急性呼吸道感染儿童中WU多瘤病毒基因组序列特征分析

为了解从北京地区急性呼吸道感染儿童中发现的WU多瘤病毒的基因组编码特征,并对其进行基因序列多样性分析,应用针对基因组5'端非编码区、衣壳蛋白VP1、VP2编码基因以及LTAg编码基因的引物对,从已确证为WU病毒阳性的来自北京地区急性呼吸道感染儿童的编号为BJF5276的临床标本中经聚合酶链反应扩增得到预期的基因片段,直接测序后将序列拼接得到全基因组序列,进而推导其基因组编码特征;随后从其它21例已确证为WU多瘤病毒阳性的急性呼吸道感染儿童标本中扩增得到衣壳蛋白VP2编码区基因,进行基因序列测定以及基因序列多样性分析。得到了WU病毒BJF5276全基因组序列。序列分析结果显示WU病毒BJF5276基因组序列全长为5229bp,共有5个主要的CDS(Coding domain sequences),分别编码衣壳蛋白VP2、VP3、VP1,并以其互补序列为模板,编码STAg和LTAg;所得到的22例VP2蛋白编码区基因序列同源性比较结果显示病毒VP2基因编码区序列与GenBank中已有的64个序列之间同源性很高;Mega4.0NJ进化树(Neighbor-joiningtree)分析显示这22个VP2基因序列分属于不同的基因进化簇,其中20个序列属于进化簇I中的Ia,另外2个序列属于进化簇III,其中的一个序列在IIIb基因进化簇中,另外一个序列独立成簇,不属于现有的IIIa或IIIb,暂时将其命名为IIIc。本研究结果提示北京地区的WU病毒具有多瘤病毒科的基因组编码特性;序列非常保守,有分属于不同基因进化簇的WU病毒在北京地区流行,与文献报道的以Ib流行为主所不同的是北京地区的WU病毒以Ia为主,且有新的基因进化簇出现。     

蓝狐细小病毒的分离鉴定及其VP1 基因序列分析

从泰安地区送检的疑是细小病毒感染的蓝狐粪便中分离到一株病毒。经理化特性鉴定、血凝谱鉴定、人
工感染蓝狐等鉴定,表明所分离病毒为细小病毒。并且根据GenBank 上发表的犬细小病毒(Canine parvovirus,
CPV)、猫细小病毒(Feline parvovirus,FPV)核酸序列,设计扩增VP1 基因的引物,采用PCR 技术扩增所分离
细小病毒的VP1 全基因,将PCR 产物克隆入pMD18 - T 载体,进行测序分析。结果,所分离细小病毒的VP1 基
因全长2 256 bp,编码727 个氨基酸,与CPV 和FPV 参照株的VP1 基因同源性在98. 7% ～ 99. 5% 。VP1 基因的
系统发生分析表明所分离病毒与FPV 的亲源关系最为密切。所分离病毒VP1 蛋白375 位氨基酸残基与CPV 的
VP1 蛋白氨基酸残基一致,但其223 位、236 位、246 位、466 位、707 位、711 位氨基酸残基与FPV VP1 蛋白的
氨基酸残基一致,该病毒VP1 蛋白序列表现出了过渡型序列特征,介于FPV 与CPV 间的过渡类型,这说明所分离病毒为蓝狐细小病毒(Blue fox parvovirus,BFPV),命名为BFPV - TA,蓝狐可能在CPV 的起源过程起到重要
的作用。     

2株WU多瘤病毒全基因组序列测定和分析

WU多瘤病毒(WUPyV)是多瘤病毒科多瘤病毒属的新成员,近来发现与人呼吸道感染等有关。本研究对2株WUPyV进行全基因组序列测定和拼接,获得这2株病毒全基因组序列,并与已上传到GenBank的国内外几株WUPyV的全基因组序列和氨基酸序列进行比对和系统进化分析。这2株WUPyV是环状、双链DNA病毒,基因组全长5 228bp,比GenBank已知WUPyV全序列少1bp。缺失的一对碱基位于位点4 536处,属于大T抗原的非编码区。病毒全基因组编码5个蛋白,分别是3个衣壳蛋白VP2、VP3、VP1与大T抗原和小T抗原。系统进化分析显示相对中国福建福州的FZ18株,另一株FZTF株与参考株-澳大利亚的B0株关系较近。     

