMT1 mRNA和蛋白质水平显著低于对照组小鼠;两组小鼠的饮食、饮水、体重、繁殖能力、子代存活率、肝外观和HE染色无明显差异;LCMT1-KO小鼠心脏、大脑和肾组织中LCMT1表达与对照组相比没有显著变化;LCMT1-KO小鼠sgRNA未发生脱靶。结论 成功构建肝特异性LCMT1基因敲除小鼠,为研究LCMT1基因在疾病中的调控作用提供实验手段。     

Mdr2基因敲除小鼠建立原发性肝癌模型观察

目的 观察C57BL/6背景的Mdr2基因敲除小鼠自发肝肿瘤形成情况。方法 (11.3±4.2)周龄Mdr2基因敲除C57BL/6-Abcb4^tm1小鼠9只和野生型C57BL/6小鼠5只,连续饲养65周后处死小鼠,留取血清及肝标本。检测血清ALT、AST、AFP水平,肝组织石蜡切片做HE、天狼猩红染色,免疫组织化学检测肿瘤及肿瘤旁组织CK-7、CK-19表达情况。结果 9只Mdr2基因敲除小鼠均自发形成肝肿瘤,血清ALT、AST、AFP水平均显著高于野生型小鼠(P<0.01),Mdr2基因敲除小鼠肝肿瘤CK-7、CK-19染色均为阴性。结论 Mdr2基因敲除小鼠连续饲养至(76.3±4.2)周龄时均自发形成肝肿瘤,其病理组织分型为肝细胞癌。     

EERα基因敲除小鼠的繁育及子代小鼠基因型的鉴定

目的 探讨雌激素受体α(ERα)基因敲除小鼠的优化繁育方法及ERα基因敲除小鼠子代鼠的鉴定方法,建立ERα基因敲除小鼠模型,为进一步研究ERα蛋白的功能奠定基础.方法 用4种不同的交配方式观察子代鼠的各表型比率及雌、雄性ERα基因突变纯合子小鼠的繁殖能力;从子鼠鼠尾中提取基因组DNA,用PCR方法扩增ERα基因片段,琼脂糖凝胶电泳后观察结果.HE染色观察雌、雄性ERα<'-/->小鼠生殖系统表型变化.结果 WT、ERα<'+/->、ERα<'-/->各表型小鼠互交繁殖结果基本符合孟德尔遗传规律,且雌、雄性ERα<'-/->小鼠无繁殖能力.与WT比较,雄性ERα<'-/->小鼠睾丸脏器系数降低,睾丸病理变化表现为生精小管管腔膨胀,生精细胞层变薄,且排列不规则;雌性ERα<'-/->小鼠子宫脏器系数降低,子宫和卵巢病变明显,表现为:子宫浆膜、肌层、内膜层细胞排列不规则,卵巢有囊性病变、充血,无黄体.结论 雌、雄性ERα<'+/->小鼠交配是繁育ERα<'-/->小鼠的较好方法;实验所用PCR方法能够精确鉴定ERα<'-/->小鼠,ERα<'-/->小鼠的获得为ERα蛋白功能的实验研究提供了较理想的动物模型.     

ADAM10 correlates with uveal melanoma metastasis and promotes in vitro invasion

Uveal melanoma (UM) is a rare ocular tumor that may lead to deadly metastases in 50% of patients. A disintegrin and metalloproteinase (ADAM)10, ADAM17, and the HGF‐receptor c‐Met support invasiveness in different tumors. Here, we report that high ADAM10, MET, and, to a lesser extent, ADAM17 gene expression correlates with poor progression‐free survival in UM patients (hazard ratio 2.7, 2.6, and 1.9, respectively). About 60% of primary UM expresses c‐Met and/or ADAM10 proteins. Four UM cell lines display high levels of ADAM10 and ADAM17, which constitutively cleave c‐Met, inducing the release of soluble c‐Met. ADAM10/17 pharmacological inhibition or gene silencing reduces c‐Met shedding, but has limited impact on surface c‐Met, which is overexpressed. Importantly, ADAM10 silencing inhibits UM cell invasion driven by FCS or HGF, while ADAM17 silencing has a limited effect. Altogether our data indicate that ADAM10 has a pro‐invasive role and may contribute to UM progression.     

Identification of ADAM10 as a major TNF sheddase in ADAM17-deficient fibroblasts

ADAM17 (a disintegrin and metalloprotease)-deficient murine fibroblasts stably transfected with proTNF cDNA release significant amounts of biologically active soluble TNF. The enzyme responsible for this activity is a membrane protein that hydrolyzes the peptide bond Ala⁷⁶:Val⁷⁷ within proTNF. Its activity is inhibited by 1,10-phenantroline and GM6001, insusceptible to TIMP-2 (tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2), and stimulated by ionomycin. These characteristics match ADAM10. The moderate silencing of ADAM10 by shRNA resulted in a significant inhibition of TNF shedding. There was no correlation between the level of ADAM10 expression and the presence of active ADAM17. Our results indicate that ADAM10 may function as the TNF sheddase in cells which lack ADAM17 activity.     

