中国云南元阳哈尼梯田种植的稻作品种多样性

稻作是我国第一大粮食作物,近年来,选育品种的大面积单一化种植,导致种植的稻作品种遗传基础狭窄,多样性下降,已经受到关注。然而在一些少数民族地区,如元阳哈尼梯田,当地民族的传统文化习俗已经保护了当地的水稻资源,高度的多样性依然存在。采用半问卷式和农村参与式评价方法(PRA),在村寨和农户两个水平,调查分析中国云南省元阳哈尼梯田种植的稻作品种多样性,尤其是当前仍在种植的传统品种的多样性,为稻作传统品种多样性农家就地保护提供典型范例。结果表明,在调查的30个村寨750户中,共种植135个具不同名称的水稻品种(组合),包括100个传统品种,12个杂交稻组合和23个现代育成品种;种植传统品种的面积占总稻作面积的56.2%;平均每个村寨种植9.7个品种,最多的达19个,最少仅4个;每个村寨至少种植2个传统品种和1个现代品种;种植最多的是传统品种"老粳糯",有12个不同村寨种植;大多数传统品种仅有12个不同村寨种植。有11个村寨(占的30个村寨36.7%)的所有农户均种植传统品种。在农户级水平上,有611户(占81.5%)种植传统品种;有391户(占52.1%)同时种植传统品种和现代品种,其种植传统品种与现代品种的面积比例平均为1/2;仅种植传统品种的有220户(占29.3%)。平均每户种植2.2个品种(组合),最多的农户种植5个品种,包括3个传统品种,1个现代常规品种,1个杂交稻组合。传统品种的丰富度,村寨平均为5.9,最高达12,而农户平均为1.541;传统品种的均匀度,村寨平均为0.670,农户平均为0.192;不同村寨种植传统品种的差异度平均值为0.702。其中太阳老寨、新寨村、欧乐、多沙和上马点等5个村寨传统品种的丰富度与均匀度均较高,在稻作传统品种农家保护中扮演着重要角色。在村寨和农户水平,传统品种丰富度与均匀度的相关性均呈极显著正相关(r=0.627,0.925);村寨传统品种丰富度与农户数呈极显著正相关(r=0.473);村寨农户年人均纯收入分别与村寨传统品种丰富度和农户数呈极显著和显著负相关(r=-0.570,-0.370*)。在如此小的耕地面积(142.29hm2)上,当前生产上仍种植着如此丰富的稻作传统品种,实属少见。高度异质的生态环境和民族文化习俗是哈尼梯田传统稻作品种多样性种植的重要因素,建议将元阳哈尼梯田作为稻作传统品种多样性农家就地保护区。     

宁夏杂草稻的遗传多样性及其亲缘关系分析

以宁夏杂草稻、选育品种、地方品种共143份水稻种质为试验材料,进行主要农艺性状的的表型鉴定评价,并利用24对SSR引物进行不同类型水稻种质的遗传多样性比较、遗传相似性和聚类分析。表型评价表明,宁夏杂草稻表现为矮秆和早熟,表型变异范围较大;多数杂草稻种皮呈红色,颖壳呈秆黄色,均落粒。SSR标记分析结果,共检测到141个等位基因,每个位点等位基因数目变异在3~11个,平均为5.8333个;Nei's基因多样性指数变幅为0.2241~0.8065,平均为0.5219。杂草稻种质的等位基因数、有效等位基因数、Shannon指数均高于选育品种和地方品种。在不同来源杂草稻群体中,来自吴忠和永宁东河的杂草稻Nei's基因多样性指数最高,分别为0.4912和0.4814,而来自青铜峡的杂草稻Nei's基因多样性指数最低,为0.2802。相似性分析表明,杂草稻与地方品种高度相似,相似系数高达0.9585,而杂草稻与选育品种的相似性较低,其相似系数为0.4584;选育品种与地方品种的相似系数只有0.3560。聚类分析表明,参试材料分为3个类群,其中选育品种单独聚类于第Ⅰ类群,其遗传背景明显区别于杂草稻和地方品种;第Ⅱ类包括大部分杂草稻和地方品种,不同来源杂草稻及地方品种间分布比较均匀;第Ⅲ类是由小部分杂草稻和地方品种组成。宁夏杂草稻的分布没有明显的区域性,宁夏杂草稻与地方品种高度融合且遗传相似性很高。     