人博卡病毒I型的研究进展

人博卡病毒1型(HBoV1)为引发呼吸道感染一种新发病毒,具有典型的细小病毒科病毒基因组特征,3个开放阅读框分别编码非结构蛋白NS1、NP1和结构蛋白VP1和VP2;HBoV1进行滚环复制时存在复制环形附加体,附加体的发现为扩增HBoV1全基因组和构建感染性克隆拯救病毒提供可能,同时HBoV1与HBoV2-4间存在着重组关系;HBoV1的体外增殖随着三维立体细胞培养而成为现实,为HBoV1的致病机制研究提供有力平台。本文重点对HBoV1的分子生物学特征、疾病相关性、体外增殖培养、HBoV1的诊断和治疗进行阐述。     

鹅细小病毒分离株HG5/82的分子特征分析

本研究应用PCR技术扩增得到GPV中国分离株HG5/82的非结构基因与结构基因,片段大小分别约为1.9kb、2.2kb的片段.将该片段分别进行克隆及序列测定,并与GPV国内外部分已发表的毒株及番鸭细小病毒(Muscovy duck parvovirus,MDPV)的对应序列比较.结果表明HG5/82株非结构蛋白(Non-structure,NS)基因长为1884bp,编码627个氨基酸.HG5/82株结构蛋白基因长为2199bp,编码732个氨基酸.序列分析结果表明,我国地方分离株与国内外鹅细小病毒相比,ns基因、vp基因均表现出较高的同源性,并且具有共同的分子特征.为进一步研究GPV的基因功能、遗传变化规律及病毒分子致病机理提供了一定的分子基础.结构基因VP3间变异较小,这是目前GPV只有一个血清型的分子基础,为基因工程苗的研制提供了可行性.HG5/82与番鸭细小病毒相应序列比较发现,与细小病毒其它成员相比两者具有较近的亲源关系,但这种同源性明显低于鹅细小病毒之间的同源性.     

腹泻犬中细小病毒携带情况以及VP2基因进化分析

为了解四川省部分地区腹泻犬中细小病毒的感染情况以及VP2基因的遗传变异情况。从四川省部分地区收集了50例疑似CPV感染的腹泻犬粪便,对标本采用PCR扩增VP2,并对VP2基因全序列进行测序分析。PCR检测阳性标本19份。序列分析显示,15份扩增出VP2基因全序列标本均为CPV-2a型,聚类分析显示全部序列聚类在同一分支,本次研究的四川省部分地区流行的CPV均为CPV-2a型。可推测目前四川省部分地区所常见的CPV流行株依然以CPV-2a型为主。本次试验所扩增的15份CPV阳性标本与国内外传统毒株有着极高的同源性,提示目前四川省部分地区CPV还未出现重大的变异情况。     