Overexpression of sigma-1 receptor inhibits ADAM10 and ADAM17 mediated shedding in vitro

The sigma-1 receptor is a molecular chaperone protein highly enriched in the brain. Recent studies linked it to many diseases, such as drug addition, Alzheimer’s disease, stroke, depression, and even cancer. Sigma-1 receptor is enriched in lipid rafts, which are membrane microdomains essential in signaling processes. One of those signaling processes is ADAM17- and ADAM10-dependent ectodomain shedding. By using an alkaline phosphatase tagged substrate reporter system, we have shown that ADAM10-dependent BTC shedding was very sensitive to both membrane lipid component change and sigma-1 receptor agonist DHEAS treatment while ADAM17-dependent HB-EGF shedding was not; and overexpression of sigma-1 receptor diminished ADAM17- and ADAM10-dependent shedding. Our results indicate that sigma-1 receptor plays an important role in modifying the function of transmembrane proteases.     

Fluorescent substrates for the proteinases ADAM17, ADAM10, ADAM8, and ADAM12 useful for high-throughput inhibitor screening

In this paper we describe novel fluorescent substrates for the human ADAM family members ADAM17, ADAM10, ADAM8, and ADAM12 that have good specificity constants and are useful for high-throughput screening of inhibitors. The fluorescence resonance energy transfer substrates contain a 4-(4-dimethylaminophenylazo)benzoyl and 5-carboxyfluorescein (Dabcyl/Fam) pair and are based on known cleavage sequences in precursor tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and CD23. The precursor TNF-alpha-based substrate, Dabcyl-Leu-Ala-Gln-Ala-Homophe-Arg-Ser-Lys(Fam)-NH2, is a good substrate for all the ADAMs tested, including ADAM12 for which there is no reported fluorescent substrate. The CD23-based substrate, Dabcyl-His-Gly-Asp-Gln-Met-Ala-Gln-Lys-Ser-Lys(Fam)-NH2, is more selective, being hydrolyzed efficiently only by ADAM8 and ADAM10. The substrates were used to obtain inhibition constants for four inhibitors that are commonly used in shedding assays: TMI-1, GM6001, GW9471, and TAPI-2. The Wyeth Aerst compound, TMI-1, is a potent inhibitor against all of the ADAMs tested and is slow binding against ADAM17.     

ADAM10 Is the Major Sheddase Responsible for the Release of Membrane-associated Meprin A

Meprin A, composed of α and β subunits, is a membrane-bound metalloproteinase in renal proximal tubules. Meprin A plays an important role in tubular epithelial cell injury during acute kidney injury (AKI). The present study demonstrated that during ischemia-reperfusion-induced AKI, meprin A was shed from proximal tubule membranes, as evident from its redistribution toward the basolateral side, proteolytic processing in the membranes, and excretion in the urine. To identify the proteolytic enzyme responsible for shedding of meprin A, we generated stable HEK cell lines expressing meprin β alone and both meprin α and meprin β for the expression of meprin A. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and ionomycin stimulated ectodomain shedding of meprin β and meprin A. Among the inhibitors of various proteases, the broad spectrum inhibitor of the ADAM family of proteases, tumor necrosis factor-α protease inhibitor (TAPI-1), was most effective in preventing constitutive, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-, and ionomycin-stimulated shedding of meprin β and meprin A in the medium of both transfectants. The use of differential inhibitors for ADAM10 and ADAM17 indicated that ADAM10 inhibition is sufficient to block shedding. In agreement with these results, small interfering RNA to ADAM10 but not to ADAM9 or ADAM17 inhibited meprin β and meprin A shedding. Furthermore, overexpression of ADAM10 resulted in enhanced shedding of meprin β from both transfectants. Our studies demonstrate that ADAM10 is the major ADAM metalloproteinase responsible for the constitutive and stimulated shedding of meprin β and meprin A. These studies further suggest that inhibiting ADAM 10 activity could be of therapeutic benefit in AKI.     