广西玉米种质资源系统调查与收集

"第三次全国农作物种质资源普查与收集行动"广西项目组从2015年11月至2018年7月,采用访问和实地调查相结合的方法,对广西53个县(区)、71个乡(镇)、190个村(屯)的农作物种质资源现状及利用情况进行了系统调查,并对种质资源进行了收集,共收集和征集玉米地方品种资源308份,鉴定评价玉米资源270份。对收集的玉米资源分布特点进行分析,结果表明广西玉米地方品种主要分布于桂西北和桂北地区,桂东和桂东南分布较少。凌云、乐业、田林、凤山、东兰5县最集中。垂直分布结果显示:玉米地方品种分布最集中的区域为海拔400～800 m的中高海拔山区,占收集总数的39.6%。农艺性状初步鉴定结果:收集的玉米资源数量最多的是糯玉米,籽粒颜色最多的是白粒。鉴定评价获得墨白玉米、九节黄、珍珠糯玉米、忻城白糯、隆安爆玉米和天等爆玉米等6份玉米资源,分别在抗病虫、抗逆、品质等方面有优良的表现,对种质改良,选育高产、优质、广适的新品种有较高的利用价值。本文对收集到的玉米资源种类及利用价值进行了评价,对调查地区玉米地方品种现状、消长情况及原因进行了分析,并对广西玉米地方品种保护和开发利用进行了讨论,为广西玉米种质资源的发掘和创新利用提供参考依据。     

东北春大豆样本的代表性及其SSR位点的遗传多样性分析

从3226份东北春大豆总体中选择283份春大豆种质,用质量性状和数量性状进行检测,对总体的代表性为80%.利用筛选出61对SSR核心引物对具代表性的东北春大豆样本进行分析,共检测到534个等位变异,平均每个位点的等位变异为8.75个,变幅为2～16个;遗传多样性指数变化范围在0.406～0.886,平均为0.704;东北春大豆样本在大多数位点上有优势等位变异,从而降低了其遗传多样性.其中35份种质具有特异等位变异,分布在29个位点上;各个位点上分化系数均较小,遗传多样性分化程度较低.东北春大豆中3个省种质的共有等位变异较多,以吉林省和辽宁省种质的遗传多样性表现较为一致,均高于黑龙江省种质的遗传多样性.地方品种的遗传多样性高于育成品种.东北春大豆种质资源的遗传多样性分布特点为有目的选择杂交亲本拓宽遗传基础以培育新品种提供了理论依据.     

黄淮麦区小麦品种(系)的ISSR位点遗传多样性分析

选用11个ISSR引物,对黄淮麦区96个小麦推广品种（系）进行遗传多样性分析。共检测到96个多态性位点,每个引物多态性位点数平均为8．7个,变幅为3～23个;ISSR引物的多态性信息含量PIC变幅为0．601～0．941,平均0．791,表明ISSR具有较强的品种间区分能力,是研究小麦种质资源遗传多样性的有效分子标记技术之一。96个品种（系）间,Nei’s遗传相似系数变化范围为0．53～0．91,平均为0．60,品种间遗传相似性变幅较大,表明黄淮麦区不同小麦品种（系）间存在着不同程度的遗传多样性差异。根据品种间遗传相似系数聚类,96份材料被聚成8大类群,共14个亚类,类群与系谱和原产地无关。     

我国西南地区玉米地方品种遗传多样性的SSR分子标记分析

利用微卫星(SSR)标记技术和DNA混合取样方法,选取均匀覆盖玉米染色体组的42对SSR引物,检测了来自我国西南地区54个玉米地方品种的遗传多样性。在54个玉米地方品种中检测到256个等位基因,每个SSR标记的等位基因数为2～9个,平均6.1个,说明我国西南地区玉米地方品种遗传多样性丰富。根据遗传相似系数矩阵做出的树状图,将54个玉米地方品种大致划分成4类,来源于同一地区的多数玉米地方品种划分在同一类中,表明西南地区玉米地方品种的地理分布与其遗传背景存在内在联系。从54个玉米地方品种中选出11个,每个品种选取15个单株,共165个DNA单株样品,分析玉米地方品种的遗传结构及其品种内的遗传多样性。对于检测玉米地方品种的遗传多样性,DNA单株样品分析优于DNA混合样品分析,42对相同的SSR引物在11个玉米地方品种中检测到330个等位基因,平均等位基因数A=7.86,有效等位基因数Ae=3.90,平均期望杂合度He=0.69,实际观察杂合度H0=0.37。据遗传结构分析结果,固定指数(F)为0.25～0.79,表明玉米地方品种是典型的混合繁育系统;由于杂合体不足,玉米地方品种群体间及群体内的遗传结构均偏离了Hardy-Weinberg平衡;杂合性基因多样度比率(Fst)平均为0.07,表明品种间和品种内的遗传变异分别占总遗传变异的7%和93%。玉米地方品种内遗传多样性及品种间遗传距离分析结果表明,在我国西南地区,分布在四川的玉米地方品种具有最丰富的遗传变异。经综合分析推测,我国西南地区玉米地方品种最早引进到四川种植,由此向毗邻地区传播扩散。     