肠道病毒ECHO13中国分离株的基因特征

为研究ECHO13病毒中国分离株的分子特征及其与世界其它分离株之间的基因关系,对1998年、2000年从中国福建省分离到2株ECHO13病毒进行基因序列对比分析.2株病毒分别命名为Fujian98-1和Fujian00-1,用逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)扩增出VP1蛋白编码基因全长861个核苷酸片段并进行序列测定,将2株ECHO13病毒的VP1序列与所有已发表的ECHO13病毒VP1基因全长进行同源性比较.结果显示,福建分离株之间核苷酸同源性为79.6%,氨基酸同源性为93.4%;与遗传距离最近的法国CF1089-91(AJ537604)毒株的核苷酸同源性分别为80%和88%,与代表株Del Carmen的核苷酸同源性分别为75.8%和77.9%.通过VP1基因分析,福建2株病毒均属于ECHO13病毒,与血清中和试验鉴定结果一致.下载所有已发表的ECHO13病毒VP1序列并构建进化树,发现福建2株病毒分属不同的分枝,提示这2株病毒来自不同的病毒传播链.进一步分析发现,整个ECHO13病毒可划分为3个不同的基因型:A、B和C基因型.福建Fujian98-1和Fujian00-1分别被划分在基因型B和C中,各基因型之间的核苷酸差异均大于20%.为验证该分型方法,将26株来自不同国家和时间的ECHO13病毒和2株福建分离ECHO13病毒部分VP1基因序列进行对比分析,建立进化树.结果显示,所有ECHO13病毒被分在A、B和C3个基因型中,而2株福建分离病毒仍然被分在B和C基因型中.除了B基因型1株病毒以外,所有3个基因型之间的核苷酸差异均大于15%,与VP1全长分型结果基本一致,说明部分VP1序列的基因分析也能用于对ECHO13病毒进行规律和分子流行病学的研究中.该研究首次报道了ECHO13病毒中国分离株的VP1蛋白基因全长序列,并推荐按VP1基因全长核苷酸差异≥20%作为划分基因型的标准,将已知的ECHO13病毒划分为A、B和C3个基因型.同时也可用病毒VP1基因5′端部分序列替代VP1全长序列来划分基因型.     

浙江地区鼬獾和犬源狂犬病病毒分离株全基因组测序与分析

测定浙江地区狂犬病病毒分离株(鼬獾和犬)全基因组序列,从分子水平对病毒进行遗传变异特征分析,了解狂犬病病毒在浙江的流行和变异情况以及目前浙江流行株的遗传学背景,以丰富中国狂犬病病毒街毒流行株的全基因组信息。脑内接种1~2日乳鼠分离狂犬病病毒,RT-PCR反应测定浙江地区狂犬病病毒分离株全基因组核苷酸序列,并进行编码蛋白和序列相似性比较及种系发生分析。测序获得狂犬病病毒浙江淳安鼬獾分离株F02、F04和松阳犬分离株D01、D02全基因组核苷酸序列信息:基因组全长11 923和11 925 nts,前导序列Leader长58nts,5个ORF为:NP(1 353 nts);PP(894 nts);MP(609 nts);GP(1 575 nts);LP(6 386 nts),N-P-M-G间隔序列长2、5、5 nts;G-L基因间的伪基因Ψ长423 nts;Trailer尾长70 nts。核酸BLAST及多重序列比对分析显示浙江地区4个狂犬病病毒分离株的全基因组序列的组成和结构符合弹状病毒科狂犬病病毒属的特征;中国毒株之间特别是浙江同种动物狂犬病病毒之间各个基因区域核苷酸与氨基酸序列相似性最高,浙江病毒全基因组序列编码蛋白氨基酸序列相似性高于核苷酸序列相似性,说明蛋白质编码基因的核苷酸变异大多属于同义突变;浙江病毒负链RNA基因组5个基因编码氨基酸的长度没有变异,5个编码蛋白仅表现较少的序列变化;浙江病毒与本研究选择的代表性引用街毒株或者来自街毒的减毒株的变异位点和变异类型相似,多重序列相似性的比较和种系发生分析显示所分离的狂犬病病毒浙江街毒株均属于基因1型,具有较独特的中国地域性特点,故本研究中的浙江地区分离株极有可能是自然界中固有的街毒株。     