The role of CXCL16 and its processing metalloproteinases ADAM10 and ADAM17 in the proliferation and migration of human mesangial cells

In this study, we analyzed the regulation and functional role of CXCL16 in human mesangial cells (hMCs). We can show, that CXCL16 is constitutively expressed in hMCs and is further up-regulated by cytokine mix (IFNγ, TNFα, and IL1β). The constitutive release of CXCL16 from hMCs was rapidly induced by the stimulation with cytokines. We identified ADAM10 and ADAM17 as being responsible for the cytokine-induced shedding of CXCL16. Notably, targeting ADAM10 and ADAM17 in hMCs decreased the chemotaxis of T-Jurkat cells, whereas the inhibition of CXCL16 had no significant influence. This suggests that both proteases are important players in the recruitment of immune cells into the glomerulus, but other substrates than CXCL16 are involved in this process. Finally, we could show that the inhibition of CXCL16, ADAM10, and ADAM17 led to a strong reduction of cell proliferation and migration of hMCs. This finding could be important to develop novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies to treat mesangial proliferative kidney diseases.     

EGF promotes the shedding of soluble E-cadherin in an ADAM10-dependent manner in prostate epithelial cells

During the progression of prostate cancer, the epithelial adhesion molecule E-cadherin is cleaved from the cell surface by ADAM15 proteolytic processing, generating an extracellular 80 kDa fragment referred to as soluble E-cadherin (sE-cad). Contrary to observations in cancer, the generation of sE-cad appears to correlate with ADAM10 activity in benign prostatic epithelium. The ADAM10-specific inhibitor INCB8765 and the ADAM10 prodomain inhibit the generation of sE-cad, as well as downstream signaling and cell proliferation. Addition of EGF or amphiregulin (AREG) to these untransformed cell lines increases the amount of sE-cad shed into the conditioned media, as well as sE-cad bound to EGFR. EGF-associated shedding appears to be mediated by ADAM10 as shRNA knockdown of ADAM10 results in reduced shedding of sE-cad. To examine the physiologic role of sE-cad on benign prostatic epithelium, we treated BPH-1 and large T immortalized prostate epithelial cells (PrEC) with an sE-cad chimera comprised of the human Fc domain of IgG₁, fused to the extracellular domains of E-cadherin (Fc-Ecad). The treatment of untransformed prostate epithelial cells with Fc-Ecad resulted in phosphorylation of EGFR and downstream signaling through ERK and increased cell proliferation. Pre-treating BPH-1 and PrEC cells with cetuximab, a therapeutic monoclonal antibody against EGFR, decreased the ability of Fc-Ecad to induce EGFR phosphorylation, downstream signaling, and proliferation. These data suggest that ADAM10-generated sE-cad may have a role in EGFR signaling independent of traditional EGFR ligands.     

ADAMl0在胰腺癌患者血清中表达及其临床意义

目的：探讨ADAM10在胰腺癌患者外周血中的表达及其临床意义。方法：应用酶联免疫吸附试验法（ELISA）检测40例胰腺癌患者和20例健康体检者的外周血ADAM10的表达水平,分析其与临床病理特征的关系。结果：胰腺癌患者血清ADAM10水平显著高于正常对照组（P〈0.01）;胰腺癌患者血清中ADAM10的表达水平与胰腺癌淋巴结转移、远处转移及TNM分期密切相关（P〈0.05）,且行根治性手术切除的胰腺癌患者ADAM10表达水平低于姑息性手术切除的患者（P〈0.05）;ADAM10对胰腺癌诊断的敏感度、特异性分别为51.7%、76.9%,联合检测CA19-9有助于提高胰腺癌诊断敏感度,但特异性有所下降;根治性切除后胰腺癌患者血清中ADAM10水平明显下降。结论：胰腺癌癌患者血清中ADAM10水平明显增高,检测血清ADAM10有助于胰腺癌的诊断和治疗。     

ADAM10 cleavage of N-cadherin and regulation of cell-cell adhesion and beta-catenin nuclear signalling

Cadherins are critically involved in tissue development and tissue homeostasis. We demonstrate here that neuronal cadherin (N-cadherin) is cleaved specifically by the disintegrin and metalloproteinase ADAM10 in its ectodomain. ADAM10 is not only responsible for the constitutive, but also for the regulated, shedding of this adhesion molecule in fibroblasts and neuronal cells directly regulating the overall levels of N-cadherin expression at the cell surface. The ADAM10-induced N-cadherin cleavage resulted in changes in the adhesive behaviour of cells and also in a dramatic redistribution of beta-catenin from the cell surface to the cytoplasmic pool, thereby influencing the expression of beta-catenin target genes. Our data therefore demonstrate a crucial role of ADAM10 in the regulation of cell-cell adhesion and on beta-catenin signalling, leading to the conclusion that this protease constitutes a central switch in the signalling pathway from N-cadherin at the cell surface to beta-catenin/LEF-1-regulated gene expression in the nucleus.     

A Simple Genotyping Assay for the Hprt Null Allele in Mice Produced from the HM-1 and E14TG2a Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell Lines

Transgenic Research -