重庆玉米地方品种表型多样性分析

为全面了解重庆玉米地方品种的多样性和类群特点,本研究对129份"第三次全国农作物种质资源普查与收集行动"重庆项目组收集的地方品种的31个农艺性状进行两年田间鉴定,并对其表型多样性进行分析,利用聚类分析的方法进行类群划分。结果表明,两年鉴定的农艺性状表型值呈极显著正相关,调查的31个农艺性状中有16个性状多样性指数达2.0以上,其中株高的多样性指数最高,两年鉴定结果分别为2.07和2.08。基于31个性状的聚类分析结果将重庆玉米地方品种划分为3大类群,即早熟小粒型、早熟中秆硬粒型和中熟高秆型。早熟小粒型是食用玉米类型,以糯玉米为主,还包括爆裂玉米和食用硬粒白玉米;早熟中秆硬粒型主要为分布于中高山区的白色早熟硬粒品种;中熟高秆型表现为中熟、高秆、中大果穗。全面分析表明,重庆玉米地方品种多样性水平较高,划分的3大类群表型特征为重庆玉米地方品种资源的保护以及优异资源的进一步开发利用提供了参考。     

利用SSR分析山西省玉米地方品种的遗传多样性

采用混合取样方法和SSR分子标记技术,利用48对引物对山西省38个玉米地方品种的遗传多样性进行了分析.共检测出368个等位基因,每个SSR位点的等位基因数为2～14个,平均为7.48个;多态性信息量(PIC)变化范围在0.24～0.89之间,平均为0.66.总共检测出185个稀有等位基因,21个特有等位基因.SSR标记聚类分析把38个品种大体分成了4个群.研究表明,山西地方品种遗传多样性非常丰富,很多品种具有频率很高的独特基因,它们可能具有一定的特异性.因而,山西玉米地方品种对于拓宽玉米种质的遗传基础可能会起很大的作用.     

河北省绿子叶黑豆种质资源表现型和ISSR标记遗传多样性分析

为了揭示河北省绿子叶黑豆种质资源的遗传多样性,为其研究利用提供理论根据,以46份原产河北省的绿子叶黑豆种质资源为试验材料,对其基于表型性状及ISSR标记鉴定结果进行了聚类分析,结果表明:7个ISSR引物共检测出60个等位变异,平均每个位点有8.6个等位变异,变幅为5～17个;ISSR引物的多态性信息量PIC变幅为0.721～0.927,平均0.820;利用表型性状和ISSR标记数据进行品种间遗传多样性分析,遗传相似系数变化范围分别为0.07～0.53和0.43～1.00,平均为0.284和0.704,遗传相似性变幅较大,河北省不同绿子叶黑豆品种间存在着丰富的遗传多样性。聚类结果显示,类群与品种来源地有关。     

贵州地方水稻种质资源籼-粳遗传分化的InDel分子标记研究

本研究利用36对InDel分子标记引物对贵州地方水稻种质的籼-粳遗传分化和亲缘关系进行分析,结果表明,82份贵州地方栽培稻中49份为粳稻,33份为籼稻,贵州地方栽培稻“禾”品种主要属于粳稻,而“谷”品种主要为籼稻。基于Nei氏遗传距离的亲缘关系分析表明在粳稻群体和籼稻群体中均存在与野生稻亲缘关系近的品种,其中的粳稻品种与野生稻的遗传关系比之籼稻品种近。而基于MCMC算法的遗传结构分析揭示了贵州地方籼稻品种中存在较为复杂的遗传结构。分子变异分析显示,粳稻和籼稻品种的遗传变异主要来自亚种内,遗传多样性分析表明其亚种内籼稻品种的遗传多样性略高于粳稻品种。研究结果揭示了贵州省黔东南地区栽培稻种质资源的籼-粳分化程度、遗传关系及其遗传多样性。     