人博卡病毒2基因组扩增及序列分析

为获得人博卡病毒2(Human bocavirus 2,HBoV2)基因组序列,以2010年HBoV2单阳粪便标本为材料,PCR方法扩增HBoV2基因组不同区域,经序列拼接后得到5444bp的全基因组序列(HBoV2-NC)。系统进化分析显示,HBoV2-NC与兰州株HBoV2亲缘关系最近;DINAMelt末端回文结构预测证实,HBoV2-NC 5′末端存在反向互补序列,具有典型的细小病毒末端的茎环样结构;接头法PCR扩增得到HBoV2-NC部分末端侧翼序列。     

Genomic features of the human bocaviruses

The human bocavirus (HBoV) was initially discovered in 2005 as the second pathogenic member of the parvovirus family, next to the human parvovirus B19. HBoV has since been shown to be extremely common worldwide and to cause a systemic infection in small children often resulting in respiratory disease. Three more, presumably enteric, human bocaviruses (HBoV2-4) have been identified in stool samples. Parvoviruses are assumed to replicate via their genomic terminal hairpin-like structures in a so-called 'rolling-hairpin model'. These terminal sequences have recently been partially identified in head-to-tail HBoV-PCR amplicons from clinical samples, and are most likely hybrid relics of HBoV's predecessors, namely bovine parvovirus 1 on the left-hand side and minute virus of canines on the right, shown for the first time in this article. Thereby, the replication model postulated for HBoV remains questionable as the occurrence of head-to-tail sequences is not a typical feature of the rolling-hairpin replication model. However, such episomes can also be persistent storage forms of the genome.     

Visualization of the externalized VP2 N termini of infectious human parvovirus B19

The structures of infectious human parvovirus B19 and empty wild-type particles were determined by cryoelectron microscopy (cryoEM) to 7.5-Å and 11.3-Å resolution, respectively, assuming icosahedral symmetry. Both of these, DNA filled and empty, wild-type particles contain a few copies of the minor capsid protein VP1. Comparison of wild-type B19 with the crystal structure and cryoEM reconstruction of recombinant B19 particles consisting of only the major capsid protein VP2 showed structural differences in the vicinity of the icosahedral fivefold axes. Although the unique N-terminal region of VP1 could not be visualized in the icosahedrally averaged maps, the N terminus of VP2 was shown to be exposed on the viral surface adjacent to the fivefold β-cylinder. The conserved glycine-rich region is positioned between two neighboring, fivefold-symmetrically related VP subunits and not in the fivefold channel as observed for other parvoviruses.     

A second neutralizing epitope of B19 parvovirus implicates the spike region in the immune response.

We used 18 monoclonal antibodies against B19 parvovirus to identify neutralizing epitopes on the viral capsid. Of the 18 antibodies, 9 had in vitro neutralizing activity in a bone marrow colony culture assay. The overlapping polypeptide fragments spanning the B19 structural proteins were produced in a pMAL-c Escherichia coli expression system and used to investigate the binding sites of the neutralizing antibodies. One of the nine neutralizing antibodies reacted with both VP1 and VP2 capsid proteins and a single polypeptide fragment on an immunoblot, identifying a linear neutralizing epitope between amino acids 57 and 77 of the VP2 capsid protein. Eight of nine neutralizing antibodies failed to react with either of the capsid proteins or any polypeptide fragments, despite reactivities with intact virions in a radioimmunoassay, suggesting that additional conformationally dependent neutralizing epitopes exist.     

Sequence analysis of an isolate of minute virus of canines in China reveals the closed association with bocavirus

In the present study, we have cloned and sequenced the nearly-full-length genome of minute virus of canines (MVC), SH26, in China. The genome of MVC, 5,132 nucleotides (nts) in length, contains three open reading frames (ORFs), which are 2,325-bp of NS1, 561-bp of NP1 and 2,112-bp of VP1/VP2 encoding three proteins of 774, 186 and 703 residues, respectively. Predicted amino acids sequence of NS1 of MVC has 44% identity with human bocavirus (HBoV) and human boacvirus 2 (HBoV2), NP1 has 48 and 45% identity with HBoV and HBoV2, VP1/VP2 has 45 and 46% identity with HBoV and HBoV2, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the present Chinese MVC strain was also closely clustered with the previous American and Japanese MVC isolates, and MVCs formed a different branch together with bovine parvovirus and HBoVs from other parvoviruses classified into Parvovirinae.     

新成人腹泻轮状病毒J19株的全基因组克隆和VP4、VP6和VP7基因序列分析

为了进一步了解新成人腹泻轮状病毒J19株的基因和蛋白特征,利用一种改良的非依赖核酸序列的单引物扩增方法扩增J19株的11个基因,克隆到pMD18-T载体中并进行测序。在此基础上,将主要抗原蛋白VP4、VP6和VP7的蛋白序列与其它轮状病毒的相关蛋白序列进行比较分析并对VP6蛋白序列做遗传进化分析。结果获得J19株11个基因的全长基因序列。基因序列分析表明J19株的第3、6和第9基因分别长2 512bp、1 287bp和820bp,它们分别预测编码抗原蛋白VP4(823aa)、VP6(396aa)和VP7(258aa)。组成J19株的VP4、VP6和VP7蛋白序列对B组轮状病毒的CAL株、IDIR株以及ADRV株的相关蛋白序列的一致性分别是27.6%、38.5%和22.3%。对分组抗原蛋白VP6的遗传进化分析表明,J19株在进化树上的位置靠近外群蛋白分支以及A、B和C组轮状病毒分支的根部,而且它比较偏向于B组轮状病毒的分支。J19株的VP4、VP6和VP7蛋白序列与其它轮状病毒的相应蛋白序列存在显著差异。VP6蛋白序列的遗传进化分析表明J19株可能是一个新组轮状病毒的代表性毒株;同时,它也可能是一个与B组轮状病毒的起源和进化密切相关的毒株之一。关于新成人腹泻轮状病毒J19株11个基因的克隆及VP4、VP6和VP7基因的序列分析,这是第一次报道。     

Rotavirus Architecture at Subnanometer Resolution

Rotavirus, a nonturreted member of the Reoviridae, is the causative agent of severe infantile diarrhea. The double-stranded RNA genome encodes six structural proteins that make up the triple-layer particle. X-ray crystallography has elucidated the structure of one of these capsid proteins, VP6, and two domains from VP4, the spike protein. Complementing this work, electron cryomicroscopy (cryoEM) has provided relatively low-resolution structures for the triple-layer capsid in several biochemical states. However, a complete, high-resolution structural model of rotavirus remains unresolved. Combining new structural analysis techniques with the subnanometer-resolution cryoEM structure of rotavirus, we now provide a more detailed structural model for the major capsid proteins and their interactions within the triple-layer particle. Through a series of intersubunit interactions, the spike protein (VP4) adopts a dimeric appearance above the capsid surface, while forming a trimeric base anchored inside one of the three types of aqueous channels between VP7 and VP6 capsid layers. While the trimeric base suggests the presence of three VP4 molecules in one spike, only hints of the third molecule are observed above the capsid surface. Beyond their interactions with VP4, the interactions between VP6 and VP7 subunits could also be readily identified. In the innermost T=1 layer composed of VP2, visualization of the secondary structure elements allowed us to identify the polypeptide fold for VP2 and examine the complex network of interactions between this layer and the T=13 VP6 layer. This integrated structural approach has resulted in a relatively high-resolution structural model for the complete, infectious structure of rotavirus, as well as revealing the subtle nuances required for maintaining interactions in such a large macromolecular assembly.     

Location of the sequences coding for capsid proteins VP1 and VP2 on polyoma virus DNA.