Pollen,ovules, and pollination in pea: Success,failure, and resilience in heat

Field pea (Pisum sativum), a major grain legume crop, is autogamous and adapted to temperate climates. The objectives of this study were to investigate effects of high temperature stress on stamen chemical composition, anther dehiscence, pollen viability, pollen interactions with pistil and ovules, and ovule growth and viability. Two cultivars (“CDC Golden” and “CDC Sage”) were exposed to 24/18°C (day/night) continually or to 35/18°C for 4 or 7 days. Heat stress altered stamen chemical composition, with lipid composition of “CDC Sage” being more stable compared with “CDC Golden.” Heat stress reduced pollen viability and the proportion of ovules that received a pollen tube. After 4 days at 35°C, pollen viability in flower buds decreased in “CDC Golden,” but not in “CDC Sage.” After 7 days, partial to full failure of anthers to dehisce resulted in subnormal pollen loads on stigmas. Although growth (ovule size) of fertilized ovules was stimulated by 35°C, heat stress tended to decrease ovule viability. Pollen appears susceptible to stress, but not many grains are needed for successful fertilization. Ovule fertilization and embryos are less susceptible to heat, but further research is warranted to link the exact degree of resilience to stress intensity.     

Cadmium transport, resistance, and toxicity in bacteria, algae, and fungi

Cadmium is an important environmental pollutant and a potent toxicant to bacteria, algae, and fungi. Mechanisms of Cd toxicity and resistance are variable, depending on the organism. It is very clear that the form of the metal and the environment it is studied in, play an important role in how Cd exerts its effect and how the organism(s) responds. A wide range of Cd concentrations have been used to designate resistance in organisms. To date, no concentration has been specified that is applicable to all species studied under standardized conditions. Cadmium exerts its toxic effect(s) over a wide range of concentrations. In most cases, algae and cyanobacteria are the most sensitive organisms, whereas bacteria and fungi appear to be more resistant. In some bacteria, plasmid-encoded resistance can lead to reduced Cd2+ uptake. However, some Gram-negative bacteria without plasmids are just as resistant to Cd as are bacteria containing plasmids encoding for Cd resistance. According to Silver and Misra (1984), there is no evidence for enzymatic or chemical transformations associated with Cd resistance. Insufficient information is available on the genetics of Cd uptake and resistance in cyanobacteria and algae. Mechanisms remain largely unknown at this point in time. Cadmium is toxic to these organisms, causing severe inhibition of such physiological processes as growth, photosynthesis, and nitrogen fixation at concentrations less than 2 ppm, and often in the ppb range (Tables 2 and 3). Cadmium also causes pronounced morphological aberrations in these organisms, which are probably related to deleterious effects on cell division. This may be direct or indirect, as a result of Cd effects on protein synthesis and cellular organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts. Cadmium is accumulated internally in algae (Table 4) as a result of a two-phase uptake process. The first phase involves a rapid physicochemical adsorption of Cd onto cell wall binding sites, which are probably proteins and (or) polysaccharides. This is followed by a lag period and then a slow, steady intracellular uptake. This latter phase is energy dependent and may involve transport systems used to accumulate other divalent cations, such as Mn2+ and Ca2+. Some data indicate that Cd resistance, and possibly uptake, in algae and cyanobacteria is controlled by a plasmid-encoded gene(s). Although considerable information is available on Cd toxicity to, and uptake in fungi, further work is clearly needed in several areas. There is little information about Cd uptake by filamentous fungi, and even in yeasts, information on the specificity, kinetics, and mechanisms of Cd uptake is limited.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

Frequency of Discrimination,Harassment, and Violence in Lesbian,Gay Men,and Bisexual in Italy

Background

This cross-sectional study assessed the frequency of discrimination, harassment, and violence and the associated factors among a random sample of 1000 lesbian, gay men, and bisexual women and men recruited from randomly selected public venues in Italy.

Methods

A face-to-face interview sought information about: socio-demographics, frequency of discrimination, verbal harassment, and physical and sexual violence because of their sexual orientation, and their fear of suffering each types of victimization.

Results

In the whole sample, 28.3% and 11.9% self-reported at least one episode of victimization because of the sexual orientation in their lifetime and in the last year. Those unmarried, compared to the others, and with a college degree or higher, compared to less educated respondents, were more likely to have experienced an episode of victimization in their lifetime. Lesbians, compared to bisexual, had almost twice the odds of experiencing an episode of victimization. The most commonly reported experiences across the lifetime were verbal harassment, discrimination, and physical or sexual violence. Among those who had experienced one episode of victimization in their lifetime, 42.1% self-reported one episode in the last year. Perceived fear of suffering violence because of their sexual orientation, measured on a 10-point Likert scale with a higher score indicative of greater fear, ranges from 5.7 for verbal harassment to 6.4 for discrimination. Participants were more likely to have fear of suffering victimization because of their sexual orientation if they were female (compared to male), lesbian and gay men (compared to bisexual women and men), unmarried (compared to the others), and if they have already suffered an episode of victimization (compared to those who have not suffered an episode).