The 19S and 16S polyoma virus late mRNAs have been separated on sucrose-formamide density gradients and translated in vitro. The 16S RNA codes only for polyoma capsid protein VP1, while the 19S RNA codes in addition for capsid protein VP2. Since the 19S and 16S species have been previously mapped on the viral genome, these results allow us to deduce the location of the sequences coding for VP1 and VP2. Comparison of the chain lengths of the capsid proteins with the size of the viral mRNAs coding for them suggests that VP1 and VP2 are entirely virus-coded. Purified polyoma 19S RNA directs the synthesis of very little VP1 in vitro, although it contains all the sequences required to code for the protein. The initiation site for VP1 synthesis which is located at an internal position on the messenger is probably inactive either because it is inaccessible or because it lacks an adjacent "capped" 5' terminus. Similar inactive internal initiation sites have been reported for other eucarotic viral mRNAs (for example, Semliki forest virus, Brome mosaic virus, and tobacco mosaic virus), suggesting that while eucaryotic mRNAs may have more than one initiation site for protein synthesis, only those sites nearer the 5' terminus of the mRNA are active.     

Use of Ar+ plasma etching to localize structural proteins in the capsid of herpes simplex virus type 1.

Partially cored herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) capsids (B capsids) were eroded in a low-energy (0.5-keV) Ar+ ion plasma under conditions in which the outermost structural proteins were expected to be degraded before more internal ones. After various periods of etching, the proteins remaining intact were separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and determined quantitatively by densitometric scanning of the stained gels. The results showed that the major capsid polypeptide (VP5) and two other capsid proteins, VP19 and VP23, were degraded rapidly beginning as soon as capsids were exposed to the ion plasma. In contrast, significant lags were observed for erosion of VP21, VP22a, and VP24, suggesting that these proteins were available to accelerated ions only after other, more external structures had been damaged or eroded away. The results suggest that VP5, VP19, and VP23 are exposed on the surface of the capsid, while VP21, VP22a, and VP24 are found inside the capsid cavity. The experiments are consistent with the view that VP5 constitutes the major structural component of the hexavalent capsomers. It is proposed that VP19 and VP23 may form other surface structures such as the pentavalent capsomers, the capsid floor, or the intercapsomeric fibers.     

Identification of the region including the epitope for a monoclonal antibody which can neutralize human parvovirus B19.

In this study, we identified a region in the human parvovirus structural protein which involves the neutralization of the virus by a monoclonal antibody and site-specific synthetic peptides. A newly established monoclonal antibody reacted with both viral capsid proteins VP1 and VP2. The epitope was found in six strains of independently isolated human parvovirus B19. The monoclonal antibody could protect colony-forming unit erythroid in human bone marrow cell culture from injury by the virus. The monoclonal antibody reacted with only 1 of 12 peptides that were synthesized according to a predicted amino acid sequence based on nucleotide sequences of the coding region for the structural protein of B19 virus. The sequence recognized by the antibody was a site corresponding to amino acids 328 to 344 from the amino-terminal portion of VP2. This evidence suggests that the epitope of the viral capsid protein is located on the surface of the virus and may be recognized by virus-neutralizing antibodies.     

Acute diarrhea in west african children: diverse enteric viruses and a novel parvovirus genus

Parvoviruses cause a variety of mild to severe symptoms or asymptomatic infections in humans and animals. During a viral metagenomic analysis of feces from children with acute diarrhea in Burkina Faso, we identified in decreasing prevalence nucleic acids from anelloviruses, dependoviruses, sapoviruses, enteroviruses, bocaviruses, noroviruses, adenoviruses, parechoviruses, rotaviruses, cosavirus, astroviruses, and hepatitis B virus. Sequences from a highly divergent parvovirus, provisionally called bufavirus, were also detected whose NS1 and VP1 proteins showed <39% and <31% identities to those of previously known parvoviruses. Four percent of the fecal samples were PCR positive for this new parvovirus, including a related bufavirus species showing only 72% identity in VP1. The high degree of genetic divergence of these related genomes from those of other parvoviruses indicates the presence of a proposed new Parvoviridae genus containing at least two species. Studies of the tropism and pathogenicity of these novel parvoviruses will be facilitated by the availability of their genome sequences.