Conclusions

The study provides important insights into the violence experiences of lesbian, gay men, and bisexual women and men and the results may serve for improving policy initiatives to reduce such episodes.     

Incorporating Science,Technology, Fairness,and Accountability in Environmental,Health, and Safety Decisions

The Precautionary Principle is in sharp political focus today because (1) the nature of scientific uncertainty is changing and (2) there is increasing pressure to base governmental action on more “rational” schemes, such as cost-benefit analysis and quantitative risk assessment, the former being an embodiment of ‘rational choice theory’ promoted by the Chicago school of law and economics. The Precautionary Principle has been criticized as being both too vague and too arbitrary to form a basis for rational decision making. The assumption underlying this criticism is that any scheme not based on cost-benefit analysis and risk assessment is both irrational and without secure foundation in either science or economics. This paper contests that view and makes explicit the rational tenets of the Precautionary Principle within an analytical framework as rigorous as uncertainties permit, and one that mirrors democratic values embodied in regulatory, compensatory, and common law. Unlike other formulations that reject risk assessment, this paper argues that risk assessment can be used within the formalism of tradeoff analysis—a more appropriate alternative to traditional cost-benefit analysis and one that satisfies the need for well-grounded public policy decision making. This paper will argue that the precautionary approach is the most appropriate basis for policy, even when large uncertainties do not exist, especially where the fairness of the distributions of costs and benefits of hazardous activities and products are a concern. Furthermore, it will offer an approach to making decisions within an analytic framework, based on equity and justice, to replace the economic paradigm of utilitarian cost-benefit analysis.     

DNA stress and strain, in silico, in vitro and in vivo

A vast literature has explored the genetic interactions among the cellular components regulating gene expression in many organisms. Early on, in the absence of any biochemical definition, regulatory modules were conceived using the strict formalism of genetics to designate the modifiers of phenotype as either cis- or trans-acting depending on whether the relevant genes were embedded in the same or separate DNA molecules. This formalism distilled gene regulation down to its essence in much the same way that consideration of an ideal gas reveals essential thermodynamic and kinetic principles. Yet just as the anomalous behavior of materials may thwart an engineer who ignores their non-ideal properties, schemes to control and manipulate the genetic and epigenetic programs of cells may falter without a fuller and more quantitative elucidation of the physical and chemical characteristics of DNA and chromatin in vivo.     

Love, careers, and heights in France, 2001

Short men are less likely to be married or live in a permanent relationship than their taller counterparts. This pattern is not due to their social status. While blue-collar workers are shorter on average than managers, the effects of height on finding a mate are similar in the two social groups. Being tall is also economically advantageous for men. With identical educational attainment levels, tall men have better careers than short men as they are given greater supervisory responsibilities. In making a commitment, some women might take height into account as an anticipated indicator of future resources of the household. Choice of partner is also influenced by social norms--i.e., partners should be physically well-matched--which is more difficult for shorter men.     

Levels of iron, zinc, and copper in aqueous humor, lens, and serum in nondiabetic and diabetic patients

The purpose of this study was to investigate iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) levels of aqueous humor, lens, and serum in nondiabetics and diabetics and to determine the effects of diabetes on Fe, Zn, and Cu contents in the lens. Fe, Zn, and Cu contents of aqueous humor, lens, and serum samples of 19 patients (9 nondiabetic patients with a mean age of 62.3±5.4 yr, and 10 diabetic patients with a mean age of 59.5±5.9 yr) were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry using a prospective study design. The lens levels of Cu in diabetic patients were significantly higher compared with nondiabetic patients (p=0.02); however; there was no difference in the other elements (Zn, Fe; p=0.28, p=0.74, respectively). The levels of Fe, Zn, and Cu in the aqueous humor and serum of diabetic patients were not found to be statistically significant when compared to nondiabetics (p=0.46, p=0.11, p=0.18, and p=0.22, p=0.43, p=0.72, respectively). These results demonstrate that increased Cu content of the lens presumably has a greater association with the development of lens opacification in diabetics than Zn and Fe content.